Lexical Parallels Research Articles

On The Proto-form of the Native Armenian Word Yerkin “Heaven” and ist Armenian Parallels

The native Armenian word yerkin (heaven) is absolutely incomprehensibly derived from the Indo-European root “*d(i)ui-n-, *dei - “to shine, to beam” with the root determinative *-u”, the Armenian parallel of which is the root tiv. At the same time, it is noted that “there are phonetic difficulties”, which is too mild a statement. The comparative study of the vocabulary of Armenian and Polynesian languages has already proven its effectiveness and mutual benefit: Rapanui-Armenian lexical parallels help to clarify the boundaries of the Polynesian word-form and the structure of the word, and with the help of the ancient roots preserved in the Polynesian languages, it was possible to etymologically analyze many Armenian words of unknown origin, incomprehensible, as well as the ones considered loanwords and find out their origin and initial meaning. A similar comparative examination reveals that the most probable form of the native Armenian word yerkin “heaven” is the word ragi (rangi) “heaven” from the Pan-Polynesian vocabulary. Not only the real living proto-form of the native Armenian word yerkin is revealed, but also the basic meaning, as well as a genealogical bunch of words with the same root in Armenian, three of which are presented in this article.

Turkic-Chinese lexical parallels within the framework of the phonological model SASYS

Relevance. Considering the constant development of global language contacts and cultural interactions, examining the mechanisms of interaction between the Turkic and Chinese languages is of great importance for identifying the mechanisms of borrowing words and analysing cultural and historical ties between these language groups. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the features of the processes of mutual influence, assimilation, and development of lexical elements of the Turkic and Chinese languages. Methodology. The study uses linguistic, comparative, and lexical-semantic methods to analyse etymological pairs and phonological adaptation between the Kyrgyz and Chinese languages. Results. The study identifies both similarities and differences in the phonetic implementation of single-root lexemes between Chinese and Turkic languages within the SASYS phonetic model. Attention is paid to sound combinations, accents, and phonetic features, establishing patterns in their structure and evolution. The phenomena of phonetic borrowing and adaptation in both languages are identified, and influenced by cultural and historical contexts. Additionally, the study confirms a tendency to simplify sound structures in some Turkic languages compared to more persistent phonetic forms in Chinese. Conclusions. The analysis determines the origin of various interlanguage and intercultural words. Single-root lexemes passing between Chinese and Turkic languages undergo systematic phonetic changes, adapting sound combinations and accents to conform to the phonetic rules of the recipient language. The results highlight the SASYS phonetic model's importance for understanding phonetic evolution and adaptation between these languages, emphasizing their deep historical and cultural ties. Keywords: interaction of languages; nostratics; etymological identity; sound changes

Оружие ближнего боя народов Северо-Западной Сибири периода средневековья как историко-культурное явление

: the article considers the various aspects of the armory tradition of the Ob Ugrians and Samoyeds of the XVI–XV centuries, reflected in folklore and historical sources: the composition of close-quarter weapon, its tactical and technical characteristics; complex of weapons as the social status of a warrior; symbolic role of individual types of weapons. The lexical parallels in the names of weapons and metals used for their manufacture are especially notable. This indicates active intercultural contacts between the peoples of the taiga Ob-Irtysh region with the Ural and Turkic tribes, which were both peaceful and conflicting in nature. Objective: to identify the originality of armory representation in Ob-Ugric and Samoyed folklore in the aspect of intercultural interaction. 150 Вестник угроведения. Т. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Research materials: folklore collections, reference books, oral reports of informants, handwritten materials by P. E. Sheshkin. Results and novelty of the research: on the materials of Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic folklore, close-quarter weapon are correlated with historical realities, and the ways of their penetration into the folklore tradition are determined. 13 weapons are considered and systematized into 5 groups: cutting and thrusting, cutting, taper-cutting, thrusting, and impacting weapons. The involved military vocabulary of the Turkic languages testifies to the active contacts of the Ob Ugrians with their southern neighbors – the tribes of the Indo-Iranian and Iranian worlds (in particular, the names of metals). The conclusion is formulated that the southern influence left a noticeable mark on the armory culture of the Ob Ugrians and Samoyeds, but at the same time, the weapons of the taiga people are not without local originality. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the weapons of medieval warriors are comprehended comprehensively in a regional-ethnic aspect with the involvement of folklore and historical sources, as well as linguistic data as a reflection of intercultural contacts. Unpublished materials from the handwritten heritage of P. E. Sheshkin related to early epochs (according to his periodization), where weapons combine the functions of universal hunting and combat equipment, have been introduced into scientific circulation.

Mansi Lexical Materials in the Manuscript Heritage of the Russian Academician Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738)

This article analyses the Mansi vocabulary from the handwritten Latin-Tatar-Vogul dictionary kept in Glasgow (Great Britain), in the archive of the Russian academician Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738), which has never been done before. Bayer’s scholarly heritage is of great interest and has not been sufficiently studied yet. The author manages to establish that Bayer’s dictionary is a partial list of lexical materials compiled by another Russian academician, Gerhard Friedrich Mьller (1705–1783), Head of the Academic Unit of the Second Kamchatka (Great Northern) Expedition (1733–1743). It is also established that these Mansi (Vogul) materials were recorded by Müller in Tobolsk in 1734 from a native speaker of the Pelym dialect and preserved in Mьller’s archive in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) in Moscow. A comparison of Bayer’s and Mьller’s dictionaries shows that Bayer copied only the most interesting lexemes from Müller — 90 Vogul words, while Müller has about 300 of them. Most of the words copied by Bayer are reflected in lexicographic sources, which makes it possible to trace their correspondences in Mansi dialects, as well as to identify lexical parallels. The article considers several lexemes that are of the greatest interest from the point of view of semantics and word formation. More particularly, the name of the kopeck uses the designation of a ‘squirrel’ as a monetary unit in Siberia, hence ‘rouble’ (Schдtlin) is ‘one hundred kopecks’, or ‘one hundred squirrels’; in the name оf paper, the Mansi ‘birch bark’ (-schasch) is added to the word of Komi origin ‘paper’ (nepag). Additionally, the author reveals lexemes that are not marked in dictionaries or have other semantics, i.e. the name of the ‘water spirit’ (Uнtkas) is used to denote ‘the devil’; the adverb ‘above’ (Nùmna) is used to denote ‘the sky’; the month as a period of time is denoted by ‘four weeks’ (Nille-Sat); ‘the cloudberry colour’ (Morochoschp) juxtaposition is used to denote ‘yellow’. Finally, the article mentions some inaccuracies made by Bayer when copying Mьller’s dictionary.

Деякі зауваги до українсько-польських контактів на рівні арґо (у контексті розвитку східнослов’янських історичних соціолектів)

The article focuses on the relationships between the Ukrainian and Polish argots as part of the broader process of forming and developing East Slavic sociolects. The main attention is paid to the comparative analysis of Ukrainian lyrists’ and craftsmen’s sociolects mentioned in the academic studies during the second half of the 19th century and in the early 21st century, as well as ochweśnik jargon — the sociolect of polish peddlers, which was profoundly researched by Wanda Budziszewska in the 1950s. Lexical parallels between Ukrainian and Polish argots are analyzed by quantitative and qualitative parameters, which makes it possible, firstly, to review some traditional points about formation of the ochweśnik jargon (in particular, about the impact of the Ofenya sociolect as a basis for all East Slavic sociolects) and secondly, to articulate lexical contacts between certain sociolects and to better understand specifics of their formation and development.

The system of mono-and polylexeme adjectives describing horse head markings in the Sakha language

This article presents a system of adjectives, describing horse head markings in the Sakha language, based on structural and lexical-semantic analysis. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that so far, the names of horse head markings in the Sakha language have not been systematized. The study uses 25 names extracted from lexicographic sources. To clarify the etymology of the names, we involved lexical parallels from the Mongolian, Buryat, Evenki and Even languages. E. A. Kosykh’s theory served as an idea for developing the system. The study showed that 7 analyzed color-designations consist of one lexeme and belong to monolexeme names, which are used separately from horse coat сolors. We have established that polylexemic color-definitions, which are represented by 18 names, are formed by adding two components where one of the components is a clarifying component and the other is a supporting one. As the analysis has shown, the clarifying component is expressed by the bases of nouns denoting various phenomena: objects and animals. By developing the system of names for horse head markings we get a broader and more complete picture of color designations describing horse colors in the Sakha language.

Образная (изобразительная) лексика в якутском и бурятском эпосах: лексические параллели

Introduction. The article presents a comparative analysis of the figurative vocabulary of the Yakut and Buryat languages on the basis of epic texts. The figurative vocabulary in both languages is specific part of its lexicon which have a common roots. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the use of lexical parallels of the Yakut and Buryat figurative vocabulary in the texts of the Buryat uliger and Yakut olonkho. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest in linguistic folklore in the study of language based on the material of epic texts in order to identify the specifics of the language of the epic as a whole. For research a lexical and semantic analysis and comparative historical method were used. Materials. The texts of the Buryat uliger “Alamzhi Bergen” by E. Shalbykov and the Yakut olonkho “Kyys Debiliye” by N. P. Burnashev, “Mighty Er Sogotokh” by V. O. Karataev, “Khaan Dzhargystai” by unknown olonkhosut from Verkhoyansk were used as material for the study. The three olonkho texts are represented by three main regional epic traditions, which makes it possible to take into account almost all the local features of the olonkho text. Results. The study revealed 12 lexical parallels in the figurative vocabulary presented in the Yakut and Buryat epic texts. These lexical parallels were divided into three thematic groups by the way of description. Thus, first group is figurative words describing the figure, second is the group of words describing facial expressions and face, and the last one is the words describing the shape of objects. A comparative analysis of the revealed lexical parallels showed that they have a emotionally expressive character that allows expressing the narrator’s attitude to the described object, have the same semantic meaning, the same ways of word formation and the general principle of word formation.

Германо-славянские лексические параллели – имитативы ‘lecken’ – ‘лизать’: этимология, диахрония, современное состояние

The aim of the study is to identify common phonetic and morphological features and differences, as well as their possible determinants in the system of imitative naming of Germanic and Slavic lexical fields using the example of the correlates ‘lecken’ – ‘лизать’ (lick). The paper also pays attention to semantic changes in the lexical units under consideration as an important stage of the presented linguistic reconstruction. The scientific novelty of the study lies in taking a multi-aspect approach, involving research materials in the field of phraseology, dialectology and onomastics, in order to clarify and expand the currently available linguistic data on the formation and development of lexical parallels in distantly related languages; in revising not only the new features that the Germanic and Slavic lexical systems have acquired, but also those which have been lost in the process of linguistic ontogenesis, starting from the single Indo-European foundation. The studied correlates were considered from the diachronic perspective in the context of the similarity/difference of the presented phonetic transitions, morphological transformations and semantic shifts. As a result of the analysis, the vectors of formation of these lexical parallels from the common Indo-European archetype in the Germanic and Slavic language backgrounds were determined applying certain postulates of the theory of imitative words.

ПРО УКРАЇНСЬКО-БАСКІЙСЬКІ ЛЕКСИЧНІ ПАРАЛЕЛІ, АБО БАСКІЙСЬКІ СЛІДИ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ЛЕКСИКОНІ

The article is devoted to an ambiguous and problematic issue related to Ukrainian- Basque linguistic ties. By lexical parallels (they can also be called conditional isoglosses) the author of this study means hypothetical borrowings-internationalisms (Europeanisms), presumably of Basque origin. Examples of basquisms in the Ukrainian language (багнет, більярд, анчоус, i.e. ʽbayonet, billiard, anchovy’) have been given by K. Tyshchenko, well known Ukrainian scientist. Ukr. багнет (from the name of the city of Bayonne in France), traditionally explained as a borrowing of French origin from the Polish language; that of Fr. Bayonne is compared to Basque Baiona; anyhow, there is no generally accepted opinion; according to one of the hypotheses, the latter may come from Basq. bai una / bai ona. Ukr. більярд is derived from Fr. billard, however, Pop. Lat. *bīlia is obviously of Gaulish origin; Basq. billar is similar in form to Sp. billar, which is interpreted as an ancient borrowing from French. There are certain grounds for associating the Basque etymon with Ukr. анчоус, borrowed from Dutch or German, the corresponding names of which come from Fr. anchois, which comes down, like Sp. anchoa, to Basq. anchu. It is worth mentioning Ukr. кролик (ʽrabbit’), which is considered to be a Latinism borrowed from Polish; at the same time, foreign lexicographers assume that Lat. cuniculus is of Mediterranean-Iberian (pre-Romance) origin and it is compared to Basq. untxi. Besides, let’s mention Ukr. силует, which is a generally accepted loanword from French, but the surname Silhouette is a modified Basq. Zilueta. So, for now, we can talk about separate and generally hypothetical Ukrainian-Basque etymological isoglosses. Оne of them includes Ukr. чемерка, interpreted as a word of Arabic origin, borrowed from Polish; the origin of Pol. czamar(k)a is defined as «oriental»; at the same time Sp. zamarra is interpreted as a possible loanword from Basque. Finally, we can consider Ukr. джинго ʽjingo’ as a historical Basquism. The raised issues are a promising topic for further studies.

Il Nilo e Mosè: dalla Vita di Mosè di Filone alle Etiopiche di Eliodoro

The aim of this paper is drawing attention to a passage of the Ethiopian Stories by Heliodorus of Emesa (9,9,3) on the divinization of the Nile borrowed from Life of Moses (2,195) by Philo of Alexandria. This textual relationship, well known to Philo’s scholars, has so far not been considered instead by most Heliodorus’ scholars. Other possible intertextual references (lexical parallels, stylisations and analogies), noticed in this paper, point to the work by Philon as deliberately exploited inspiration for some passages of Heliodorus’ novel. All this is of greater importance for the Ethiopian novel and his author.

Бодлеровский след в поэзии А.А. Блока: к типологии опосредованных заимствований

In the study of Russian modernism, including the aspect of cross-cultural connections, the question of Alexander Blok's “Baudelaireism” is still open, because his figure is relegated to the background in the general landscape of “Russian Baudelaireism” in the first two decades of the 20th century. This phenomenon owes its characteristic outlines, firstly, to a bright galaxy of poets-translators of the turn of the century, and secondly, to the “senior” symbolists, primarily V. Bryusov, the discoverer of the urban theme in modern lyrics in the pendant Tableaux Parisiens by Ch. Baudelaire, in third, a complex of “modern sensitivity”, in the words of I. Annensky, with a tangible symptom of Baudelaire's melancholy. It’s emphasized that the inclusion of Blok's poetry in the Russian classical canon was carried out at the cost of “straightening” and simplifying the trajectory of his creative path, and a taboo was imposed on the compromising influences of the poètes maudits. At the same time, Blok's acquaintance with the work of the French poet dates back to his earliest youth: his mother A.A. Kublickaya-Piottuch was one of the first translators of the French Symbolists, and Baudelaire's poetry existed in a family environment right up to parody. The article discusses several cases of direct correlations between her translations from Baudelaire and Blok's Adolescent Poems. The legacy of the French poet is actualized by Blok in the period of his “decadent urbanism” through V. Bryusov, but not least, as shown in the article, and through new translations of Annensky, included in the book Quiet Songs, reviewed by Blok. The article reveals thematic, metrical and lexical parallels between Blok's poem Grass in the silver dew... (1906) and Baudelaire's Revinant in Annensky's translation, and traces the transfiguration of Baudelaire's topic.

Questions of Lexicographic Description of French-Russian Lexical Parallels

The research discusses key issues of the dictionary description of formally coinciding and semantically similar/dissimilar units of the vocabulary of the French and Russian languages. The relevance of the study is dictated by the absence of a dictionary of French-Russian lexical parallels in Russian lexicography and the significance of such a dictionary for the translation and linguo-didactical sphere of activity in the conditions of the spread of artificial bilingualism in modern globalized world. The novelty of the research lies in the representation of the dictionary description of French-Russian lexical parallels, different from the lexicographic experience of V.L. Muravyev. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing interlexical semantic relations of dialexemes of the Russian and French languages and selectively present the results of their systematic lexicographic description in a number of so-called ‘new generation dictionaries’. The research material was associatively correlated lexemes of the Russian and French languages, identified and selected by bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, as well as national text corpora of the languages under consideration. The methodology of the study consisted of the methods of continuous and selective sampling; quantitative, contrastive, comparative analysis; description; as well as the distributive method. The research focuses on the selection of a word-list, on the specifics of its organization and representation in dictionary entries. The work on the format and content of the dictionary is based on the standard model of the dictionary of lexical parallels for two synchronously compared languages, developed and implemented by V.V. Dubichinsky. The article presents a brief-course into the history of the description of lexical parallels, including false friends of the translator, lexical internationalisms of French origin and gallicisms in the Russian language and identifies the main points of V.V. Dubichinsky’s theory of lexical parallels. The authors comment on the issue of the terminological apparatus of the phenomenon described and analyze the typology of French-Russian lexical parallels and the principles of their lexicographying. Each of the existing types of French-Russian lexical parallels is considered separately. In order to internationalize Russian as a second language in the global communicative space and to facilitate the study of the Russian language by French-speaking students, we propose a modern model of the dictionary description of full, partial and false lexical parallels, as well as interlingual homonyms and interlingual paronyms of Russian and French.

Comparing Etymological Characteristics of Plant Naming in Yakut, Even, and Evenk Languages

This article considers issues of language contacts between Yakut, Even, and Evenk people through an analysis of plant vocabulary. We define etymological characteristics of fixed lexical units that denote plant names and present results of a comparative analysis of plant naming in these three languages, with emphasis on lexical parallels and structural types in designating plant names. To our knowledge, this is the first research to undertake a comparative study of plant naming in the Yakut and Tungusic languages (Even and Evenk) with consideration of the methods of their formation. The study is highly relevant because of the unique contribution of plant-world vocabulary in helping to clarify peculiarities of native speakers’ natural environments. Our results show that, based on lexical units with stable semantic meaning, the Evenk language is in the closest position vis-à-vis Yakut. There are 16 names in Yakut of plants and four of common names of herbs that grow on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and have borrowed names in Evenk and Even. Twenty-eight names have lexical parallels in Evenk (including variations) and two in Even.

Names of Traditional Ware and Utensils in the Yakut and Khakass Languages: Literary-Normative and Dialectal Parallels

The aim of this article is to identify lexical-semantic parallels in the names of traditional utensils in the Yakut and Khakass languages on the basis of lexicographic material. The main objectives of the research are: to identify Khakass and Yakut names of traditional tableware and utensils; to determine the semantic features of similar lexemes; to establish literary-normative and dialectal meanings. Bilingual, explanatory, and dialectological dictionaries of the Khakass and Yakut languages were used as the research material. The methods of this study are: generalization, systematization, comparative and comparative analysis. The lexical parallels in the group of names of dairy (koumiss) utensils and utensils are revealed. The principles of motivation of the names with the bases bysh- , pys- , bul- , pool- have been established: the process of preparation of a dairy dish (product) - stirring, mixing, churning; functional characteristics - moving (Yakut verb tas- , Khakass verb tazy- ‘tug, move’). By the example of the Khakassian names ( khamys , tazor , algai ) the dialectal zone of the Yakut lexemes is determined - it is the Akakaya dialectal zone of the Yakut language. The expansion of semantics in the Yakut names kүөrčekh ( kүөččekh ) ‘mutovka’ = kүөččekh ‘whipped cream’ is revealed, sүүmächtää ‘to strain sour milk to separate the guts’ = sүүmäch ‘cream in curdled milk, curd’. The most YakutHakassian parallels are in the normative-literary layer of the lexicon. There are dialectal words from the dialects of the Khakass language (Sagai and Kachin). The dialectal units of the Yakut language represent the central, Vilyui and northeastern zones of accents.

POLISSYA AND SLOBODA LEXICAL PARALLELS (A CASE TUDY OF THE NAMES OF DISHES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS)

The article raises a topical problem of intercultural communication. On the basis of the vocabulary of the names of dishes and kitchen utensils, recorded in 61 dialects in the territory of the Eastern Sloboda, and the included in the register of three dialect dictionaries of Polissya, a structural-semantic analysis of the common and distinctive features of the ancient and the new dialectal continuum has been carried out.
 It is noted that intercultural relations have repeatedly become the subject to many scientific studies. In articles devoted to this issue, scientists focus on the identification and functioning of lexical parallels in adjacent or distant dialect systems. On the example of various thematic groups, scientists consider the semantic relations of the vocabulary of comparable dialects, the features of the creation of the identified parallel representatives, and track their specific features.
 In a comparative analysis of the declared segments of the vocabulary, it was found that it can be conditionally divided into several groups, which include semantically identical names; lexemes with close meaning; demonstrators with different semantic content. It has been established that the names recorded in the Eastern Sloboda dialects are often associated with the names characteristic of the Polissya dialect area, with variance relations. Thus, numerous cases of lexical parallels have been traced, the representatives of which with common semantics do not have differences in the formal structure. However, sometimes units with identical semantics may differ in phonetic, grammatical, and word-formation features. Occasionally, there are cases when the demonstrators of the semes in question demonstrate both semantic differences and differences in formal design.

Two Hurro-Urartian Lexical Parallels

AbstractRelated words in the Hurrian and Urartian vocabularies are numerous due to the affinity of these two languages. To the list of common roots and terms we can now add two more examples:iradini“bird” andpurulini“divination(?)”.

Dmitry Gerasimov and his Followers on the Pronoun

The author of this article examines the pronoun section of a text that goes back to the Ars grammatica of Aelius Donatus (Ars minor: De pronomine, 4th century) and is attributed to Dmitry Gerasimov and unknown 17th century copyists. An attempt is made to identify the methods of work of Gerasimov and his successors with the text of Donatus, to show substantive, semantic, and lexical parallels between the Latin original and the text under consideration. On the one hand, it is demonstrated that in the section on pronouns Gerasimov managed to render the original text fairly accurately. This is reflected in both his adoption of a question-and-answer form of presentation and rendition of content, as well as the selection of appropriate terminological equivalents and examples from his mother tongue. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that both Gerasimov and his successors had to follow the Western European tradition of adapting the available Latin grammatical texts (“textbooks”) and their tools to the educational needs of their age and language due to existing linguistic differences.

Interaction of Non-derivative Vocabulary of Smolensk Dialect 
 and the Belarusian Language: Full Lexical Correspondences

Specific non-derivative nouns that are functioning in Smolensk dialect reveal a significant number of lexical parallels in the independent languageе structure of the contemporary Belarusian language. The analysis of these words is carried out in order to establish their status in two synchronous lexical and gram-
 matical systems for further clarification relating to the number of lexical parallels of different origins in Smolensk dialect. 
 The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning of specific nonderivative nouns recorded in independent, but at the same time contact-located language formations, in one of which they have a regional status (Smolensk dialect), and in the other one they are included in the codified form of the standard 
 language (the Belarusian language). The relevance of the study is explained by the complex history of the Russian-Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in Smolensk dialect and in 
 the Belarusian language, which has been developed on the dialect basis. The common material and spiritual culture typical for the dialects of the Russian-Belarus-ian borderland is a marker revealing the specifics of the region described. Due to the common culture, these conditionally distant language units regularly coincide in the volume of lexical meaning and demonstrate a stable distribution within lexical and semantic groups in each language formation at the present stage of its functioning.

Lexical parallels in calendars and less obvious traces of Chinese influence on ancient Xinjiang languages

Lexical parallels in calendars and less obvious traces of Chinese influence on ancient Xinjiang languages

Lexical Parallels in Smolensk and Vitebsk Dialects (Non-Derived Vocabulary)

Close interaction of Smolensk dialects with borderline Vitebsk and Mogilev ones is caused, on the one hand, by the common historical processes of the region, on the other hand, it is determined by the similarity of the cultural heritage
 of the Russian-Belarusian borderland. Throughout the Russian-Belarusian border, which runs through the territory of Smolensk region, there are a number of lexical formations that are a part of the existing language continuum that is of great interest to researchers from the standpoint of studying the existing dialect
 systems in synchrony and diachrony.
 It is expedient to oppose the existing dialect systems to the Russian and Belarusian standard languages in order to exclude possible facts of coincidence with a codified form from the description of the dialect language material. The found
 nouns with specific subject semantics are considered as lexical correspondences, i.e. regardless of the history of distribution or these units borrowing, from the standpoint of their synchronous existence in particular dialect systems.
 All dialect lexical correspondences can be divided into three groups, taking into account the similarity or degree of lexical meaning divergence. These
 groups are equivalent in different accounts and they correlate to each other on this criterion. This fact lets the study speaks in favor of the stability of the lexical meaning of non-derived nouns with specific subject semantics so that these nouns exist as lexical parallels in Smolensk and Vitebsk dialects.