Lexicographic Sources Research Articles

THE «BEREKE» CONCEPT IN THE KAZAKH LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD

Recent linguistic research is aimed at studying the role and place of linguistic units in the human conceptual sphere, and much attention is paid to the linguistic and cultural aspect of language. The comprehensive study of a certain linguistic culture expands the horizons of understanding, contributing to a deeper understanding of the worldview of the people. And the exchange of information and values in intercultural communication promotes mutual understanding and broadens the horizons of each culture. The ethnospecific concept «Bereke» was chosen as the object of research, since it is culturally significant for native speakers, native and developing, which reveals the nature of the linguistic and cultural code of the language. The concept of «Bereke» is considered as a linguistic and cultural code that combines national cultural and value aspects. The concept of «Bereke» in Kazakh culture is multi-layered and multi-valued. His research allows for a deeper understanding of the cultural, social and historical features of Kazakh culture. This concept embodies important aspects of Kazakh life such as unity, well-being, connection with nature and spiritual wealth. The research work was carried out on the material of the National Corpus of the Kazakh language, and data from lexicographic sources were also used.

In search of the beginnings of a foodsemic boom in the history of English

Food unquestionably plays a vital role in our lives, as it is essential for our day-to-day existence. It is multifacetedly mirrored in the way we picture the world and communicate with one another. Frequently, food names are deployed metaphorically/metonymically to conceptualize either human beings themselves and/or various aspects and features of their existence. Sometimes, such metaphors are analysed from a synchronic perspective, for example by Martsa (2001, 2013) and Kövecses (2002) and they are perceived as a means of communication. However, food metaphors may be analysed from a diachronic perspective and, as shown by Kleparski (2008, 2012), Kudła (2009, 2016), and Kowalczyk (2015, 2017) among others, in the history of English, food metaphors are traceable in various historically distant periods, and abound especially in most recent periods of the history of English when there are high levels of foodsemic figurative extensions. As shown by Kowalczyk (2024), between the years 1800-1950, there were over 130 cases of food-related metaphor. These numbers stand in sharp contrast to the humble beginnings of food metaphor in Old English and the Early Modern English period. The aim of this paper is to specify the period of intensification and heightened productivity of this phenomenon. The 16th century will be highlighted as the time of a true foodsemic boom that sparked off the process of blooming of this metaphorical mechanism. In the late Middle English period, which spans the 14th and 15th century, only a handful of food-related metaphors are registered and supported by historical lexicographic sources. By contrast, during the course of the 16th century, there were around two dozen food-related cases of metaphorization.

Лексический повтор в стихотворении Бориса Рыжего «Романс» (функционально-семантический аспект)

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the leading role of repetition as a stylistic means in the poetic work of Boris Ryzhy. To achieve this goal, the linguistic elements repeated in the poem "Romance" were selected and systematized. The semantic and functional features of the selected units were described using lexicographic sources. It was determined how repetitions help the author convey his idea. The article examines recurring linguistic elements related primarily to the lexical level. The analysis of these units was carried out based on lexicographic sources, as well as taking into account the context of the work and the broader cultural context. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the fact that its attention is focused on the linguistic component of Boris Ryzhy's poetic work. Repetition in this study is described for the first time as a characteristic feature of the speech portrait of the lyrical hero of this author. The results showed that repetitions in the specified text perform, firstly, a compositional function, organizing the poetic text in a certain way, and, secondly, a semantic function, helping the author to convey the lyrical hero's repeated appeal to significant elements of his idea of the world.

Conceptualization of Artificial Intelligence in Russian Media Discourse

The article focuses on the tendencies in artificial intelligence (AI) conceptualization based on the analysis of Russian media discourse. The conceptual, figurative and axiological features of AI as an abstract mental formation are identified. The conceptualization of artificial intelligence is shown to be represented in two directions: the ability of an artificial system to perform tasks that mimic human cognitive abilities and the science of modelling computerized intellectual behavior. The nuclear features of the concept with the key representation in the word combination artificial intelligence are recorded in lexicographic sources and special-purpose dictionaries; they constitute the basis for the conceptualization of artificial intelligence in media discourse. In the figurative-and-perceptual aspect, artificial intelligence is conceptualized as a living being endowed with physical characteristics and analytical abilities. Artificial intelligence is noted to be conceptualized in media discourse as an object of use, development, implementation, training, that performs a wide range of vital functions, and as a subject that demonstrates anthropomorphic characteristics (the ability to memorize, explain, analyze, etc.). The conceptualization of artificial intelligence in the value dimension manifests itself through positive assessment or possible harm. The utilitarian properties are evaluated positively, whereas the hypothetical impact on humans, in the case of uncontrolled headway in this area, is assessed negatively.

Symbolic Signs of the Concept "Friendship" in English Language View of the World

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the symbolic features of the concept "Friendship" in the English language picture of the world. The novelty of the work lies in the holistic analysis of a wide range of linguistic units that objectify this concept. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the symbolic features of the concept "Friendship" in the English linguoculture. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to conduct an etymological and semantic analysis of the lexeme "friendship" and related concepts; to study the representation of the concept in English proverbs, sayings and phraseological units; to analyze the symbolic images of friendship in English literature; to consider modern interpretations of the concept. The methodology includes a component analysis of lexical units, conceptual and linguacultural analysis, as well as a diachronic method for tracking the evolution of the concept. The material of the study was lexicographic sources, paremiological fund, phraseological units and literary works. Based on the analysis, the key symbolic characteristics of friendship in English proverbs and sayings are identified, which include the value and rarity of true friendship, the test of friendship by time and difficulties, reciprocity and equality in friendship, the influence of friends on the individual. In English phraseological units and idioms related to friendship, the following symbolic aspects are identified: closeness and intimacy of friendly relations, duration and strength of friendship, the breakdown of friendly relations. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the concept and its modern interpretation. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the culturally specific aspects of the concept of "Friendship" in English linguaculture and can be used in comparative intercultural studies, as well as in teaching the English language and culture.

Teaching literary terminology to students of Polish studies at the Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University

This article provides a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Polish literary terms based on their definitions in lexicographical sources. The author points out that the similarity of the two languages (Ukrainian and Polish) plays an ambivalent role when using literary terminology, both facilitating and complicating the process. Difficulties arise when students are confronted with interlingual homonymy, i.e., identical or similar terms that have different meanings in the two respective national languages and denote concepts that are not identical. In order to find the appropriate equivalents, a comparison of the most frequently used literary terms that cause difficulties and misunderstandings among Ukrainian students of Polish studies was made.

A corpus-based analysis of ‘vernacular synonyms’

Abstract Against the backdrop of the significant social changes taking place during the Renaissance, this paper interrogates the lexical domain of citizenship, focusing on three words deemed near-synonymous in the historical literature: citizens, burgesses, and freemen. The study takes a quantitative corpus-linguistic approach to the data in the Early English Books Online corpus (1550–1699) and consults lexicographical sources (the Oxford English Dictionary, the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, and the Lexicons of Early Modern English 1550–1700) to offer an overview of the organisation of the conceptual domain occupied by citizenship terms referring to “dwellers”. The relationships between citizens, burgesses, and freemen over time are addressed through detailed quantitative collocation analysis, considering their overall profile, stability and innovation, and areas of functional overlap and distinctiveness. Overall, the results support historians’ intuitions that citizens, burgesses, and freemen are “vernacular synonyms”.

Citizenship in Lithuanian Lexicographical Sources, Youth Worldview, and Media Texts

The concept of citizenship (civic sense) has not yet fully crystallised, which is why different aspects are emphasised in academic literature and public discourse. Attempts are made to compare and associate it with other concepts, such as nationality or patriotism, which are often used synonymously in various contexts. From a linguistic perspective, the concept of citizenship has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore the concept of citizenship in Lithuanian dictionaries, public media texts, and the responses of young people to the question: What does citizenship mean to you? The concept of citizenship is closely related to another concept—namely, the state—where legal, cultural, social, and political elements are interconnected. The state provides its citizens with rights and duties, and a citizen must be able to use and defend the rights and freedoms granted, as well as actively participate in public life with the ultimate goal of contributing to the well-being of Lithuania. Students emphasise that the concept is complex and involves not only an individual’s relationship with the state but also relationships between people. However, both in youth responses and in public discourse, the key aspect is that citizenship is seen as a value, the components of which are reflected in its cognitive definition. Despite the introductory thoughts stating that citizenship and patriotism are not identical, for young people these concepts are intertwined and share many common aspects. In public discourse, there is a strong emphasis on the importance of nurturance of citizenship, which requires continuous effort. As a result, various initiatives, competitions, lessons, and programs are offered. The research concludes that the cognitive definition of citizenship embraces respect for the state, its language, symbols, history, culture, and traditions, as well as for other citizens and differing opinions; a duty to the state (defence, involvement in public life, voting, paying taxes, restraining misbehaviour); working for the state; love for the country; and self-sacrifice for it. Typically, the meaning of a word is looked up in dictionaries regarded as the most reliable lexicographical sources. The study shows that there is a need to expand dictionary definitions or elaborate on this concept in the upcoming “Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian”, so that society can recognize the broader content of the concept of citizenship. It is agreed that citizenship is a cultivated value, and its content heavily depends on who is involved in the educational process. Therefore, it is essential for linguists and language institutions to engage in the citizenship development program so that young people can see that citizenship is not just about defence; it also includes language, as well as cultural and ethnic aspects.

Etnograficzne materiały archiwalne jako źródło badań pogranicznych gwar przejściowych

ETHNOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL MATERIALS AS A SOURCE OF THE STUDY OF TRANSITIONAL BORDER DIALECTS The paper presents materials from the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderland dating from the beginning of the 20th century, deposited in the Department of Contextual Documentation of Cultures (archive) of the Seweryn Udziela Ethnographic Museum in Krakow. Their brief review and analysis of the dialectal lexemes show the value of historical materials collected by nonprofessional linguists for research on historical multilingualism and the current sociolinguistic situation at language borders, especially on the problems of mixed, transitional, and mixed-transitional dialects. The analysis of dialect lexemes demonstrates that the manuscripts also preserved forms which are not registered in the known lexicographic sources and dialect atlases. Therefore, these materials represent a novelty in studies on the language interference at the borderland in the field of Belarusian and Polish dialects, as well as in studies of border dialects as a language system of the micro-area of the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderland.

«TOXIC MEDIA TEXT» AS A NEW TERM: AN EXPERIENCE IN CONCEPT ANALYSIS

Mediatization of reality in its social and personal dimensions, strengthening and at the same time latency of the aggressive-conflict principle in virtual public communication, expansion of the sphere of destructive actions and their results in connection with the increase in the number of such communication fields and their actors lead to the emergence of new objects of the social world and their nominations. One of the important concepts of our time is becoming “toxic media text”, which, firstly, conceptualizes a shift in mass media communication towards pressure on the psyche of the recipient with the help of various verbal and non-verbal means, and secondly, contributes to the establishment of new forms of communication in any other communication systems. The work attempts to state a new concept and, accordingly, a new term, the emergence of which is due to the challenges of the time. The purpose of the work is to give a meaningful description of the new term “toxic media text” based on the method of concept analysis; free writing became an additional research method. The appeal to the linguoconcept as a relevant methodological unit of cognitive order is due to the fact that it accumulates information from the linguistic, social, cultural, psycho-emotional and other spheres. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources, it can be argued that the construct “toxic media text” has an international status, conceptualizes ideas about the text transmitted through any media channel that causes harm (mental and even physical) to the interlocutor. It is based on bodily and morbid metaphors, figuratively representing the social effect of a toxic media text at different levels of its existence, different levels of its organization. Its explanatory potential equally consists of rational and emotional components. Today, the nomination “toxic media text”, which names the corresponding mental construct, can claim the status of a term, since, firstly, the proposed terminological unit is associated with a new, separate phenomenon of socio-cultural reality and, accordingly, with a new scientific concept, and secondly, it has such terminological features as borrowing, specialty, special metaphoricality, the purpose of which in scientific discourse is to convey differentiating meanings (“poisonous”, “toxic”) most accurately through familiar and understandable images and thus distinguish this concept from related ones, denoting other forms of verbal aggression.

Features of the functioning of the union combination "a to eshe" (more)

This article is a fragment of the general theme "The particle is still in stable combinations." The subject of the study is the union combination "or else" (more) in Russian language, not recorded in lexicographic sources, but quite common in modern speech, as evidenced by the data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NKRR). In terms of syntagmatic activity, it is still significantly superior to other particles. There are many official formations that include the particle "more", in particular combinations with unions. Such combinations have varying degrees of stability – from free combinations to phraseologized formations that function as an integral union. The latter case is represented, for example, by a union "and even" in an aggravating sense. The main research method is the traditional descriptive one, which includes the following techniques: observation, generalization and systematization of linguistic phenomena. In addition, the method of contextual analysis was used in the work, as well as a corpus method of collecting research material. As a result of the analysis of the linguistic material (more than 1,300 uses from the NKRJ), it was found that the conjunction "and that" (more) in the studied combination is used in two main meanings – alternative motivation and separative (mutual exclusion). The multivalued particle "also" has two meanings in these combinations: the undesirability of the assumed, possible, corresponding to an alternative motivation, and the value of the addition corresponding to the separation. In the two highlighted values of the union combination, "or else" each component performs a specific function. In the first meaning, which can be schematically represented as "and that + more", the conjunction and that expresses the meaning of alternative motivation, and the particle emphasizes this meaning and introduces an emotional coloring. In the second meaning, we can talk about a stable combination of something else, where something else has a separating value, and the particle still expresses the value of addition. The results obtained can be used in lexicographic practice – when compiling a dictionary of service words.

Исторические предпосылки этноязыковой картины юга России (Адыгея, Дагестан, Калмыкия, Волгоградская область)

The study aims to identify the features and uniqueness of the ethnolinguistic picture of Southern Russia and to substantiate the origin and composition of regional toponymics, as toponyms are a key code / source of information in the historical landscape. They are recorded in documents, lexicographic sources, atlases, as well as in narrative sources related to the southern territories of Russia. The article describes the history of the appearance of Slavic, Turkic, Adyghe, Dagestani, Iranian, and other peoples in the territory under consideration, the processes of ethnic migrations, and the current state of the population of the southern regions of Russia. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it provides, for the first time, a comprehensive overview based on chronological facts of the presence of historically formed ethnic groups in the southern regions of Russia as sources of the toponymic picture. This picture is generally represented by the names of settlements, rivers, and mountains. As a result, the historical preconditions for the emergence of appellative-onymic complexes in such regions of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Adygea, Volgograd Oblast, the Republic of Dagestan, and the Republic of Kalmykia are substantiated.

Gender stereotypes in the German language: synchronic-diachronic perspective

The article examines the peculiarities of objectification of the universal opposition «man – woman» in the German language based on lexicographic sources from different chronological periods. German language is interesting for studying this opposition because of its expanded nature, which is particularly evident within the «woman» component: «Mann – Frau / Weib». The analysis of interpretations of the concepts «man» and «woman» in German dictionaries reveals the processes of gender stereotyping reflected in them during different periods of language development. This allows us to understand the development of ideas about these concepts in a specific linguistic culture. The leading characteristics of men and women, as reflected in the semantics of key lexemes such as Mann, Frau and Weib, as well as adjectives derived from these words, are determined. Their cultural and historical context is explored. It is found that during the XVIII and XIX centuries, the concepts of «man» and «woman» consistently reflected the processes of gender stereotyping. However, gender stereotypes regarding women were more varied and complex. Starting in the XX century and especially in the XXI century, stereotypes have been presented to a lesser degree, with a noted neutralization of social oppositions within the considered opposition. It is observed that the opposition between man and woman in German initially had a dual nature, both socially and naturally. It is concluded that at present, in lexicographic sources, naturally oriented traits are the leading features of objectification in the «man-woman» opposition. The issue of the level of accuracy with which different concepts are reflected in explanatory dictionaries of the German language has been identified.

Словарь речений из богослужебных книг прот. А. И. Невоструева (понасилую — посредѣ)

The “Dictionary of Locutions from Liturgical Books” by Protopriest A. Nevostruev, completed in the middle of the 19th century and never published, can be regarded both as a significant achievement of Church Slavonic studies and as a valuable lexicographic source. The manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library. The decrepit state of the manuscript has determined the necessity of its urgent study and edition. The significance of this project is primarily due to the fact that the text of the dictionary is being made accessible to linguists for the first time. The orthography and grammar of the dictionary reflect the linguistic views of the time of its creation and can be of interest for those who study the history of Russian linguistics. This paper contains the 6th part of dictionary entries beginning in letter P. The characteristic features of the publication of this Dictionary, the lists of sources, abbreviations and symbols were described in detail in the previous issues of St. Tikhon’s University Review. All previously published parts of the Dictionary together with the critical apparatus can be found at the website of St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities.

Dialectal phraseological units of the Yakut language: structure and semantics

The article describes dialectal phraseological units (DFU) as an integral part of the Yakut language lexicon. Dialect phraseology has remained a "blank spot" in the study of the dialectology of the Yakut language. Currently, there is a need to collect DFU and systematise them. The relevance of the work is explained by the need for a systematic study of dialectal phraseological units of the Yakut language in the aspect of studying the structure and semantic references. An integrated method is used to solve the tasks set in the work. The selection of DFU from lexicographic sources was carried out by the method of continuous sampling and semantic identification; a descriptive method with methods of systematics, observation, generalisation was used; component analysis based on the establishment of integral and differential features in comparison of one unit with another. The purpose of the study is a linguistic description of the structure and semantics of dialectal phraseological units of the Yakut language. The objectives of the work include: to review the current state of the study of DFU; to give a lexical and grammatical characteristic of DFU and systematise them into semantic and thematic groups; to establish relations between dialectal and literary phraseological units; to outline the most important aspects of its study. The analysis showed that, according to the grammatical structure, DFU, like literary FU, are created according to models of free phrases and sentences. There are substantive, adjectival, adverbial, verbal, quantitative, interjective FU. These categories of phraseological units, being nominative units, call this or that phenomenon of reality, the realities of everyday life, relevant to the dialect speaker. Semantic-thematic groups cover various aspects of the speaker's activity, describing a person, his actions, deeds, lifestyle, attitude to other people, work, etc. The connections and relationships between dialectal and literary phraseological units are manifested in variation, synonymy, as well as in the relationship between the meanings of polysemous FU. The dialectal FU reflects the way of life of the inhabitants of the region, their perception of the world, and mentality.

Conflict-Prone Time Frame Nominations in Business Discourse: Linguistic Expert Approach

The practice of conducting linguistic examinations on documentary disputes reveals the urgency of the issue connected with interpretation of time frames nominations by the parties. Time frame nominations starting from ... to ..., through ..., from ... to ..., and similar word combinations have a conflict potential, which is explained by their polyinterpretability. The article is devoted to the description of particular temporal meanings and identification of semantic regularity in the functioning of these word combinations. The research was carried out employing the information from lexicographic sources, the National Corpus of the Russian Language, and the author’s practice of linguistic expertise. The lexicographic description of prepositions involved in the formation of temporal structures was analyzed. Turning to the data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language made it possible to identify two opposite types of functionally actual precise meanings of the studied temporal structures: time frame nomination with the right boundary included in it; and the one not included. The regularity and conditions for the formation of these meanings have been established. Significant factors that influence the realization of one of the meanings within the distinguished antinomy include the semantic signs of the structure components: “pointiness” or “extension” of the object that denotes the right boundary of the time frame, as well as the duration or extension of the process within the time frames. The dominant meaning of the model under study was determined: the structure from ... to ... and the corresponding semantic model with the right boundary included in the time frame nomination. To demonstrate specific expert situations, cases are presented, in which the subject of dispute was the interpretation of constructions indicating the time frames of legally significant processes. Recommendations are given for eliminating ambiguity in time period nominations in documentary texts.

English Prepositions Expressing Temporal Limits: Semantic Features and Functioning

This article explores the semantics and usage of prepositions in the English that denote temporal limits of actions. A review of various lexicographical sources, reference literature, and grammars is conducted, highlighting that not all sources provide comprehensive information on the meanings and functioning of prepositions, often offering only general information. Practical material for the study is extracted from the British National Corpus, comprising approximately two thousand contexts. It is established that making a definitive conclusion about including a temporal limit within the timeframe allocated for an action is not always possible. This semantic ambiguity is noted in around 20% of the total number of analyzed contexts. The study demonstrates that to resolve ambiguity and ensure successful communication, addressees often resort to using clarifying elements or complete / partial paraphrasing of the message text. Clarifications are found to be most typical in texts of a scientific research nature, schedules, legal and economic documents. The article concludes on the necessity of further research related to the semantics and usage of prepositions.

Асоціативні образи медіа і журналіста в мовній картині світу майбутніх педагогів

Media is an important component of the information society. The need to protect the territorial sovereignty of Ukraine after the full-scale invasion of the aggressor state, countering the hybrid war increased the importance of mass media. The object of our research is the associative image of the key concepts of the media industry - media and journalist, in particular, semantic shifts in these words, new connotative layering in the collective consciousness of Ukrainians. The purpose of the article is to analyze the associative images of the media and the journalist in the language picture of the world of higher education graduates of pedagogical specialties; on the material of a free associative experiment, associative fields of stimulus words were constructed, the most frequent, repeated and single associates were singled out and characterized. A free associative experiment was chosen as the main research method to collect reactions to stimulus words; descriptive and structural methods were used to analyze the associative field of the words media and journalist; statistical – for processing the obtained results, establishing the quantitative characteristics of the elements of associative fields. Results. The most frequent associations recorded because of the experiment are only partially correlated with the lexicographic characteristics of the stimulus words. Repeated reactions of future teachers represent semantic shifts in relevant concepts and connotational layering, which are relevant in the language consciousness of students of higher education. The associative fields of lexemes consist mainly of single reactions, a small number of which reflect the realities of martial law and well-known media figures. Such results of the associative experiment indicate the need to adjust and deepen the work with future teachers regarding the understanding of the information space, structure and content of the media. Originality. The relevance of our research is determined by the fact that the concepts of media and journalist are socially significant; they belong to the active composition of the lexical system, actualized in language practice by complex transformational processes in society. Among 262 reactions to the media stimulus word, 122 different associates were established. Modern lexicographic sources and industry reference publications equate the concepts of media, mass media. The associative image of the media in the language consciousness of future teachers primarily relates to information and channels and methods of its transmission, a significant part of the participants of the experiment expanded the concept. The associative field consists mainly of single reactions (79.5%). As a result of the free associative experiment, 286 word-reactions to the stimulus word journalist were obtained, of which 167 different associates, the most frequent reaction is news, single reactions make up 85.6% of the associative field. Repeated associates represent the image of a journalist in the language consciousness of future teachers, highlighting the conditions of professional activity and its results. The researched associative fields represent social stereotypes in the assessment of the media and the journalist.

Autokracja w języku i kulturze litewskiej

In this article, the concept of autocracy in Lithuanian discourse is analyzed using the method developed by the Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics. The focus on the concept of autocracy stems from the observation that, when asked to name antonyms for the word democracy, students most commonly mention autocracy and authoritarianism. Lithuanian lexicographical sources and the General Lithuanian Encyclopaedia provide the most general meaning of autocracy without offering any evaluation or comparison with other forms of government. While young people and media writers often compare autocracy with other forms of government, such as dictatorship or tyranny, they tend to highlight both its positive and negative characteristics. Even indirect comparisons, both in surveys and media texts, reveal nuanced aspects of democracy (such as unity, protection of human liberties and rights, participation in the governance of the state, and control of elected power) and shades of meaning associated with autocracy (including fear, suppression civil rights, disregard for the public or the community, and division). While it can be argued that, in general, democracy is viewed positively by Lithuanians, both surveys and media texts indicate a lack of consensus. There is a noticeable tendency to view autocracy positively and democracy negatively, suggesting a longing for strong leadership and perhaps a sense of uncertainty about how to handle the freedoms offered by democracy. The S–Q–T (System – Questionnaires – Text) analysis reveals that autocracy is perceived as a form of government, the opposite of democracy, representing the dominance of one person in the affairs of a society or community rather than a value.

Семантика й прагматика фемінітивів жіночка, жінка в українській лінгвокультурі (синхронно-діахронний аспект)

The material of the study was a post on the official page of the writer Serhiy Zhadan on the Facebook social network dated 03.07.2022 and comments to it, which present a heated and intense discussion about the semantic and pragmatic interpretation of feminitives during the latest linguistic feminization of the Ukrainian language and the active development of Gender linguistics, in particular within the focus of linguoaxiology. Lexicographic sources were involved: dictionaries of feminitives and explanatory dictionaries, in particular the newest ones, as well as lexicons of the language of writers (Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Taras Shevchenko, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Ivan Franko), which made it possible to update not only synchronic, but also diachronic language segments. The Ukrainian lexeme жіночка (plural жіночки) can be placed on the evaluative scale at the “zero” mark (a neutral value in terms of expressing evaluative meanings, in particular in the function of addressing in a conversational style of speech) and slide in the direction of the (+) or (–) vector, which depends on the individual communicative experience and competences of the speaker and proves the analysis of the selected discussion. Clarification of the semantic-pragmatic load is carried out thanks to the appropriate connectivity. For the lexeme жіночка, the positive evaluative conjugation dominates in the linguistic and cultural space of Ukraine, which is characterized by an intimate tonality and makes it possible to soften the modeling of the negative intentions of the speaker.