Lexical Structure Research Articles

The Use of Japanese Loanwords in Culinary Content on Instagram

The purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of Japanese loanwords (gairaigo) used in culinary content on Instagram, and to describe the analytical framework of those meaning and formation. This study used descriptive qualitative method with data sources from 8 Instagram accounts of culinary content. This data in this study including 74 postings and 115 data of loanwords use from the Instagram accounts. The results from this study showed that lexical and word-formation structure that form the Japanese loanwords mostly were the compound word form (fukugougo) because many cuisine terms used two or more words. The results also showed that many of Japanese loanwords in culinary content are using derivative forms and acronyms. It is suggested that teachers and Japanese learners should be aware of these structure changes and semantic change in Japanese loanwords, which can help Japanese learners to understand the meaning of loanwords in Japanese.

ЖЕР ИШТЕТҮҮГӨ ЖАНА ЖЕРДИ ҮРӨН СЕБҮҮГӨ ДАЯРДООЛОРГО БАЙЛАНЫШТУУ СӨЗДӨР

It is known that the lexical structure of the modern Kyrgyz language contains many words and other lexical units related to such things as land development, land cultivation, cultivation and use of cereals. The Kyrgyz have long used agriculture as one of their professions. They plowed the land, cultivated wheat, barley, millet, oats, corn, rice and other crops, using them as food and as a trump card. However, work on these works, words related to these professions and arts, which were studied in the Kyrgyz language in a special linguistic plan, for linguistic purposes, has not yet been carried out. In connection with these conditions, in our article, we studied and analyzed the words associated with wheat, corn and rice in the formation of the professional vocabulary of the Kyrgyz language in these areas, which is related to the preparation of the land and the preparation of the land for sowing. As a result, we noticed that some words in the process of plowing and preparing for sowing are simple words, most of which belong to the group of original words in the vocabulary of the Kyrgyz language, and some are words borrowed from other languages, and there are several complex words.

Current Educational Technologies in English Lexis and Grammar Distance Learning at General Secondary Education Institutions

The question of the specifics of modern distance learning remains one of the most pressing issues, especially in today's world affected by global virus pandemic. We consider the study of the use of modern educational technologies in English lexis and grammar distance learning relevant and timely. The purpose of the article is to characterize popular current educational technologies and their possibilities in distance learning of English lexical and grammatical structures, to define five most perspective online services for pupils of general secondary education institutions. Methods. The author implements the purpose with the help of theoretical (analysis and synthesis of own experience and of domestic scientists concerning the use of existing educational innovative computer technologies in English learning) and empirical research methods (observation of the educational process), together with the elements of statistical (analysis of student survey results). The results. Considering student survey results, the author’s experience, the article names and characterizes 43 modern online educational technologies in English learning, they online platforms (Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Classroom, Skype, Nz.ua, ClassDojo, Moodl), online services (Google Drive, Padlet, Google Forms, Microsoft Forms, Kahoot!, Grammarly, Quizlet, Quizizz, Plickers, Socrative, Hot Potatoes, LinguaLeo, ToonDoo, Classtime, Lang-8, Сoursera, LearnEnglish, BBC Learning English, British Council LearnEnglish, Tandem, Enpodcast, Bussu), mobile apps (Memrise, Rosetta Stone, Babbel, FluentU, MindSnacks, Open Language, Mosalingua, Messenger, Telegram, Viber, WhatsАрp), virtual whiteboard (Paint, Google Slides, Bitpaper.io). The article suggests grouping these technologies according to 7 purposes of use (to conduct online English lessons in real time; to create virtual classes, lessons and tasks; to send tasks and communicate; online services for learning English vocabulary and grammar; to use a virtual board; to store works and materials of pupils; to assess and control English language skills). Conclusions. The benefit of the study is that the possibilities of online services in distance learning of English lexical and grammatical structures have been emphasized, and five the most perspective for pupils of general secondary education institutions have been defined as Moodle, Google Classroom, Google Forms, Kahoot!, Zoom.

Вплив сучасних маркетингових технологій на стилістичне і граматичне формулювання англомовних ділових та рекламних висловлень та їх переклад українською мовою

Abstract. This study examines how modern marketing technologies affect the lexical and syntactic presentation of the business and advertising utterances that are client-oriented and their translation into Ukrainian. In particular, it describes how such psychological concept as "You-attidude" determinates the lexical, grammatical and syntactic structure of statements used in the business style of communication. The analysis of speech structures, which function in various English-language messages of advertising, business sphere and business correspondence, are analysed from the point of view of their lexical content, syntactic structure and style,the translation of these statements into Ukrainian has been presented.

Lexical Sense Labeling and Sentiment Potential Analysis Using Corpus-Based Dependency Graph

This paper describes a graph method for labeling word senses and identifying lexical sentiment potential by integrating the corpus-based syntactic-semantic dependency graph layer, lexical semantic and sentiment dictionaries. The method, implemented as ConGraCNet application on different languages and corpora, projects a semantic function onto a particular syntactical dependency layer and constructs a seed lexeme graph with collocates of high conceptual similarity. The seed lexeme graph is clustered into subgraphs that reveal the polysemous semantic nature of a lexeme in a corpus. The construction of the WordNet hypernym graph provides a set of synset labels that generalize the senses for each lexical cluster. By integrating sentiment dictionaries, we introduce graph propagation methods for sentiment analysis. Original dictionary sentiment values are integrated into ConGraCNet lexical graph to compute sentiment values of node lexemes and lexical clusters, and identify the sentiment potential of lexemes with respect to a corpus. The method can be used to resolve sparseness of sentiment dictionaries and enrich the sentiment evaluation of lexical structures in sentiment dictionaries by revealing the relative sentiment potential of polysemous lexemes with respect to a specific corpus. The proposed approach has the potential to be used as a complementary method to other NLP resources and tasks, including word disambiguation, domain relatedness, sense structure, metaphoricity, as well as a cross- and intra-cultural discourse variations of prototypical conceptualization patterns and knowledge representations.

Instructing Malaysian Children with HFASD in English as a Second Language


 
 
 Autism awareness has recently increased globally, as evidenced by the increasing numbers of parents reported to be seeking advice on raising children with autism. In Malaysia, it is still unclear how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) acquire English in the ESL context. To shed some light on the issue, this paper examines how three high-functioning Malaysian children with ASD (HFASD) acquired English morphology, specifically the English plural structures from theDevelopmentally Moderated Focus-on-Form (DMFonF) instruction. DMFonF is an instructional approach introduced by Di Biase, which combines Pienemann’s Processability Theory developmental stages and Long’s Focus on Form feedback. Using DMFonF for sixteen weeks, the children were taught to produce English lexical and phrasal plural structures (noun + suffix- s and plural agreement within the NP) in the appropriate contexts. Data were collected at 4 points; T1 (week 5), T2 (week 9), T3 (week 13), and T4 (week 16). Results show that they acquired the English lexical and grammatical plurals taught in the DMFonF lessons faster than normally developing children did in past studies. The findings suggest that DMFonF not only effectively facilitates the acquisition of English lexicon but also activates grammatical development among children with ASD in the Malaysian context.
 
 

GERMANISMS AND THEIR ADAPTATION IN ENGLISH (BASED ON MATERIALS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL SPHERE AND SPHERE OF ECONOMY)

The article deals with Germanisms and their adaptation in English on materials of socio-political sphere and sphere of economy. The role and place of foreign borrowings in the lexical structure of the English language are determined. It was found out that the role of borrowings (loan-words) in different languages is different and depends on the specific conditions of development of each language. The borrowing rate in English is much higher than in other languages. In English, compared to other languages, it was possible to borrow foreign words in direct contact: first with foreign conquerors, who constantly replaced each other in the British Isles, and later due to trade expansion and colonial activity of the British themselves.

Stimulus-independent neural coding of event semantics: Evidence from cross-sentence fMRI decoding

Multivariate neuroimaging studies indicate that the brain represents word and object concepts in a format that readily generalises across stimuli. Here we investigated whether this was true for neural representations of simple events described using sentences. Participants viewed sentences describing four events in different ways. Multivariate classifiers were trained to discriminate the four events using a subset of sentences, allowing us to test generalisation to novel sentences. We found that neural patterns in a left-lateralised network of frontal, temporal and parietal regions discriminated events in a way that generalised successfully over changes in the syntactic and lexical properties of the sentences used to describe them. In contrast, decoding in visual areas was sentence-specific and failed to generalise to novel sentences. In the reverse analysis, we tested for decoding of syntactic and lexical structure, independent of the event being described. Regions displaying this coding were limited and largely fell outside the canonical semantic network. Our results indicate that a distributed neural network represents the meaning of event sentences in a way that is robust to changes in their structure and form. They suggest that the semantic system disregards the surface properties of stimuli in order to represent their underlying conceptual significance.

Properties of child-directed speech in bilingual parents

Abstract How parents talk to young children matters to language and cognitive development. In the early years the quantity, quality, and diversity inherent in language from parents in the home predict differences in vocabulary knowledge, school readiness, and later academic achievement. However, most of what is known about child-directed speech (CDS) comes from studies of monolingual parents, and little is known about features of speech from bilingual parents. Here, we asked whether degree of bilingualism assessed within a single parent might be positively associated with CDS features that are known to facilitate children’s lexical and grammatical structures across languages – parental partial repetitions. During unscripted narrations (n = 91) of a picture book to their toddlers in English, mothers who reported being more bilingually balanced used a higher proportion of self-repetitions (both single words and 2-word combinations) within a brief time-frame. At the same time, more bilingual mothers preserved the same degree of lexical diversity as more monolingual mothers. The results obtained even accounting for differences in socio-economic status. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptive strategies that bilingual parents may consciously or unconsciously adopt in bilingual language development

Tibetan text classification based on RNN

In this paper, a deep learning RNN model is used to classify Tibetan texts. The core idea is to first preprocess the Tibetan news corpus, and then use Tibetan syllables to construct a Tibetan syllable table based on the lexical and grammatical structure of Tibetan, embed the syllables in the sentence, and represent each syllable as a fixed Numerical vector. Secondly, the RNN cyclic neural network model is constructed. First, the text of different lengths is filled or truncated into a sequence length of uniform length. For each input text, the vector representation of text syllables is input on each time step of RNN to train the RNN model. The test samples were then used to evaluate the accuracy of model classification by introducing recall rate, precision rate and F-test. Finally, compared with traditional machine learning Logistic algorithm, polynomial naive Bayes algorithm and KNN algorithm, the results show that RNN model has better classification effect.

The hunt for structure-dependent interpretation: The case of Principle C

Jacques Mehler's earliest work concerned the independence of syntactic and semantic representations in adult sentence understanding, probing for independent contributions of sentence structure and sentence meaning in the psychological processes that underlie linguistic perception (e.g., Mehler, 1963; Mehler & Miller, 1964). The bulk of his career was spent pioneering the study of infants' linguistic cognition. In this paper, we bring these two streams together, using data from a suite of infant looking tasks to probe the syntactic representations that underlie sentence understanding for 30-month-olds. Each participant completed a battery of 3 tasks: one measuring knowledge of Principle C, one measuring lexical access speed and one measuring syntactic processing. We find that variability in performance on a Principle C task is predicted by variability in vocabulary, but not by either lexical access speed or a new measure of syntactic integration. Successful deployment of Principle C in 30-month-olds may therefore depend on factors related to vocabulary, but distinct from either lexical access or structure building. Identification of such factors remains an important goal for future work.

Representation of Ethnicity in Lexicographic Discourse

In the modern world, which is characterised by migration processes, ethnic and cultural mixing, the interest of representatives of various fields of knowledge to the category of ethnicity, ethnic processes, their historical, cultural, philosophical and linguistic component is growing. In this regard, the work is devoted to studying the dynamics of representations of ethnicity in different types of discursive practices and identifying the specifics of conceptualisation of ethnicity in English-speaking society in the context of ideological, socio-economic and socio-cultural transformations of the second half of the 20th – early 21st century. The relevance of the study is due to the inclusion of the dynamics of language development and change in such areas of modern linguistics as ethnolinguistics, linguocultural studies and discourse analysis, as well as growing interest in the evolution of language, lexical structure of English and changes in the English world picture with the development of ethnic culture, the synthesis of language modifications in the context of global socio-cultural transformations. The following methods were used in the work: definition analysis; comparative analysis; quantitative analysis; analysis-discourse; hypothetical-deductive method; generalisation; systematisation. The research methods used in the article made it possible to substantiate the principles of material selection for studying the dynamics of ethnic representations in English dictionaries; to reveal the concepts of ethnic stereotype and ethnonym-nickname as ways of stereotyping; to characterise the concept of political correctness as relevant for the study of linguistic construction of ethnicity. The dynamics of the representation of ethnicity in the lexicographic discourse on the material of British dictionaries of two times cross-sections (mid-20th century and modern latest edition) in the context of socio-cultural transformations were analysed. The practical value of the work is that the obtained results contribute to a fuller understanding of the English-language picture of the world, deepen scientific ideas about the interaction of ideology, language, culture.

A methodological synergy of dramatistic discourse analysis and corpus linguistics: From the discourse of US Presidents to Trump's 2016 Orlando speech

The present study offers a novel methodology for corpus-based discourse analysis that combines Kenneth Burke's (1968, 1969) dramatistic method of text analysis and the corpus techniques of keyword extraction and concordance reading. Applying the methodology, a two-stage analysis of Donald Trump's 2016 Orlando speech has been conducted: First, at a micro level, identifying the keywords used by Trump in his speech as compared against the historical reference corpus of US Presidents through WordSmith Tools (Scott, 2012) as well as describing and interpreting Trump's keyword lexical structures in the pentadic ratios rhetorically motivated by the that select and deflect representations of the gay-nightclub-shooting event in the speech; second, at a macro level, substantiating the whole speech event of Orlando in terms of the different types of substance – geometric, familial, and directional – recognized in the keywords clustering and linking in the speech. The study has reached two findings. First, methodologically, synergizing Burke's dramatistic method of text analysis and corpus-linguistics techniques in a novel way that contributes to analysing the rhetorical language of political discourse, yielding a corpus-based dramatistic discourse analysis. Second, practically, analysing the pentadic ratios of the speech keywords and their substance types has revealed Trump's rhetoric of selecting and deflecting certain representations of the Orlando political event through a number of terministic screens and substantiations.

Text Categorization Based on Condensed Graph

The resonant world events of2020 led to an increase in the amount of information on the Internet, including criminal, fake news, and fake negative reviews. False negative information can spread very quickly, and methods are needed to suppress this process. The development of effective algorithms for automatic text analysis is especially relevant today. The most important subtasks include thematic catesorization, sentiment analysis, includins ABSA (aspect-based sentiment analysis). The paper proposes a combined semantic-statistical alsorithm for the aspect analysis of larse texts, based on the use of a semantic graph. The aspect extraction method contains the phases of selectins a set of sisnificant words, calculatins the weishts of the vertices of the semantic sraph by the relaxation method, filterins aspects based on the sradient method. The method proposed allows to extract domain-dependent aspect terms from trainins data. Different aspect term sets extracted from different domains have the same statistical features, and in the same time lexical diversity and structure are taken into account.

Effects of Background Noise on Speech and Language in Young Adults.

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of background noise that differ in their level of linguistic content affect speech acoustics, speech fluency, and language production for young adult speakers when performing a monologue discourse task. Method Forty young adults monologued by responding to open-ended questions in a silent baseline and five background noise conditions (debate, movie dialogue, contemporary music, classical music, and pink noise). Measures related to speech acoustics (intensity and frequency), speech fluency (speech rate, pausing, and disfluencies), and language production (lexical, morphosyntactic, and macrolinguistic structure) were analyzed and compared across conditions. Participants also reported on which conditions they perceived as more distracting. Results All noise conditions resulted in some change to spoken language compared with the silent baseline. Effects on speech acoustics were consistent with expected changes due to the Lombard effect (e.g., increased intensity and fundamental frequency). Effects on speech fluency showed decreased pausing and increased disfluencies. Several background noise conditions also seemed to interfere with language production. Conclusions Findings suggest that young adults present with both compensatory and interference effects when speaking in noise. Several adjustments may facilitate intelligibility when noise is present and help both speaker and listener maintain attention on the production. Other adjustments provide evidence that background noise eliciting linguistic interference has the potential to degrade spoken language even for healthy young adults, because of increased cognitive demands.

Composite Abstract Lexical Structure in Interlanguage Production

Most previous studies of difficulties in learning a second/foreign language focused on sources of learner errors caused by cross-linguistic differences in various levels of linguistic structure, but most of such studies remain at a rather superficial level of description. This study explores sources of learning difficulties at an abstract level by studying the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage production. The bilingual mental lexicon is defined as the mental lexicon containing abstract entries called cross-linguistic “lemmas” underlying particular lexeme. This study claims that it is language-specific lemma which drives interlanguage production at three levels of abstract lexical structure: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. It further claims that it is cross-linguistic lemma variations in abstract lexical-conceptual structure which result in not only inappropriate lexical choices but also errors in interlanguage production of target language predicate-argument structure and morphological realization. Naturally occurring interlanguage production date for the study include several native and target language pairs: Japanese-English, Chinese-English, and English-Japanese. Some typical instances of language transfer involving other language pairs are also cited in support of the argument that the lexical-conceptual approach to interlanguage production is fundamental in any study of the nature of learner errors in interlanguage development.

LINGUISTATICAL STUDY OF CHINESE INTERNET LEXICOLOGY

Different changes occur in each language under the influence of scientific and technical processes. Significant changes are observed in the lexical structure of the language: constant renewal and enrichment, the reflection of major changes in the life of society, the emergence of large-scale new language units. As a result of the emergence of a new object in human life, the problem of defining it in speech arises, translating it from one language to another in order to support and develop mutual cultural communication. With the advent of the Internet, there have been many changes in Chinese society, including the Chinese language. Under the influence of the Internet, an Internet language different from the literary normative language was formed.

Language representation of visual perception in the verbal system of the Tatar language

This article introduces the verbs, which define cognitive processes. Cognitive activity begins with sensation and perception; there are also visual, auditory and other perceptions. The object of this study is the verbs of visual perception and its representation in the verb system of the Tatar language. In the Tatar language, there function a number of verbs, verb expressions, phraseological units that reflect various nuances of visual perception. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the functional-semantic, structural-derivational features of the verbs of visual perception, which make up a significant part of the lexical structure of the Tatar language, have not been studied. The study of semantic and word-formation peculiarities contributes to the most complete and comprehensive analysis of the lexical composition of the Tatar language. The conclusions made during the study are important for the construction of interpretations of the verbs of vision, for the integral description of the grammar. Students and teachers of the Tatar language can use the material presented in the classroom. The article provides all the meanings and nuances of the verbs of visual perception, which especially increases the threshold of difficulty in adequate perception and learning process of this material in the course of teaching the Tatar language as a foreign language. The results can be applied to the development of linguodidactic manuals, dictionaries and reference books for effective teaching of the Tatar language.

Selected sociocultural aspects of receiver-oriented adaptation (based upon the analysis of Lithuanian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s „Szkice węglem“)

The present article analyses the Lithuanian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Szkice węglem (1876), published in 1890 by „Ukinįkas” („Ūkininkas”) magazine. Themes covered: historical and cultural as well as social and pragmatic contexts of Paisziniai anglimis; the scope of adaptation work in order to create a simplified version for less educated/culturally developed readers; translation authorship identification, strategies, techniques and selections used by the translators. The characteristic of translation process and the final lexical, grammatical and semantical structure of the translation is concluded by considering the role of this translation in Lithuanian historical-literary process at the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th century from a theoretical perspective.

MÜASİR AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏ SOMATİK İFADƏLƏRİN MƏNBƏLƏRİ

Just as somatic expressions, phraseological compounds are rich in the lexical structure of the Azerbaijani language, their history is also ancient. This is due to both the ethnic outlook of the people and the language's ability to fully incorporate creative thinking. A lot of research has been done on the formation of phraseological compounds in Azerbaijani linguistics, some notes have been made about the sources of phraseological compounds. During our research, we came across the opinions of linguists based on their observations on monuments such as Orkhon-Yenisey, Kitabi-Dada Gorgud, Divani-dictionary-it-Turk. According to their research, in ancient times the number of phraseological combinations becomes less than in our modern language. Some of the phraseological combinations, especially those formed on the basis of key words belonging to the Turkic languages (ie, the noun in the formation of the phraseological unit) have a more ancient history. Based on written monuments, we can say that the vast majority of the phraseological fund belonging to the historical antiquities consists of phraseological combinations, somatic expressions formed by the names of body parts. The language of folklore materials, like monuments such as Orkhon-Yenisey, Kitabi-Dada Gorgud, Divani-lughat-it-turk, is a very rich source for the study of phraseological combinations, including somatic expressions. This includes phraseological materials in the language of bayats, riddles, proverbs and parables, tales and epics that preserve ancient traces.