Lexical Root Theory Research Articles

THE ARABIC ORIGINS OF ENGLISH AND EUROPEAN "PLACE NAMES": A CONSONANTAL RADICAL THEORY APPROACH

This paper examines the Arabic origins of some common place names in English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Russian, and Sanskrit from a consonantal radical or lexical root theory perspective. The data consists of the names of around 60 key cities like Birmingham, Brighton, Cambridge, Chester, Derby, Essex, Exeter, Glasgow, London, Manchester, Oxford, Queensville, York, etc. The results clearly show that all such names have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings whose different forms, however, are all found to be due to natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. Furthermore, they show that place names play an important role in both near and distant genetic relationships. As a consequence, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method and Family-Tree Model claims (e.g. Campbell 2013; Harper 2012-18),� that Arabic, English, and all Indo-European languages� belong to the same language, let alone the same family. Therefore, they prove the adequacy of the consonantal radical theory in relating English, German, French, Latin, and Greek to Arabic as their origin all because, unlike any other language in the group, it shares cognates with all of them in addition to its huge linguistic repertoire phonetically, phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, and semantically.Keywords: Place names, Arabic, English, German, French, Russian, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, historical linguistics, consonantal radical/lexical root theory

The Arabic Origins of "Basque and Finnish Pronouns": A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach

This paper investigates the Arabic origins of Basque and Finnish pronouns mainly and Basque verbs to be/have secondarily from a Radical Linguistic Theory perspective, a slightly revised version of Lexical Root Theory. The data consists of personal and demonstrative pronouns in Finnish and Basque in the main and verbs to be/have in the latter. The results show that Finnish and Basque pronouns have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings. Their formal differences, however, result from natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. For example, Basque ni 'I', Finnish mina/mä ‘I', and Arabic ana (ani, inni) 'I' are identical cognates, in the second of which /m/ split from /n/; Finnish sina/Te'you' come from Arabic anta/-ta 'you' via reversal and turning /t/ into /s/; similarly, Basque zu 'you' is derived from Arabic -ta/-ka (iaka) 'you (nom./acc.) where /k/ became /z/, which compares very easily with Old English ge 'you' and German Sie 'you'; Finnish reflexive itse 'self' is from Arabic dhaat(i) 'myself' via reordering and replacing /dh/ by /s/. Third person pronouns in both languages are originally demonstrative pronouns, which is similar to what happens in English and Indo-European languages and Chinese as well, all of which come from Arabic dha/ti 'this'. Similarly, all Basque verbs to be/havehave true and identical Arabic (and English, German, Latin) cognates. As a consequence, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, Basque and Finnish are genetically related, leading to the postulation of a single, perfect, sudden world language, which may be called Radical or Root Language, from which all human languages descended. The Radical Language could not have died out at all but has instead survived into modern languages, having been preserved almost intact in Arabic. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the radical linguistic or lexical root theory according to which Arabic, Basque, and Finnish are genetically related besides English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Mandarin Chinese which have already been found to be dialects of the same language with Arabic being their origin all because of its phonetic capacity or complexity, huge lexical variety and multiplicity, and linguistic permanence or sustainability.

The Arabic Origins of "Prepositions and Conjunctions" in English and European Languages: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper investigates the Arabic cognates or origins of prepositions and conjunctions in English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Russian, and Sanskrit from a lexical root theory perspective. The data consists of 104 such terms like about, at, after, among, amid, before, behind, beneath, beside, between, by, despite, in, on, to, in front of, lateral to, like, anterior to, then, than, near, next to, prior to, posterior to, toward, since, and, or, but, so, for, including, however, moreover, therefore . The results exhibit that all such words have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings. However, their different forms are all found to be due to natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. For example, English by and German bei are true cognates of Arabic bi 'in, with, by, for'; English to and German zu come from Arabic kai 'to, in order to' or 2atta 'to' via /2/-loss; English than (then) 'originally the ' derives from Arabic dha 'this' via /n/-insertion; English though (although) descended via Old English 'theah (this)' and German doch from Arabic dha(h) 'this'; English however (how + ever) obtains from Arabic kaifa 'how', turning /k & h/ into /h & w/. Consequently, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, English, and all (Indo-)European languages belong to the same language, let alone the same family. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the lexical root theory according to which Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, and Greek are dialects of the same language with Arabic being their origin all because of its phonetic complexity and huge lexical variety and multiplicity.

The Arabic Origins of "Question and Modal Words" in English and European Languages: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper examines the Arabic origins of question and modal words in English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Russian, and Sanskrit from a lexical root theory perspective. The data consists of 21 terms like who, what, why, when, where, which, how; can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might. All such words, the results exhibit, have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings. Their different forms, however, are all found to be due to natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. Moreover, all the wh-question words in the so-called Indo-European languages developed from one form- viz., hu- in Germanic languages (English how, German wie, Gothic hvaiwa), qu- in Romance (Latin, French, Italian quis/que), Slavic (Russian kto), Sanskrit (kah), and Greek ti (tos), to which gender, number, and case endings were added, leading to different forms and different meanings like who, what, why, how, when, where in English. All such forms descended eventually from Arabic kaifa/kai 'how' via different routes of sound change, turning /k/ into /q/ in Latin and French, /h/ in English, and /t/ in Greek while /f/ became /w (u)/ in all. That is, Arabic kaifa (kai) → (i) kwa in Latinate → (ii) haifa, haiwa/wa in Germanic → iii) ta/sa in Greek/Irish or something similar. Also the auxiliary or modal words had true Arabic cognates. Consequently, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, English, and all (Indo-)European languages belong to the same language, let alone the same family. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the lexical root theory according to which Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, and Greek are dialects of the same language with Arabic being their origin all because of its phonetic complexity and huge lexical variety and multiplicity (10 v. 1).

The Arabic Origins of "Love and Sexual Terms" in English and European Languages: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper investigates the Arabic cognates or origins of love and sexual words in English, German, French, Latin, and Greek from a lexical root theory perspective. The data consists of 239 terms like love, hope, abhor, hate, cupid, woo, whore, slut, fuck, erotic, intercourse, sex, copulate, impregnate, fornicate, marry, wed, seduce, beautiful, and so on. The results demonstrate that all such words have true Arabic cognates, having the same or similar forms and meanings. Their different forms, however, are all shown to be the result of natural and plausible causes and courses of linguistic change in such languages. For example, English, French, Greek and Latin erotic (Eros) comes from Arabic 'arr 'intercourse, making love'; English, French, and Latin abhor obtains from Arabic kariha/'akrah, kurh (n) 'hate' via /k & h/-merger; English and German love/lieben derives from Arabic labba ('alabba) 'to love, live/stay', turning /b/ into /v/; English hope (hobby) and German hoffen is from Arabic 2ubb 'love, hope', turning /2/ into /h/ and /b/ into /f/ in the latter. Consequently, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, English and all (Indo-)European languages belong to the same language, let alone the same family. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the lexical root theory according to which Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, and Greek are dialects of the same language with the first being the origin because of its phonetic complexity, huge lexical variety and multiplicity with over 100 'sex' terms.

The Arabic Origins of Verb 'To Be' in English, German, and French: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper examines the genetic relationship between verb to be forms in Arabic and English mainly as well as German, French, and Latin secondarily. It applies the principles and tools of the lexical root theory according to which be -forms are shown to be true cognates in having the same or similar forms and meanings with slight phonetic, morphological and semantic changes. Unlike traditional comparative historical linguistics views in which Arabic and English, for example, are classified as members of different language families, it shows how such verb forms are related to and derived from one another, where Arabic may be their end origin. For example, all s- based forms such as is/was in English, sein, ist in German, es, soi in French, sum in Latin are true cognates of Arabic kawan/kaan 'be/was' via common sound changes.

On the Semantic Prosody of Career Women in Chinese Web Reportage

This paper examines the genetic relationship between verb to be forms in Arabic and English mainly as well as German, French, and Latin secondarily. It applies the principles and tools of the lexical root theory according to which be -forms are shown to be true cognates in having the same or similar forms and meanings with slight phonetic, morphological and semantic changes. Unlike traditional comparative historical linguistics views in which Arabic and English, for example, are classified as members of different language families, it shows how such verb forms are related to and derived from one another, where Arabic may be their end origin. For example, all s- based forms such as is/was in English, sein, ist in German, es, soi in French, sum in Latin are true cognates of Arabic kawan/kaan 'be/was' via common sound changes.

The Arabic Origins of English Pronouns: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper examines the genetic relationship between all personal pronouns, which are part of the core vocabulary of language, in Arabic and English mainly as well as German, French, and Latin secondarily. Converse to traditional views in comparative historical linguistics in which Arabic and English, for example, are classified as members of different language families, it shows how such pronouns are related to and derived from one another, where Arabic may be their end origin. The paper applies the principles and tools of the lexical root theory according to which the pronouns are shown to have the same or similar forms and meanings with slight phonetic, morphological and semantic or lexical changes.

The Arabic Origins of Common Religious Terms in English: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

The aim of this paper is to extend the application of the lexical root theory to the investigation of select religious terms in English and Arabic to prove their genetic relationship. It criticizes and rejects the claims of the Comparative Historical Method that Indo-European languages have no genetic relationship to Arabic whatsoever. It provides further definitive counter evidence that such languages are not only related to Arabic but are also descended from it directly. The evidence concerns Arabic and English words in the area of faith and religion, which have been deliberately excluded from Swadesh’s 100- and 200-word lists used in language family classifications. The paper argues that religious terms are as central as core vocabulary because man’s life is meaningless without faith that opens up windows of future hope and achieves internal and external peace and security. More precisely, it shows how certain extremely common Arabic religious words and expressions exist in today’s English, noting minor phonetic and semantic changes.