Lexical Layer Research Articles

Theoretical foundations of mutual semasiological research in modern linguistics

The recent growing interest in cognitive linguistics, scientific works, monographs and textbooks written in this field are evidence of this. Language levels and trends in their development, structural approach to languages, language and speech issues, functional approach to language units, etc. the problems have begun to be seriously investigated. One such issue is the study of modern cognitive linguistics and lexical-semantic systems. Language is subject to various influences in the process of development. These effects result in changes in different layers of language, including the lexical layer. This process leads to the obsolescence of word meanings in the lexicon, the emergence of new meanings, the expansion of meaning, the narrowing of meaning, the diversification of meaning, and so on. This leads to the fact that the connection between the lexical and semantic meanings of words is also affected; new lexical-semantic word groups appear. The article is rich in quotes from the works of many scholars.

The Historical Development of the Lexical Layer of the Chinese Language and the Role of Ming Period Novels in IT

In linguistics, the issue of periodization is closely related to the diachronic study of language, the development of language levels, determining development trends in it, and drawing conclusions about the dynamics of development of a certain level or language as a whole. the language being studied. After all, changes at certain levels of language differ according to the stages of language development or, conversely, changes at certain levels of language determine the stage of development of a particular language as a criterion. Therefore, for the purpose of this article, which is dedicated to the study of the lexicon of Ming period novelistic examples in China, the language of the monuments of the period under study, in particular, the lexical layers of the studied period, to determine which stage of the development of the Chinese language corresponds to the main source of research, not only the place of the novel in the development of the language, but also its importance for the science of linguistics is also a basis for determining.

The Problems of Lexicography of Arabic, Persian Words with New Meanings

It is known that semantic changes occur in the lexical layer of any language over time. Some lexical units become obsolete and fall out of common use, while some lexical units acquire a new meaning and enrich the vocabulary. In connection with the transition to the new Latin alphabet, changes and additions are being made to the base of the Kazakh literary language, including the borrowed Arabic and Persian words due to the expansion and narrowing of its semantic field. Because nowadays, due to the development of various branches of science (economy, Information System, culture and art, religion, pedagogy and psychology, natural science, law, radio communication, chemistry, biology, etc.), some Arabic and Persian words have undergone semantic changes and are being revived. In these areas, they have acquired a new terminological meaning. It is easy to see that such words are used by native speakers in the mass media and social networks in a new meaning. In this regard, the mentioned article deals with the issue of lexicography of Arabic and Persian words, which have acquired a new meaning. The composition of Arabic and Persian words included in the vocabulary of the dictionary is analyzed (Arabic, Persian words of national, regional use; old book words; religious words), the problem of inclusion in the dictionary entry, the problem of narrowing, expanding the semantic field, lexical units created by affixation are discussed. At the same time, the experience of the Turkic peoples, who moved to the Latin alphabet earlier than us, is taken into account. When analyzing the meaning of a word, the semantic field of a word, we are guided by comparative, cumulative methods. The lexicographical criteria for inclusion of input Arabic and Persian words in the dictionary are proposed.

SYSTEMICITY OF THE LEXICAL LAYER OF THE LANGUAGE

The article contains an overview of approaches to the study of the concept of «field» as a marker of the immanent systemic nature of language, to the typology of field formations. In modern linguistic studies, there is a distinct tendency to study vocabulary as a complete system, which is determined in the works of T. Kosmeda, H. Mezhzherina, L. Lysychenko, O. Selivanova, O. Malenko, V. Tarasova and other famous scientists. The main proof of the systemic nature of vocabulary is the creation of special microstructures, or semantic subsystems, organized on the basis of paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic relations. With this in mind, researchers offer various options for combining vocabulary: lexical-semantic groups, semantic fields, thematic groups, thematic classes, etc. The projection of such a position onto the lexical layer of the language actualizes the concept of lexical-semantic fields, which are united by a content commonality and reflect the conceptual, substantive or functional closeness of the indicated phenomena. In the article, we focus our attention precisely on the concept of the lexical-semantic field, since it most vividly reflects the hierarchical structure of fragments of the lexical-semantic system and expresses the relationship of traditional language categories, preserving the natural systematicity of the language phenomenon.

VOCABULARY OF THE MIDDLE BUG AREA DIALECTS IN THE DIALECT DICTIONARY

The article presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The object of the study is agricultural vocabulary documented in the dialects of the Middle Bug area. The subject of the study is the organization of this lexical layer in the dialect dictionary. The sources of the factual material are audio recordings of vernacular speech with a total duration of 205 hours 54 min. 13 s., made in 74 settlements of the Middle Bug area during the period of 2014–2016. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize the dialect material; the descriptive method was used in the analysis of vernacular speech. Special linguistic research methods: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the documenting of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the speech of speakers of the MiddleBug dialects, linguogeographical method made it possible to illustrate the areology of the documented names. The article describes the structure of a dictionary entry and presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The register lexemes are marked with letter abbreviations of the names of the examined settlements and with the references to the “Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1982–2012), the “Eleven-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1970–1980), the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language edited by B. D. Hrinchenko” (1907), and the “Dictionary of Ukrainian Dialects of Odesa Region” edited by O. I. Bondar (2011) if the respective word is documented as a dialectism in the above lexicographic sources. In order to reveal the semantics of a register word and describe in more detail the specifics of the Middle Bug area dialects, sentences and microtexts of dialect speech with the obligatory indication of the settlement where they were recorded have been added. The peculiarities of pronunciation are reflected and illustrative material is presented using the general phonetic transcription for recording Ukrainian literary and dialect speech, which is proposed in the first volume of the “Atlas of the Ukrainian Language”. The analyzed lexical material emphasizes the originality of the Middle Bug area dialects, as evidenced by pronounced lexical, phonetic and, less often, accentual and grammatical variants of dialect names.

Economic lexis in the Polish language: development dynamics and extent of the influence of non-Slavic languages

The subject of the observation is the Polish economic lexis used in the discourse on economy: agriculture, industry, trade, and financial operations. Its present composiƟtion, with a considerable share of borrowings from English, is an effect of the development of the capitalist socioeconomic formation. New symbols have layered on top of the abundant lexical substratum composed of native units as well as Germanisms and Latinisms, including those of Greek provenance, which has been gradually enriched over the centuries. The aim of the analysis is to identify the development trends in the lexical layer that have evolved into the current Polish economic discourse, with a particular focus on the dynamics, extent, and nature of foreign-language influences. The statistical comparison of the lexical resource of three journalistic texts of similar volumes, representative of successive periods of the development of the economic discourse in the Polish language, permits the ascertainment that the broadest assimilation of non-Slavic components into the Polish economic lexis took place in the 19th century.

Neologisms of the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Modern British Press

This article analyzes the concept of "neologism", determines its linguistic and stylistic function, systematizes and analyzes the features of the use of neologisms of the COVID 19 pandemic period in well-known British periodi-cals on the example of specific articles. Since the media describe phenomena and events that are characteristic of a certain time, the greatest number of neologisms appears in the press. The analysis of neologisms in the framework of this study is based on the classification of L. V. Sheveleva, according to which neologisms are divided into three groups: neologisms proper, lexical neoplasms, semantic neologisms.The relevance of the topic of this study is due to the fact that new words appear in the language constantly, at all stages of its existence, especially during the period of social upheavals, the rapid pace of development of society, and the question of their systematization is of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to identify and ana-lyze new lexical units that emerged in modern English during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to establish their linguistic and stylistic function in the process of forming a new lexical layer of the English language.As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that most of the neologisms in the British press of the COVID-19 period are lexical neoplasms. Most of the lexemes that have been analyzed have a nominative func-tion. Only the phrases Corona Mutant and Corona Winter perform an expressive function, and the phrases Booster campaign and The beginning of the pandemic – the function of attracting attention.The methodological basis of this study was the method of semantic analysis, the method of continuous sam-pling, the method of linguistic description (interpretation and generalization of the analyzed material), comparative analysis, linguistic and statistical analysis.The systematized material proposed by the author of the article can be used in pedagogical and scientific activ-ities in the field of such branches of linguistics as neology, linguistic terminology, derivatology.

ABSTRACT NOUNS: SOME ISSUES OF DEFINING LEXICAL META-TAGS IN THE NATIONAL CORPUS OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Abstract nouns are one of the little-studied lexical layers in Kazakh linguistics and Turkology. Nouns that fall under the category of abstractness include a huge vocabulary layer of the Kazakh language, which denote abstract concepts, abstract properties and qualities, and different levels of action and state. A distinctive feature of abstract nouns is also the transfer of the native speaker's relationship to the surrounding world and the world of truth.The purpose of the study is to develop proposals on ways to identify, distinguish structural and semantic features of abstract nouns in the Kazakh language in order to supply the National Corpus of the Kazakh language with lexical and semantic meta–tags.Based on the classification of Akhmet Baitursynuly and other leading Turkologists, the article examines the ways of structural, semantic classification of abstract nouns in the Kazakh language, recognition of semantic features, and definition of their lexico-semantic meta-descriptions. The relation of abstract nouns to national philosophy, national culture, and conceptualization of integral and differential semantics in the consciousness of the language used is analyzed.

The singer and denouncer of high society: the linguo-poetics of V. A. Sollogub’s novella "Noble Society" (to the 210th anniversary of the birth)

The study aims to analyse the novella "Noble Society" by V. A. Sollogub as the most typical example of the writer’s search for new realistic forms of the linguo-poetic depiction of the aristocratic circle life. Drawing on the Romanticism traditions, the writer develops his own original approach to the artistic exploration of the subject which was already extensively covered in Russian literature of the first quarter of the 19th century. Sollogub offers a kind of alternative to Lermontov’s vision of the beau monde (in content, form, and the author’s position). Without abandoning the experience of a critical and even satirical investigation of the subject, the writer tries to be objective. Using various linguistic and stylistic means, he shows the complexity of the characters, institutions, and customs of the privileged circles of the Russian aristocracy, to which he himself belonged. The article uses linguo-poetic and stylistic analysis of the text in conjunction with observations on its composition and syntax features. The text is examined from the "horizontal" and "vertical" perspectives, i. e. considering its artistic effect, biographical and social connections, as well as the structure-forming linguistic units of different levels. The paper describes composition which is understood (following Yu. M. Lotman and B. A. Uspensky) as a particular point of view and a perspective of reproducing reality. The study classifies the forms of the author’s deviations from the main course of the narrative. The combination of various lexical layers in the text is investigated as a linguo-poetic indicator of the degree of reliability of the characters’ judgments, the "exposure" of the masked truth, the author’s positive and negative evaluation. The research reveals the aphoristic (formula) "code" of high society life and some syntactic devices characteristic of V. A. Sollogub’s style (in particular, the methods of prose rhythmisation). Special attention is given to the specific high society phraseology and vocabulary used for the literary depiction of aristocratic life.

РОМАНИЗМИ У СТОЧАРСКОЈ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЈИ ЈУГОИСТОЧНЕ СРБИЈЕ

The paper presents words of Romance origin in the livestock terminology of Southeastern Serbia. The assembly was cut from 39 questionnaires filled out locally, as well as from the available speech dictionaries of Southeastern Serbia. Most of the observed romanisms can be found in the Pastirski rečnik jugoistične Srbije compiled by Nedelko R. Bogdanovic (SDZb LXVI/2, 2019) based on the same sources, and these romanisms in pastoral terminology (bešika, brabonjak, mazga, murg-, sugare, čutura, štrkalj), as a rule, belong to an older lexical layer of borrowings from Balkan Latin and are known to other Balkan peoples. Later borrowings from Romance languages (galop, karijer, silaža, bazeni, infrakt, vertinar) mainly relate to a new intensive method of animal husbandry and speak of a younger cultural influence from western Europe. Nevertheless, when viewed as a whole, Romanisms are mainly associated with extensive animal husbandry and relate mainly to sheep breeding.

LINGUISTIC UNITIES FORMED IN CONNECTION WITH THE REFLECTION OF THE PREDATORY BIRD DOMESTICATION PROCESS

The study of linguistic units has a great interest and importance for linguists, formed as a result of the reflection process of wild birds‘ domestication. The significant impact on humankind‘s consciousness has left knowledge about the benefits and harms of birds, their properties, and their essence. Birds have a special place in human cognition, superstitions, and beliefs. People cherish them, as they are able to predict the changes in seasonal phenomena. Studying birds‘ behavior, manners, and gestures, people concluded that birds can anticipate disasters occurring in nature, thus people can be warned. Human beings understand and share the close liaison between man and bird, being a part of nature, formed in unity, who have a common habitat and air, they breathe. Linguistic data (legends, phraseological units, and proverbs, riddles, parables) evidences the fact that birds occupy a significant place in a person's life, his worldview. The wild birds‘ domestication and the areas of their application concepts are researched and discussed in this article. The birds‘ names and their origin are linguistically analyzed through the prism of the Kazakh people‘s features, characterizing their nature and cognition. The names related to prey birds were created, first of all, to fill the lack of titles in a particular nomination phenomenon, and secondly, to enrich figurative linguistic units. As for the names, some were formed linguistically, others cognitively. As a result, in the Kazakh language, there were collected the names of literary, folk, and local wild pray birds, their lexical layer, and word formation. And as a result, there were revealed their applicative features the phraseological, paremiological fund, figurative, and, of course, their evaluative properties, as well as previously used definitions, now out-ofuse terms, related to birds.

Linguistic and statistical analysis of the lexical ‘Langue-Parole’ dichotomy in a restricted domain

Development of new digital methods for analyzing the ‘Langue-Parole’ dichotomy is one of the most sought-after, but least researched problems of modern theoretical and applied linguistics. This determines the relevance of this study, the purpose of which is to develop a methodology for the automated linguastatistical analysis of a domain-related lexical layer in the context of the ‘Langue-Parole’ dichotomy and to apply the methodology to the Russian-language domain “Research on athlete integrative physiology” (RAIP). The study was conducted on the material of the Russian-language corpus including 56 RAIP domain texts of 300,000 wordforms in total published over the 2013-2020 period in the scientific journals “People. Sport. Medicine” (formerly “SUSU Bulletin. Series “Education, Healthcare, Physical Culture”), “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”, etc. The key methodological approach is the ontological analysis of corpus data using statistical and linguistic modeling methods. The domain-specific language and speech are modeled by the corresponding lexicon and corpus, while the ‘Langue-Parole’ lexical dichotomy is represented by the values of the linguistic-statistical concept verbalization parameters of the domain concepts in the lexicon and corpus. The computational parameters include the indices of lexical diversity, structural complexity, conceptual syncretism, lexical structural complexity vs. conceptual syncretism correlation, and syncretical concept junction when verbalized in the corpus. The main results of the study are: 1) а methodology for analyzing domain-specific lexical dichotomy ‘Langue-Parole’, which can be ported to other domains and national languages; 2) the RAIP domain-related resources, including language-independent ontology, conceptually annotated Russian corpus, onto-lexicon, linguistic-statistical parameter values of the lexical ‘Langue-Parole’ dichotomy; and 3) tools that automate certain stages of the study.

CHANGES IN THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN 2020-2022

The research paper examines the system of replenishment of the lexical layer of words that entered the lexicographic structure of the Kazakh language during the pandemic of 2020-2022. In the space of institutional discourse, terms that have actively entered the field of medicine have been identified. With the help of an electronic resource "Qazcorpus.kz" the frequency of covid lexemes was determined. The lexico-semantic word-formation structure of new complex words, which are dominated by the covid words, crown, quarantine has been studied. The creation of new periphrases describing diseases that arose during the pandemic was discovered. The topics of media articles and poems of poets written during the quarantine period were analyzed. The new terms were divided into thematic groups: therapeutic term, sanitary and hygienic term, socio-political term, educational term, and psychological term. The activity of occasional words and the pragmatic motive of new figurative expressions were also considered. It is established that a number of neologisms were translated by hybrid words. It was revealed the frequency of words of condolence during the pandemic, and an increase in phobic emotional vocabulary. It is confirmed that changes and global situations in society are primarily clearly expressed in language. As the materials of the paper, new covid lexemes from the media and the social network were collected.

THE ROLE AND ADAPTATION OF LOANWORDS IN JAPANESE

The article is devoted to the origin, causes and degree of development of loanwords into the Japanese language from other languages throughout the history of the formation of the cultural identity of the Japanese nation. The first and most ancient loanwords are words and phrases from the ancient language of the Ainu peoples. The original Japanese language wago, a significant cultural layer of words of Chinese origin kango, foreign loanwords gairaigo and wasei gairaigo are described. Direct and indirect loanwords came from the Dutch, German, Swedish, Russian languages. The lexical layer of the most significant proportion of modern loanwords from English and American languages, which have a significant impact on the development and variability of the modern Japanese language, is considered. Examples of synonyms in the style of wago, kango and gairaigo are given. An assessment is given of the transformation of anglicisms in the means of telecommunications and Japanese mass culture in the era of globalization.

The Structure of Babur's Work "Mubayin" and the Semantics of the Terms Representing the Acts of Hajj and Umra

Reading and researching written sources related to the history of the language under study serves as a foundation for the development of that field. Accordingly, the role of "Mubayyin" by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in the development of our literary language and national literature is incomparable. The purpose of writing the literary work was to explain the science of Sharia to his son Humayun in a poetic way. By the 15th and 16th centuries, the lexical layer of the old Uzbek literary language was much poorer. Pure Turkic words were replaced by Arabic, Persian and Tajik. This situation kept the masses away from science and enlightenment. This brought the old Uzbek literary language to a crisis. Having correctly understood the process, Babur tried to use pure Turkic words in his works. With this work, Zahiriddin Muhammed Babur contributed to the development of the Uzbek literary language, the history of the Uzbek literary language, the terms, words and expressions of the religious-philosophical spirit of the Uzbek literary language, and the science of Sharia. During the writing of the work "Mubayyin", the author re-used Turkish words that have become obsolete in the history of the Uzbek literary language. Also, he tried to write a work that was convenient, easy and understandable for the student of that time. As a result, "Mubayyin" became very popular among the people in its time.

The Problem of neologisms in the lexicographic point of view

       New words and concepts are the main means of updating the language. They form a special class in the lexical layer of the language system, whose boundaries and determination of the number of constituent units are associated with certain difficulties. The mentioned problems include both word formation and lexicographic issues.

DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES OF INDIRECT DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT IN GERMAN DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE

The problems of professional communication are revealed, which in the modern period of human development have become the most urgent problems of applied linguistics. Over the past two decades, such a scientific and theoretical discipline as terminography has appeared. It is substantiated that information technologies are developing so rapidly due to the formation of new terms that organizing this process and responding appropriately to all existing changes in the terminological field is a very difficult task. It is proved that for successful work on overcoming these problems, a clear structured organization of computer vocabulary should be carried out. The components of the computer language are revealed: terminology (literary and non-literary vocabulary (professionalisms and jargons are stylistically expressive and perform an emotional and evaluative function). Each of these lexical layers has its own specific features, range of functioning and scope. The main purpose of computer terminology is considered - the identification of specific components
 of information technology, as well as the structure of the terminological system, which corresponds to the specifics of
 this field of science, and its components that enter into the relationship of antonymy, homonymy and polysemy.

On the History of the Problem of Coincidence

Foreign influences on the English and Azerbaijani languages have given many linguistic units to the lexical composition of these languages. With the richness and development of both languages, different areas of the lexical layer have also been enriched. If we take the wealth of Turkic languages separately, then it is possible to observe the influence of the Russian language in those languages. Many words of Russian origin have entered the lexical layer of Turkic languages. J. Khalilova writes about this: "The languages of the Turkic peoples had a strong influence on the cultural, household and military lexicon of the Russian language and enriched it." [Khalilova 1991, p.4]. It is observed that most of the words that were transferred to Turkic languages from Russian are still used in Turkish languages, even though they are no longer used in that language.

THE PARADIGM OF THE MEANING OF TERMS RELATED TO MILITARY EQUIPMENT

Although the primary requirements for a term in linguistics are that it expresses only one meaning and be devoid of expressiveness, research has shown that it possesses all the characteristics of language units in the lexical layer. There are hyponymy, synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, and antonymy. If we dwell on the phenomenon of hyponymy, this phenomenon is considered not only for terms pertaining to military equipment but also for all areas of the military field; gender-species relations are manifested plainly in each of them.

THE LINGUISTICS POTENTIAL OF MYKHAIL STELMACH’S WORKS FOR THE STUDY OF LEXICOLOGY

The article highlights certain aspects of language creation of the classic of Ukrainian literature Mykhailo Stelmakh: lexical, phraseological, syntactic – and substantiates the linguistic didactic potential of the writer’s prose. Using the example of lexical and syntactic units (from the works “Thought about you” and “Four fords”), their ability to reflect various linguistic phenomena and ensure the formation of key and subject competencies according to the concept of the New Ukrainian School is shown. The lexical fund of the studied prose of the writer is rich, interesting and diverse. It not only introduces the reader to the life of our ancestors, customs and traditions, nature, but also reflects the dynamics of the lexical layers of the Ukrainian language. The lexicon of Mykhailo Stelmakh’s works is a clear national identifier, carries a remarkable aesthetic. Therefore, reading the writer’s works contributes to enriching the active vocabulary of schoolchildren. The richness and variety of the writer’s prose are emphasized by the phraseological units that function on the pages of the works. The syntactic organization of the author’s works also contributes to the formation of linguistic sense and the development of aesthetic tastes. We have proven that Mykhailo Stelmakh’s work is exactly the source and means by which every teacher will be able to realize a number of personally, socially and vitally important tasks. The innovative method of teaching the Ukrainian language at school is at the stage of searching for its renewal. Often, such a search allows scientists to go beyond the domestic scientific field. In our opinion, it is the attention to works of national literature that creates internal motivation to study the language and preserve its identity. Taking into account the concept of the New Ukrainian School, it is concluded that the methodical use of the writer’s creative heritage can act as a relevant and important innovative project that is needed by modern institutions of general secondary education.