Lexical Structure Research Articles

Lexical Portrait of an Oral Story: a Corpus Study of Speech of Two Generations of Native Speakers of Russian

The article is devoted to the quantitative and statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the oral stories corpus based on pictures. The subjects were 42 people, monolingual native speakers of the Russian (representatives of 15 families). The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the lexical parameters that distinguish the oral stories of representatives of different generations. An attempt is made to consider the connection of these parameters with the formation of native speakers’ ideas about the lexical structure of the narrative. The following results are obtained. The nature of the stimulus material ensured an approximately equal degree of complexity in the texts of both groups, although the volume of the parents’ active vocabulary significantly exceeded the volume of the children’s vocabulary. At the level of individual texts, both groups use equally diverse vocabulary per unit of text volume. In the children’s stories, the main “plot” vocabulary is quite heterogeneous, while the parents tend to lexical unification of the narrative. In the texts of both groups, local reference and direction of movement are expressed in the same way, which indicates their “basic” narrative function, which does not depend on the age of the subjects. The stories of the parents are also unified in terms of vocabulary, showing the logical structure of the narrative and different types of semantic relations in the text.

خصائص فلسطين في القرآن الكريم

Throughout this study, the researcher aims to learn some Quranic verses related to Palestine and Jerusalem, historically showing their paramount importance and raising the awareness of Muslims for their roles in protecting the land from usurpers. The researcher attempted to do his best to mention all holy verses talk about Palestine. In this study, the researcher adopted the historical analytical method dependent on holy Qur’an verses, right Hadiths and ulema sayings. About the research itself, the researcher attempted to tackle desk-based research, counting on books, Arabic major sources, dictionaries and Arabic lexical structures and other related sources, Which are indispensable for the researcher to deal well with the different search axes. The conclusions drawn from this research include that Palestine is one of the oldest modern easternmost kingdoms of the cities and an integral part of the Levant. It enriches its importance due to its geographical location as an old-world crossroad between Asia, Europe and Africa. Also, it is a bridge that connects Arab countries. The research showed that man had inhabited Palestine since the Paleolithic period (500 thousand - 14 thousand BC. Allah Almighty proved that Palestine, Jerusalem, and surrounding areas are all blessed. Also, it has the divine good, like the provident of groundwater. Physically, Palestine and all surrounding areas are the garden of the Lord, sacred land and consecrated.

МЕТОД ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАМАТИЧНИХ ВІДЕО-ПРОЄКТІВ ЯК ЗАСІБ АКТИВІЗАЦІЇ ПІЗНАВАЛЬНО-ТВОРЧОЇ САМОСТІЙНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ НА ЗАНЯТТЯХ З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The article substantiates the methodology and presents the practical experience of using the method of lexical and grammatical video projects as a means of activating the cognitive and creative independence of students in English language classes. The term ″method of lexical-grammatical video projects″ is clarified, and the main requirements for its successful implementation are outlined. The authors determine the specifics of using the method of lexical and grammatical video projects for the activation of students’ independence in English language classes in special conditions of study, in particular, the state of war. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization of information related to the researched problem, pedagogical observation, analysis and presentation of practical experience. The method of students’ lexical and grammatical video projects involves students creating their own completed creative educational products using multimedia tools in English classes. The method of lexical-grammatical video projects is defined as a set of certain actions, ideas, a certain range of lexical units and grammar structures on the topic, the purpose of which is to create a video clip. The main requirements for its effective use in order to activate the cognitive and creative independence of students in foreign language classes: a list of a clearly defined number of lexical units and grammar structures from which the student chooses a certain number to use; minimized technical work on video editing; a carefully thought-out concept before the start of shooting; mandatory presentation of videos; giving students freedom of choice while working at the projects. This method ensures: individualization of education, development of cognitive and creative independence of students, visualization of educational material, motivation to studying, deeper immersion in the object of cognition, consolidation of learned lexical units and grammar structures, development of artistic skills, creativity, cognitive and creative independence, digital literacy, opportunities for self-expression, increased academic progress. Keywords: project method, video method, cognitive and creative independence of students, English, special conditions of study.

АНАЛИЗ ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ ОШИБОК В АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОМ ЭССЕ В РАМКАХ IELTS СРЕДИ СТУДЕНТОВ НЕЯЗЫКОВЫХ ВУЗОВ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

It is generally known that the importance of the formation of foreign language academic literacy is the most significant component of successful academic communication of a future specialist’s research activities. The IELTS essay is one of the most effective ways to practise foreign language academic literacy. The article explores lexical and grammatical features in academic essays among Russian bilinguals. The purpose of the article is to give practical recommendations to the students in order to avoid and minimize lexical and grammatical errors. The authors have done the research of the linguistic peculiarities of this genre. The article investigates scientists’ views concerning the same issue. The object of the research is English written academic discourse of native speakers, and the subject of the paper is the grammatical and lexical structures of academic essays. The research is also based on an objective analysis: two native English IELTS examiners were invited as experts. They identified lexical and grammatical errors and corrected them. The results showed that the most common mistakes were mistakes in complex grammar constructions (tenses, word order, etc.), cases of redundancy, incorrect use of connecting elements of discourse, violations of stylistic norms, irrelevant sentence variety, incorrect use of vocabulary, improper collocations. The authors have come to a conclusion that systemizing such data enables English language teachers to develop an effective methodology that can be used to overcome most lexical and grammatical mistakes.

Wortgeschichte digital : A Historical Dictionary of German on the Internet

ABSTRACT: This article presents a new historical online dictionary of German: Wortgeschichte digital ('digital word history'). WGd focuses on New High German, the most recent period of German ranging from 1600 to the present, for which no specific historical dictionary is available so far. WGd differs from current historical lexicography most notably in three respects: first, its entirely digital nature; second, its onomasiological approach to lemma selection; and, third, its "narrative" style. Because WGd does not derive from a printed dictionary, it is in a position to make extensive use of all the instruments provided by digital humanities. For WGd , this results in a densely interconnected dictionary architecture with internal and external links and visual presentations of lexical structures. In contrast to many other historical dictionaries, WGd pursues an onomasiological approach to lemma selection, concentrating on those lexical domains that have appeared to be highly dynamic in recent language history, such as the vocabularies of society and politics, economy, traffic, natural science, everyday culture, and so forth. These fields are dealt with in separate work units of several years each, allowing for a consistent lexicographical description. The most significant feature of WGd , however, is its style of presentation: Instead of providing a traditional entry structure consisting of definitions and quotations, the entries of WGd are written as continuous texts charting the semantic evolution of a word within its intra- and extra-linguistic context.

Глагол в лексической структуре житийного текста: синтагматический аспект

Using a comprehensive approach to the analysis of linguistic facts, a fragment of the lexi­cal structure of hagiographic text formed by verbal units is characterized. The material for the study consists of hagiographic lives of saints and martyrs from the Synodal edition, which are part of the May cycle of the Menaion Reader. The authors focus on the syntagmatic aspect of the lexical structure of the hagiographic text, manifested in the distribution of lexical units and their collocations. As a result, a quantitative dynamics of verbal units is identified, re­flected in the increase in the proportion of verbs in the part of the hagiography describing the saint’s journey to righteousness. The distribution of verbs throughout the text of different lexical-semantic groups is determined by the type of monastic or martyric asceticism of the saint and the content of the compositional part embodying various hagiographic topoi. The role of lexical repetition in expressing the content of the text is demonstrated. The specificity of hagiographic lives is established, characterized by the use of verbal units whose meaning has evolved through semantic derivation, reflecting the metaphorical reinterpretation of a specific action in a spiritual plane.

Texts of Patriotic Songs as an Object of Analysis in Russian Language Lessons in High School

The article discusses the possibility of using the texts of the Russian military patriotic song in the Russian language (native) lessons in order to form the civic identity of the student, to understand the connection between the language and the history of the people, the peculiarities of the Russian mentality, to enrich students’ ideas about the ways of expressing thoughts and feelings in words. Assuming that the genre, language and content-semantic aspects of the texts of Russian patriotic songs have a rich educational potential, the author emphasizes that their use reduces the shortage of patriotic texts in Russian language textbooks for high school. The author analyzes the possibilities of comparative linguistic and cognitive and axiological analysis of these texts and offers methodological recommendations regarding its implementation. The article emphasizes that the attention of students is drawn to the content core of Russian patriotic songs from different eras, the images of a warrior-soldier, native land, home, symbols that speak of the state and the Orthodox faith, adherence to the traditions of the fathers. An interesting aspect of the analysis of such texts can be the observation of the dynamics and continuity of language changes, which are reflected in the grammar and lexical structure of texts. Among the methods and devices of working on the texts of Russian patriotic songs, the author names close reading with marks, lexical analysis using dictionaries, observation of unusual syntactic constructions (figures of speech), creating associative chains, verbal drawing, highlighting national linguistic concepts, analyzing the figurative side of the text, creating their texts based on the author’s song text. As an example, the author proposes the texts of such military patriotic songs as “Soldier’s Song” by Fedor N. Glinka (1812), “The Holy War” by Vasily I. Lebedev-Kumach (1941), “Sky of the Slavs” by Konstantin E. Kinchev (2000) and others, and the methodology for working on them.

Sustainable fashion in the English language mirror

The research is conducted in the critical eco-linguistics domain, an umbrella term for diverse academic inquiries and empirical evidence. The aim of the article is the analysis of English words and lexical structures used to verbalize two major aspects of sustainable fashion as a new movement and world vision – ethical fashion and conscious fashion with the focus on animals in fashion and thrifting. Sustainable fashion has a number of dimensions categorized as conscious, green, and circular, eco-friendly fashion, ethical fashion, vegan fashion. The goal of conscious fashion has much in common with environmentalism and green marketing. Ethical fashion focuses on exploitation in fashion, of both animals and humans, and encompasses animal rights, fair trade of animal-related products, working conditions in fashion industry what are quite often not decent. Vegan fashion promotes non-animal plant-based textiles and man-made fabrics. Circular fashion centres on clothes recycling, extending terminology to upcycling, downcycling and regenerating. Thrifting, renting, and sharing are to popularize slow fashion and conscious fashion. Coverage of fashion sustainability in mass media resulted into coinage of new eco-conscious words and word collocations and their increasing frequency. Several word-forming models dominate in the sustainable fashion terminology including numerous V-ing words to describe manufacturing processes and activities, non+N, non+Adj coinages to emphasize denial of traditional practices. Some words (animal, cruelty) and word-forming components (eco-) have become more noticeable in sustainable fashion in the past decade. The adjective 'sustainable' is among 1% top words in Modern English (Merriam-Webster dictionary online, n.d.) though the collocation ‘sustainable fashion’ is not fixed yet by this dictionary or its counterparts. Thus sustainable fashion is to be conceptualized to find its way to dictionaries as well as to mentality of fashion designers, clothes manufacturers and consumers worldwide. Increasing vocabulary of sustainable fashion should become more familiar to consumers to push them to rethinking their lifestyle, clothing choices, becoming eco-conscious.

ГЕНДЕРНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ В ПРОЄКЦІЇ НА ПРАЦІ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА

Modern Ukrainian society strives for the formation of gender equal rights for men and women, which should be manifested at the level of social needs, as well as at the level of consciousness. The living word is a mirror that projects a verbal refl ection of a person’s intellectual level, his emotional and mental state, which passes through all the fi lters of consciousness. It is also important to skillfully and appropriately use terms, tokens, and understand the lexical structure of the language. The concept of feminine/masculine is the subject of scientifi c studies in the aspect of linguistic, literary, sociocultural, biological, etc. Scientists distin-guish the represented opposition from the opposition of female/male, or identify these oppositional pairs. Pavlychko S. confi rms that the sex/gender pair cre-ates an opposition that contains a radical diff erence between the two members. Gender does not always follow sex, the body of a man or woman does not neces-sarily correspond to the cultural construction of «woman», «man». Summarizing her statements and researching the works of I. Ohiienko, we come across the terms of the word-forming series related to femininity. Femininity is a larger dimension, of which certain gender stereotypes are a part, because femininity is an ethical-aesthetic category that denotes the personal, aesthetic, and socio-psy-chological qualities expected of women by culture and describes the normative standards of the ideal woman. We present the following comments in the article: comments by Ivan Ohiienko regarding the state of the Ukrainian language and the idea of femininity in it; Professor Ivan Ohiienko writes about the evolution of the genus category; Ivan Ohiienko uses the borrowed term “feminize” and explains it as the Ukrainian equivalent of «ozhinochyty» (to make feminine); Ivan Ohiienko uses and describes the term «law of feminization»; Ivan Ohiienko, having studied gender pairs in natural language, points out that the process of feminization of language occurs much more often than masculinization; Ivan Ohiienko comments on the spelling of 1945, which forcibly stopped the process of feminization (making feminine) of the genus in the Ukrainian language; in the book «Ridna Mova» («Mother Tongue») a separate section is devoted to the description of the role of women in Ukrainian society; a woman, according to the scientist Ivan Ohiienko, has a duty to speak her native language. A woman in the works of Ivan Ohiienko appears socially signifi cant, which causes the actu-alization of the problem of researching the derivational subsystem of nouns with the modifying meaning of the feminine gender (feminitives) in the Ukrainian language and a certain objection to their normative use in the modern Ukrainian.

The Realization of Lexical Bundle Structures and Functions in English Education Journal

Discourse is unquestionably constructed with what is presumed as lexical bundle, and in each genre, it idiosyncratically occurs. Thus, the identification of idiosyncrasy of a particular genre would be beneficial for some parties in forming a decent and appropriate discourse. This study aims to explain the construction and function of lexical bundles including bundles which do not fit to theories used in this study. This is corpus-based research. Four-word bundles extracted from 50 chosen articles in EEJ using Antcont 3.5.8 were analyzed accordance with the structure of lexical bundle theory by Biber et. al (1999) and the function of lexical bundle theory by Conrad & Biber (2005). The result showed that (1) the constructions realized in the genre are noun phrase with of-phrase fragment, anticipatory it + verb phrase/adjective phrase, (Verb phrase +) that-clause fragment, copula be + noun phrase/adjective phrase, other prepositional phrase, and prepositional phrase with embedded of-phrase fragment. (2) The functions realized are stance expression, referential expression, and discourse organizer. (3) The excluded structures realized are noun phrase with gerund as modifier and noun phrase with and conjunction in between. (4) The excluded function is to express an entity. This research provides educational department academics variety of expressions for their academic discourse organizations and other researchers new findings concerning other lexical bundles’s structures and functions apart from the theorists.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATING SLOGANS OF AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES WITH THE HELP OF FREE SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

The article analyzes lexical and grammatical features of translating advertising slogans of automobile companies with the help of freely available translation programs, including some of the most popular in Ukraine – Google Translate and Pereklad.online.ua. It defines the universal characteristics for this kind of lexical material and methods of their vocabulary and grammar constructions and translation services for English both by free software, and professional translators. It is established that the slogan is a short advertising message that expresses the basic idea of the company, goods, services – as much as possible combines informative, expressive and aesthetic functions. When translating advertising slogans, the translator must take into account: the purpose of the text, the character of the consumer, the linguistic qualities of the original text, the cultural and individual abilities of the language in the cultural aspect of the consumer and many other factors. The translation of an advertising slogan into Ukrainian must be carried out in order to preserve the relative equality of the content, semantic, stylistic, functional and communicative information contained in the original and in the translation. Translating a slogan is a complicated process, and misinterpretation of the slogan's content or ignorance of the author's ideas may distort the content of the information. Today's realities require attention to translating advertising texts, also in terms of their psychological impact on the mass audience. Promotional texts must contain clear factual information; they must be comprehensible and therefore clearly understood. It should be noted that machine translation systems still play only a supporting role and can only satisfactorily translate simple syntactic and lexical structures including advertising slogans.

РОЗВИТОК ІНШОМОВНОЇ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ ФІЛОЛОГІЧНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ МЕТОДАМИ АКТИВНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

The article deals with active learning methods used in the training of philologists to develop foreign language communicative competence. The authors clarify the term of foreign language communicative competence which is considered as a basic component of the professional competence of philologists. It is defined as an ability based on the system of acquired knowledge and skills, as well as individual characteristics, qualities, values, which ensures the organization and implementation of interpersonal, intercultural communication in different languages in oral or written form, allows philologists to solve complex professional tasks and practical problems. Dramatization and performance of original works of fiction and films are considered as effective methods that promote the development of communicative competence, mental abilities, and the emotional sphere of students. The application of these methods in the training of philologists by means of interpretation of literary works in a foreign language enables them to explore the socio-cultural context, to get acquainted with linguistic markers of social relations, folk wisdom, variety of dialects and accents, and to acquire an original positive linguistic experience. Dramatization increases student educational motivation, removes psychological barriers to communication in a foreign language, helps to master and choose relevant speech patterns for better assimilation of lexical and grammatical structures, speech patterns, to improve pronunciation, intonation. These active learning methods allow students to integrate skills and abilities in the process of a creative activity, while simultaneously applying speaking skills in a meaningful context and emotionally rich learning interaction.

TRANSLATION OF PHRASEMES. EQUIVALENCE AND NONEQUIVALENCE

Most of the set phrases with equivalent meaning and internal form in Russian and Serbian are found in Russian and Serbian as cognates. Thus, national specificity is phenomenologically embodied in a considerable number of set phrases with partially or totally different internal forms, as well as in the existence o f set phrases without equivalent in other languages. Criteria on the base of which they are evaluated are as follows: 1) morphological structure of the phraseme; 2) lexical stylistic structure of the phraseme; 3) functional structure of the phraseme (real or potential equivalence with a word); 4) specific manner of representing the reality (expressive image on the base of which the idiom is formed)

Proper names of biblical provenance in Wacław Potocki’s poetry

This article presents the results of an analysis covering a portion of the vocabulary found in Wacław Potocki’s literary works. The examinayion of the lexical structure of the poet’s writings was limited to the biblical proper names coming from the three-volume edition of the poet’s Dzieła (Works) (Kukulski 1987). The material was excerpted using the corpus method and the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (until 1772). The aim of this article is to divide the collected biblisms according to the onomastic classification and to discuss the findings of their functional analysis. The Bible was a significant source of creative and ideological inspiration for the 17th-century author, which was reflected in the presented collection of proper names, with the anthroponyms that fulfilled allusive and content functions winning the greatest share. The study is concluded with a compilation of the outcomes of the comparative analysis performed with regard to the frequency of biblical proper names, cetified in W. Potocki’s Dzieła and in the corpus of Baroque texts.

Menyoal Kembali Partikel Ta dalam Bahasa Jawa Kuno

Old Javanese is known as a language that has a predicate clause pattern (V) preceding the subject (S). Usually, there is a particle ta or its variation between the predicate-subject sequences (V-ta-S). Besides the V-S pattern, the S-V pattern is also found. In this paper, it is shown that the clause pattern in Old Javanese is triggered by the importance of forming a narrative discourse. Particle ta and several other syntactic elements have a role in shaping narrative discourse. Other syntactic elements are the definition of nouns, arguments in the form of nouns (NP) or pronouns, and affective-passive verbs.The source of the data I use for this study is the Old Javanese parwa text, namely Adiparwa edited by Juynboll (1906). According to Molen (2010, 396), parwa is a literary product in itself. Parwa must be viewed as a literary work, just like kakawin. There is a clear story structure aided by lexical, grammatical, and literary structuring tools. In this study, the grammatical elements used for the purpose of building the story are shown.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНШОМОВНОЇ ЛЕКСИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНЦІЇ В МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ

The article is dedicated to the topical issue of developing foreign language communicative competence, which consists of phonetic, lexical, grammatical, reading and writing competencies among future specialists. Based on the statement that achieving a high level of professional foreign language competence is impossible without the formation of a particular profile of foreign language lexical competence among students in written and oral communication, the main emphasis was made precisely on developing lexical competence. The research has outlined the structure of foreign language lexical competence. It consists of: 1) lexical knowledge that students acquire during the mastering of a foreign language lexical system, namely semantic connections, oral and written forms of words, their relative value, rules of word formation, distinctive or similar features with the corresponding lexical unit (LU) of native language, etc.; 2) lexical skills to intuitively correctly create, implement and understand foreign language LU based on speech lexical connections between graphic and spoken forms of words; 3) speech and language experience, which ensures storage, categorization, and acquisition of skills for working with available information (its understanding and reinterpretation), which students receive while learning a foreign language, as well as building the patterns of using foreign words in their minds; 4) ways of carrying out cognitive activities that are realized during communication and depend on the knowledge of LU and their semantic meanings, as well as lexical skills that a student acquires during classroom and individual activities. The development of foreign language lexical competence occurs in two stages. At the introductory stage, students gain knowledge of the lexical structure of a foreign language and the rules by which it is used. At the automation stage, students develop and improve the skills of working with new lexical units at «word-phrase-sentence» and «monologue-dialogue-text» levels. In addition, the current work has presented effective methods and tools for developing foreign language lexical competence: online flashcards and interactive work with them; associative maps; LU visualization; use of YouTube; joining the online thematic groups; implementation of interactive dictionaries while reading texts online; passive work with LU – associograms, grouping LU by categories, search for semantic connections, etc. Key words: foreign language lexical competence, lexical units, oral communication, written communication, lexical knowledge, lexical skills.

Interactive Neurocognitive Models of Language Processing

The article shows that lexico-semantic innovations in the Ukrainian language system of proper names which are characterized by a specific neurophysiological mechanism of formation require in-depth study. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that lexico-semantic word formation used to be mainly considered in the diachronic aspect, which led to little attention to ergonyms and pragmonyms as relevant classes of proper names. The article aims to analyze lexico-semantic innovations in the context of ergonyms and pragmonyms and determine their role in word formation in the system of naming-related tools in the modern Ukrainian language. Research methods include observations, analogies, analysis, synthesis, linguistic description, component analysis, structural-semantic analysis, statistical methods. The article proves that lexico-semantic word formation is the most active and productive way of replenishing the fund of ergonyms and pragmonyms in the Ukrainian language under the conditions of a transition economy. The main types of lexico-semantic word formation are derivational metaphor and derivational metonymy. They enable the formation of both simple and compound lexico-semantic innovations mostly represented by binary word combinations. Including all layers of vocabulary in the scope of such a type of word formation can bring unlimited prospects of its functioning in the future. The international value of the research implies clarifying the role of lexico-semantic word formation in the naming system of modern Ukrainian, describing important fragments of the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language, systematizing modern lexico-semantic naming models, and determining the ways of activating lexico-semantic substitution. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, the research analyzes peripheral classes of proper names in various ways, classifies ergonyms by thematic groups and motivational features underlying the naming unit and reveals the specifics of different semantic groups of Ukrainian pragmonyms.

Machine Learning-Based Security Pattern Recognition Techniques for Code Developers

Software developers represent the bastion of application security against the overwhelming cyber-attacks which target all organizations and affect their resilience. As security weaknesses which may be introduced during the process of code writing are complex and matching different and variate skills, most applications are launched intrinsically vulnerable. We have advanced our research for a security scanner able to use automated learning techniques based on machine learning algorithms to recognize patterns of security weaknesses in source code. To make the scanner independent on the programming language, the source code is converted to a vectorial representation using natural language processing methods, which are able to retain semantical traits of the original code and at the same time to reduce the dependency on the lexical structure of the program. The security flaws detection performance is in the ranges accepted by software security professionals (recall > 0.94) even when vulnerable samples are very low represented in the dataset (e.g., less than 4% vulnerable code for a specific CWE in the dataset). No significant change or adaptation is needed to change the source code language under scrutiny. We apply this approach on detecting Common Weaknesses Enumeration (CWE) vulnerabilities in datasets provided by NIST (Test suites–NIST Software Assurance Reference Dataset).

Storytelling, a(nother) Discourse Elicitation Instrument: Protocol and Materials

The study of oral narrative discourse allows for the description of several features of the speakers (e.g., belonging to social or age groups, pathologies or special educational needs, stages of acquisition or learning, among many other attributes). This type of semi-structured tasks also allows speakers to generate ecological discourses with comparable lexical and semantic structures, as well as being easily replicable independently of the examiner. In this framework, we present a retelling instrument composed of three stories made from 15 static images each based on a central event. In order to demonstrate its usefulness, we presented an automatic analysis of discourses generated by 50 university students and 13 people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The results showed homogeneity of the texts, based on the comparison of the types of words prompted. We observed that one of the stories generates more abstract content, which makes it especially useful for the study of certain populations.

ON THE ISSUE OF STUDYING COMMON NOUNS IN SART-KALMYK SONGS (BASED ON EXPEDITION MATERIALS)

The article discusses the systematic nature of the folklore lexicon of Sart-Kalmyk songs recorded by K. E. Erendzhenov (1935), A. Sh. Kichikov (1964), U.-J. Sh. Dondukov (1975), E. R. Tenishev (1976), D. A. Pavlov (1982) and B. V. Menyaev (2009). The corpus of Sart-Kalmyk song texts has been posted by the authors of this article on the website http://kalmyki.narod.ru. The texts of the Olot songs of the Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Region of Xinjiang previously recorded by the authors of the article during the expeditions of 2012 and 2020 have been taken into consideration as well. All the nouns under analysis have been divided into the following lexico-semantic groups: “ethnonyms” (lexical units denoting people according to their nationality), “kinship terms” (lexical units denoting people according to their relationships), “lexical units denoting people according to their gender and age”, “titles” (lexical units denoting titles), “anthroponyms” (proper names); “lexical units denoting domestic animals” etc. Some lexical units are provided with comments from archival, expedition, and published materials. The analysis of the vocabulary of Sart-Kalmyk songs clearly shows that it is based on common Oirat lexicon which incorporated a number of early borrowings from other languages. Later borrowings from the Kyrgyz language have not been found in the texts of the Sart-Kalmyk songs. Therefore, the songs of the Sart-Kalmyks were created before their move to the valley of the Karakol River and before their conversion to Islam. The results of the research can contribute to further analysis of the lexical structure of Sart-Kalmyk song texts.