Lexical Metaphors Research Articles

국어의 조사를 대체하는 다단어 표현 연구: 체계기능언어학의 경험적 은유의 관점

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between experiential metaphors and multiword expressions that substitute for postpositional markers in Korean from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics. Methods grammatical metaphor, a concept introduced in Halliday (1985), operates in the opposite direction of metaphor to lexical metaphor. Whereas lexical metaphor starts at the lexical-grammatical level and realizes ‘alternative meanings’ at the discourse-semantic level, grammatical metaphor starts at the discourse-semantic level and realizes ‘alternative forms’ at the lexical-grammatical level. More specifically, circumstantial(or postpositional) metaphor is a phenomenon in which a multiword expression, such as phrase or clause, metaphorizes the meaning of a particular adverbial postposition, and has various lexicogrammatical alternative realizations. Here, the former circumstantial metaphoric expressions are called incongruent, and the latter adverbial postpositions are called congruent. Results The results of this study show that multiword expressions in Korean three different kinds: verbatim type, experiential metaphor type (Type I), experiential idiomatic type (Type II). Among these, the verbatim is only recognized as an entry stage for multiword expressions. After reviewing in detail the lists of previous studies (postpostion equivalents, postpostional collocation, periphrastic construction, grammaticalization, etc.), this paper applies the criteria of non-congruent, congruent, and postpositional meanings to them, and finally selects 34 experiential metaphors that substitute for postpositional markers and 13 idiomatic forms that replace postpositional markers. Conclusions Although we have limited our discussion to grammatical metaphors as substitution for postpositional markers, the scope of application of grammatical metaphors is very broad, and future research efforts need to continue to expand the scope.

Метафорические образы перемещения в жидкой среде в диалекте английского языка Scots

The paper attempts to study the semantics of verbs denoting movement in a liquid medium in the Scots dialect. The aim of the study is to determine the ways of figurative interpretation of the semantics of movement in a liquid medium in Scottish lexical metaphor. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in the Scots dialect, the semantics of verbs of movement in a liquid medium have been studied and described as a basis for creating a system of metaphorical images. The results showed that such a class of verbs is small and poorly differentiated. In the original meaning of the verbal lexemes of this class, such semantic components as “medium”, “speed” and “sound” turned out to be important. These components of the semantics in dialectal verbs served as the basis for a figurative assimilation of processes and phenomena of various spheres of human activity. The metaphorical evaluation of verbs in which the main semantic component of the original (nominative) meaning is movement in a “liquid dirty medium” is most often negative. Movement in such a medium served as a source sphere for the figurative comprehension of a number of deviant social actions, deeds, and human behavior.

‘QUO VADIS, CORONA?’: METAPHORICAL FRAMING OF THE PANDEMIC IN DAILY PRESS

The paper deals with the ways Croatian and Serbian daily newspapers wrote about the Covid-19 pandemic at its outbreak in 2020. The aim of the paper was to identify and describe metaphors in the selected corpus of texts in order to determine the metaphorical framing used in newspapers. This corpus-based research of media discourse was based on a qualitative bottom-up analysis that started from lexical metaphors found in the texts. The results of this study suggest that a whole range of metaphorical mappings is used to frame the pandemic in the media in Croatian and Serbian. The results indicate that in both languages the same conventional metaphors were used. The pandemic was metaphorically conceptualized as an opponent, as some kind of disaster such as fire, or war. Different elements of the metaphorical mapping were made salient and foregrounded, depending on the text type. The obtained results are largely in line with previous research on using metaphors to describe the process of dealing with diseases.

Lexical synecdoche in Croatian

The three key mechanisms in deriving the secondary meaning of polysemous lexemes are lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. Considering that lexical synecdoche has not received much attention so far, this paper will explore its role in creating the polysemous structure of Croatian lexemes. In this paper, lexical synecdoche is viewed as a predictable mechanism with several reversible transfers in its core: part for whole and whole for part, general for individual and individual for general, singular for plural and plural for singular, species for genus and genus for species. The formulas of these transfers are at the same time notations for conceptual metonymies which we consider the starting point for the creativity of lexical synecdoches. We do so because the metonymy and the synecdoche operate within a single conceptual domain, where one entity stands for another on the basis of their spatial, temporal, functional or causal relation. This common relation is why the synecdoche is usually considered a subcategory of metonymy. On the other hand, the metonymy and the synecdoche can be seen as separate lexical mechanisms because they are motivated by different types of relations between entities involved in the transfer. While the metonymic transfer is based on the closeness of entities in conceptual proximity as parts of the same domain, the transfer in synecdoche occurs between the domain itself and its integral part and turns from proximity to inclusion.

Marginalized female in two song lyrics, Tragedi Cinta: textual-metaphoric representations

Old romantic songs of the 1980s linger; especially for people, at the moment, in their 60s or so. Such songs are rich in moral teaching, applicable in any religion on earth. The current study which examined Benjamin S’ and Ida Royani’s the same song lyrics Tragedi Cinta but of different versions aimed to construe the meanings of both songs viewed from their textual-metaphoric representations. The two song lyrics were analyzed employing a software application UAMCT 6.8, adopting Hallidayan SFL on thematic progression, leading to their modes of the discourse. Also dealt with herein is the use of both grammatical and lexical metaphors to examine how meanings are realized. The findings show that ‘female’ is marginalized in three ways, namely (1) the use of active voice without any attempt to hide the identity for doing sincere things as opposed to ‘male’ put in passive voice to hide the identity for doing bad things, (2) the use of marked themes indicate high literary values employed in both song lyrics, (3) the use of both lexical and grammatical metaphoric styles implies excellently-written song lyrics, and (4) moral teaching of both song lyrics is also highlighted to give evidence of ‘female’ marginalization and it is, thereby recommended to avoid romantic juvenile delinquency, especially of the millennial generation termed as ‘digital natives’ who can get access to abundant information without limit of time and space; no matter how hard the social, religious and familial authorities try to ban the negative impacts of the world’s largest information technology industry.

Lexical metaphors in Westlife's selected song lyrics

The study aims to discover lexical metaphors in Westlife's selected song lyrics. Specifically, it was to reveal the types and source domains of the metaphors. Swear It Again, If I Let You Go, Flying Without Wings, I Have a Dream, and Fool Again, which are the legendary boy band's most popular songs according to TraxFM (2017), were selected as the data sources. The study applied the qualitative descriptive method, the study focused on exploring the nature of the study object as proposed by Kothari (2004). Since the phenomena investigated are metaphors in song lyrics, the study adapted Schmitt's (2005) concept of metaphor analysis. The study's data are all metaphors in the five songs of Westlife (Swear it Again, If I Let You Go, Flying Without Wings, I Have a Dream, and Fool Again), which TraxFM (2017) considers as the boy band's best songs ever. The data MIP-Praglejazz was employed to identify the metaphors in those selected song lyrics. The study found: (1) the selected song lyrics contained 15 structural, 24 ontological, and only two orientational metaphors; (2) Most of the metaphors have a concrete thing as their source domain, such as living thing, traveler, place, flame, sunrise, container, bird, and object. It can be inferred that: (1) the song lyrics are dominated by ontological and structural metaphors, and (2) the metaphors are mainly constructed of concrete concepts, which humankind are so familiar with in their daily life. Detailed findings will be presented, and their implications will be discussed.

LEKSIČKA SREDSTVA ZA ISKAZIVANjE NESLAGANjA SA SAGOVORNIKOM U DRUŠTVENIM MEDIJIMA

The aim of this paper was to analyze the arguments in debates on the top- ic of popular science in Serbian language. More precisely, we intended to focus on popular science approach to linguistic topics by investigating comments on social media platforms and discussions on a very popular website. The corpus encompasses numerous messages posted on Instagram (account: Dnevna doza pravopisa [A daily dose of orthography]) and Facebook (group: Jezičke nedoumice [Linguistic dilemmas]), as well as discussions on the website Krstarica (forum: Jezik [Language]). A lexical analysis of a specific type of com- ments was performed; namely, those expressing a broad spectrum of negative attitudes, from disagreement to abuse. Both competent and incompetent participants take part in the discussions on Serbian language, with the aim of promoting linguistic knowledge and its application, as well as of expressing dilemmas and personal opinions about linguistic issues. With regard to lexical devices, the most frequent are English loanwords, obscenities and jargonisms, as well as insulting words, mostly in the form of a lexical metaphor.

Transitivity System and a Translation of Lexical Metaphors: The Case of the Emirates Airline Website

Abstract Lexical metaphors colourise literary as well as non-literary texts. In the case of a website, it can make the text more appealing and consequently improve the sales of a company. In the highly competitive airline industry, an impressive webpage plays a significant role, especially in online reservation and purchase. This article examines the lexical metaphors used in the English and Thai websites of the Emirates Airline, adopting Transitivity of the Systemic Functional Linguistics by Eggins (2004) as the analytical framework. It also explores how the translated lexical metaphors are similar to and/or different from the original version. The study finds the lexical metaphors are realised in the transitivity systems of process, participant and circumstance. The translation is found to retain mostly the original transitivity systems. The study further finds both literal translation and adaption play parts in preserving and removing the original metaphorical form.

Модальність та переконання у рекламі: перекладацький а

The range of linguistic means and communication techniques used in advertising to influence the target group is extremely wide. The relevance of the study is in the growing interest of linguists to the problem of translation of advertising texts and slogans and the in the need of conducting of analysis of a significant number of existing translations. Advertising is a presentation of purposeful information about services and goods that has the character of persuasion. One of the most important aspects of advertising is the awakening in a potential audience of the desire to buy a product. Therefore, the vast majority of advertising must be convincing in nature in order to attract new buyers and customers to the product or idea. The purpose of our study is to analyze the features of the translation of advertising texts on the example of advertising of definite products. The following methods were used in the course of the work: 1) comparison, which allows the reader to establish the adequacy of word translation; 2) descriptive method used to show the successful translations and failures of translators. Speaking about the peculiarities of using the modality of persuasion in the advertising text, there are two ways to express it: 1) the imperative; 2) the use of statements with general motivational semantics, which is represented either in the lexical meanings of specific words, or at the level of general semantics of expression. Advertising performs several main functions, including the following ones: the central function – is the function of influence and also important communicative functions, which are divided into primary: communicative, regulatory and generalizing ones, and secondary: emotional, aesthetic, contact ones. In the group of advertising texts with the modality of persuasion, there are three subgroups: the selection criterion will be the form of expression of motivation and the role of this component in a particular ad. The attention should be paid to the advertising text in determining the role of a fragment often play a role not language but design tools, such as the location of blocks of information about each other, font size and shape, underlining, etc. All these factors help to understand which opinion is key for the author of the text. The persuasion can be defined as one of the most important ways of psychological advertising influence. The essence of this method is to convince the buyer of the benefits of the advertised product, to convince of the need to purchase it, it is aimed at the rational sphere of consciousness of the potential buyer, ie advertising appeals to his mind. Argumentation is a way of reasoning, in the process of which a benefit of the product is put forward as a thesis. And the need for an advertising thesis is proved by a system of arguments. Argument – is a separate piece of evidence that is part of the belief system, which proves the thesis. The most common method of addressing or advice is to save money or get a better service or product. The feeling that you are making a profitable purchase is a powerful means of motivation when you decide to buy something. This is such an effective method that price lists with inflated prices are often issued, and prices are much lower in advertising. In order to influence the recipient or in other words to implement the above-mentioned functions, the creators of advertising texts use various stylistic means of expression: phonetic (alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhyme), lexical (epithet, metaphor, personification, pun, hyperbole and allusion), syntactic (simple nominative propositions, parcelling, parallel constructions). Stylistic means add expressiveness to advertising, draw the recipient`s attention to the product, which is the main task of the advertising slogan.

Lexical Metaphor in Proverbs in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, and A Man of the People: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective

This study was aimed at analyzing lexical metaphors identified in proverbs Achebe’s two novels: Things Fall Apart and A Man of the People. Objectives of this study were to identify these lexical metaphors from Achebe’s novels, discuss their meanings, functions, and ideolological implications in the novels under study. To achieve these objectives, the study was anchored on Systemic Functional Grammar, a social semiotic theory to highlight the signifier - signified relationship of these lexical metaphors and their ideological implications of Igbo people. The lexical metaphors are identified and their meanings discussed as represented in the novels. The functions are exemplified and marked as positive and negative. Positive behaviours are upheld because they help in nation building while negative functions help to shape attitude and effect behaviours. Functions and Ideologies identified include indispensability of palm oil, struggle for survival through hard work, belief in ‘chukwu’ who determines success and destinies of individuals, belief in reincarnation, peaceful coexistence, strength for procreation, strive for success and shun arrogance, anti imperialism, any child whose mother died at childbirth is an evil child, political propaganda, ineffective leadership, do and die rivalry of politicians, materialistic attitude of rural prospective father- in-law that could lead to forced marriage, and given picture of how one looks like. The implication of the themes and ideologies realized from the two books shows that in Things Fall Apart lexical metaphors are used as ethical and ideological indicators while in A Man of the People they are used to gain social advantage, cover evil doings and justify perversities.

INVESTIGATING THE AESTHETIC EFFECT IN THE ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF GIBRAN’S THE PROPHET

This study aims at investigating the extent to which the aesthetic effect (AE) in Gibran’s The Prophet has been maintained among Arab recipients in four translations of this masterpiece, namely Okasha (2000), Nuaimy (2013), Al-ābid (2017), and Antonius (2017). To this end, the source text (ST) AE laden segments and their target text (TT) counterparts are compared in terms of lexical selection, sentence structure, and metaphors employed. Data of the study comprised typical illustrative examples randomly selected for analysis according to Yan Fu’s (2012, cited in Zhang 2013) triple translation criteria of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance in combination with Nida’s (1964) functional equivalence. Findings of the study revealed that the selected translations exhibit different levels of adequacy in terms of expressing the AE in the TT. Specifically, Okasha’s translation seems more creatively adequate in producing in the TT the approximate AE of the ST, whereas the other translations are sometimes less adequate or even inadequate in this respect.

METAPHORICAL IMAGES OF WALKING IN THE SCOTS DIALECT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Statement of the problem. The article attempts to explore the semantics of verbs denoting progressive movement in the Scots dialect and to identify the ways of metaphorical modeling of the semantics of walking in the Scottish dialect lexical metaphor. The objectives of the study include the definition of such a group of the dialectical verb metaphorical vocabulary, identification of the parameters by which the creation of a metaphorical image of the progressive type of movement takes place, as well as the description of the sphere of axiological orientation of metaphorical images of this type of movement in the Scottish dialect. Results of the study. The results of the study showed that the class of verbs of progressive motion is the most numerous and most differentiated of all classes of verbs of motion. The work shows not just the study of a certain form of movement, but the identification of those components of semantics in the dialectical verb vocabulary, which are the basis of metaphorical likening of processes and phenomena of different spheres of activity. In the analysis of the verb vocabulary, which in its original nominative meaning represents movement, we not only did the relationship of dialectic verbs of motion with the assessment be investigated, but also determined what additional appraisal meanings they reflect. Conclusion. As part of the study, the authors concluded that since the verbs representing movement on a hard surface were analyzed, the "speed" component is one of the main traits on which metaphorical transfer was based. Therefore, through the image of slow motion metaphorically understands the physiological, emotional, psychological spheres of the person, and the rapid movement, represented not only by fast walking, but also by running, figuratively understands as a characteristic of social phenomena, actions and behavior of a person.

Linguistic Experience and Identity: Contextualizing the Mental Lexicon In English-Arabic Poetry Translation

Monolingual Language behavior rests on three components: human agent, code and message. Translation processing requires three more constructs: translator, two codes, and a message in two texts. Equivalence theories attempted to supersede faithfulness and sameness of meaning in translation, but equivalence is a “convenience”, and is “always relative” (Baker 1992). Translational commensurability and semantic transportation thwart obtaining equivalence; therefore, the Interpretive Frame includes experience and identity among the elements necessary for any translation (Author, 2008). To explore poetic aesthetics, experience is related to personality observed in the Mental lexicon, while identity is related to phonic appeal observed in euphony. These relations are investigated in Arabic translations of English poems by Coleridge, Keats, Tennyson, Wordsworth, and Auden. Preliminary results show that: 1) the Mental Lexicon and euphony vary according to experience and identity, 2) contextualizing lexical appropriateness, euphony and metaphors contributes to poetic aesthetics.

‘Welcome to the Business of Living’, a Translation of Lexical Metaphor on a Company Website: A Case of Emirates Airline

Lexical metaphor functions as a rhetorical device that embellishes the texts with figurative meanings. In non-literary texts such as commercial texts on company websites, lexical metaphor can help to promote the company image and sales. It is vital in the service sector such as the airline industry where the competition is sky-high. This paper attempts to identify the lexical metaphor appearing on the English and Thai websites of Emirates Airline following Dickins’ (2005) classification of lexicalized and non-lexicalised metaphors. The study also explores how the lexical metaphors are rendered into Thai by means of literal translation and adaptation. It is found that more lexicalised metaphors are identified in comparison with the non-lexicalised type. As for the types of translation, literal translation plays more part in retaining while adaptation tends to remove the original metaphorical form and meaning in the translated version.

LEXICAL METAPHOR IN INDONESIAN VERSION OF SURAH AL-KAHFI

ABSTRACTIn communication, people often faced to the use of metaphor, but many of us sometimes don't understand the metaphor itself. People usually find metaphors when using language in communication where the language they want to say is different from the actual meaning. metaphor divided into two; lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor and lexical metaphor. This research focus on lexical metaphor that shows variations of words in which there are veiled meanings or different meanings. This research aims to explain why lexical metaphors are used in the Surah Al-Kahfi. This research revealed that (+) specialized, un-equal, formal and written have some frequency. All of them were found 42 times or 100%. Meanwhile, the (-) specialized, equal, informal and spoken with zero experience. the researcher was interested to conduct a research about lexical metaphor that used in Surah Al-Kahfi with Bahasa Indonesia translation version of the Qur’an. Keywords: Metaphor, Lexical Metaphor, Al-Qur’an, Surah Al-Kahfi

Negotiating figurative language from literary texts: second-language instruction as a dual literacy practice

The aim of this article is to contribute knowledge about how figurative language from literary texts is negotiated through oral interaction in second-language instruction. The material consists of transcriptions of recordings from a classroom study of basic adult second-language instruction involving two teachers and their two student groups. Theories of semantic waves and discursive mobility are used to explore and visualize discursive shifts between concrete and condensed abstract meanings. The results show a varied use of linguistic resources, where students’ contributions often serve as a bridge between the teachers’ concrete examples and abstract paraphrases in which lexical metaphors interplayed with grammatical metaphors. In some exchanges, characters and events in the literary texts were significantly expanded upon in the interaction as they were used as contextual resources. The study sheds light on second-language instruction as a dual disciplinary literacy practice, involving both language learning and the study of literary texts.

Graduating political crisis and violence in the discourse of history: The role of Spanish suffixes

This article offers an analysis of the Spanish derivative morphology potential for graduating attitudinal meanings regarding the expression of political crisis and of contested meanings of human rights violations in the discourse of recent Chilean History. This study is framed in the typological principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics and in the appraisal system, particularly in the sub-system of graduation. The analysis demonstrates on one hand the productive role of the suffixes -ada and -azo when graduating attitudinal meanings regarding the expression of social and political crisis in the discourse of history. These suffixes can graduate at the rank of the morpheme, word and group and also be involved in an inter-stratal tension that is functioning as an experiential grammatical metaphor that works in combination with a lexical metaphor intensifying time and events in an incongruent manner. On the other hand, the analysis shows that when dealing with traumatic and argued meanings of state terror, extreme degree suffixes -ísimo/a/s play a critical role in the intensification of qualities and in the quantification as amount and extent in a congruent manner. Spanish suffixes can graduate by sub-modification in the lower rank of a word structure instead of at the group structure contributing to the building of constellation of patterns of evoked and inscribed interpersonal meanings in the discourse.

Analysis of Critical Discussion in Text Compass Newspaper Dated March 10, 2019 Which Titled "Voting Charge, Two Capres Exchanging Locations"

This study aims to describe the meaning of experience contained in the Koran Analisa text entitled "Krjsr Pemilih, Two Candidates for Changing Location" which was published on March 10, 2019. The data of this research is in the form of Kompas newspaper text . The theory used in this research is the Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF) theory pioneered by Halliday and Martin . Furthermore, to analyze the data used the model analysis technique of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). Found 1) Metafunction, namely the Ideational Meaning as follows: (a) material process along with the circumstances of the way with the involved participants, namely the government and the president dominating in the text (b) the logical relationship at the highest level is at the α xβ hypothetical level, while at the parataxis level at the highest level is 1 + 2 (c) the experience of lexical metaphors is of type (a) N: N (b) N: V, and (c) N: Adj. Interpersonal meanings are found in two types of speech, namely declarative and imperative which function to express information and orders.

Lexical Metaphors in Onang Onang of Bobby and Kahiyang Tortor Dance

This study is concerned with the use of metaphors in onang onang of Bobby and Kahiyang tortor dance. The objectives of this study were to describe the types of lexical metaphors and to find the reasons of the use of lexical metaphors in onang onang of Bobby and Kahiyang tortor dance. This study was conducted by qualitative content anaylisis method. The data in this study is the lyric of onang onang in Bobby and Kahiyang tortor dance. Meanwhile, the data source is the video of onang onang of Bobby and Kahiyang tortor dance. The findings of this study showed that the types of lexical metaphor used in onang onang of Bobby and Kahiyang tortor dance were five concepts of lexical metaphors, namely noun noun, noun verb, noun adjective, circumstance preposition noun, and verb preposition noun. The reason of using metaphor in onang onang of Bobby and Kahiyang wedding ceremony were first, to embellish the language in the lyric of onang onang itself and second, in order to the lyrics can easily arousing the feelings or emotions of the audience who heard it when the onang onang is sung. Keywords: Lexical Metaphor; Onang Onang; Tortor Dance

Metaphors we feel by: stratal tension

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the traditional concept of lexical metaphor from the perspective of SFL work on grammatical metaphor, exploring its interpretation as inter-stratal tension, and commenting on its rhetorical significance from both ideational and interpersonal points of view. Its goal has been to show how two key parameters of SFL theory, stratification and metafunction, can be deployed to provide an integrated comprehensive perspective on metaphor of all kinds. This involves drawing on SFL work on ideational and interpersonal meaning across strata, by way of clarifying what is meant by inter-stratal tension and outlining some foundations for research towards further formalisation of descriptions of the layers of meaning involved in metaphorical processes.