Levels Of Phosphate Fertilization Research Articles

Effect of Phosphorus Application on Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Morphology of Cadmium in Eggplant Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a serious threat to ecosystems, and the application of phosphorus fertilizers can reduce Cd toxicity. However, the specific effects of different phosphorus fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant grown in calcareous Cd-contaminated soil remain unclear. This study examined the impact of various types and levels of phosphate fertilizers on the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of cadmium in eggplant seedlings using a two-factor analysis. The investigation was conducted via a pot experiment utilizing a two-factor analysis. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate significantly decreased the Cd content in the subcellular distribution and induced notable alterations in the chemical morphology of Cd in eggplant roots. Specifically, the ethanol-extracted Cd state decreased by 65.45%, and the sodium chloride-extracted Cd state decreased by 64.65%. Conversely, Cd extracted by deionized water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and the residue state increased by 6.20%, 4.01%, 20.87%, and 17.85%, respectively. The application of 0.35 g kg−1 dicalcium phosphate resulted in the most significant reduction in Cd content in eggplant and modification of subcellular Cd distribution and chemical morphology in roots.

Response Two Cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) to Phosphate Fertilization Level and Bacterial Inoculum

The research was conducted during season 2020 in Al-Shallalat area, 5 km northeast of Mosul. The study included three factors, namely, the treatment of seed soaking with water and the bacterial inoculum, two local cultivars of chickpea: large seeds (Kabuli) and small seeds (Desi) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (zero, 50 kg, and 100 kg P2O5. h-1). The study was conducted according to the factorial experiment system, in (R. C. B. D) design. In three replication, some traits of plant are obtained such as: plant height (cm), the height of the first pod above the ground (cm), pod length (cm), number of seeds/ pod, number of pods/plant (total), number of pods/plant (full) number of pods cleavage (empty), percentage of yield, the weight of 100 seeds (g), biological yield (g/plant), Seed yield (g/plant) and harvest index. The results indicate a significantly excelled of the treatment of soaking with bacteria inoculum on the treatment of soaking with water for all the studied traits. And highly significantly excelled in most of the studied traits of Kabuli over Desi cultivar. Most of the binary and triple interactions recorded a significant difference between the bacterial inoculum and the seeds of the Kabuli cultivar.

Effect of Different Levels of Organic and Phosphate Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Three Sunflower Genotypes (Helianthus annus L.) in Northern Iraq

A field experiment was carried out in the semiarid region of Talkif district, which is 35 km north of city of Mosul within Nineveh Governorate, during two growing seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in sandy loom soil to study effect of three levels of organic manure (0, 400 and 800 kg.ha-1), a form of sheep manure, mixed thoroughly with the soil before planting, and three levels of phosphate fertilizers (0, 75, 150 kg ha-1 P2O5) added at once during soil preparation on yield and quality of three sunflower genotypes (Isera, Melabour and Velko). The experiment was carried out using a multifactorial randomized complete block design with three replicates for each experiment. Results indicate: effect of organic fertilizer was significant on all studied traits for both seasons. The treatment by adding organic fertilizer to soil with the amount of 800 kg.ha-1 gave the highest rate compared to addition of lowest ratio (400 kg.ha-1) and comparison treatment. Since Iraqi soil is poor in its content of phosphorus, which ranks second among the three most beneficial elements for plants, the addition of this element to soil at a rate of 150 kg.ha-1 led to a significant increase in all growth, yield and quality traits for both growing seasons. The genotypes of sunflower crop were significantly affected in all growth, yield and quality traits for both planting seasons. The Melabour genotype surpassed Velko and Isera genotypes in the studied traits for both growing seasons.

Influence of phosphorous treatment and aspartic acid spray on a few aspects of oat Avena sativa L. growth and production.

The experiment was carried out in the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery, the Plant Production Department, Al-Diwaniyah Agriculture Directorate (3 km north-east of Al-Diwaniyah city) during the winter season 2021-2022 to determine the effect of four levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha-1 ) and two concentrations of aspartic acid spray (0 and 200 mg aspartic L -1 ), on the growth and yield of oats Avena sativa L. Shifa cultivar. The experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) by a split plot with three replicates. The levels of phosphate fertilizer were distributed in the main plots, while the concentrations of amino acids occupied the sub-plots. The results showed the following: the superiority of plants fertilized at the fertilizer level of 90 kg P ha-1 significantly on the number of tillers, the number of dahlias, the weight of a thousand grains g, the biological yield and grain yield were given 532 tillers m-2 , 468.58 dalia m-2 , 46.76 g, 56.39 mcg ha-1 , and 8.92 mcg ha-1 , respectively, the results also showed that the plants treated with aspartic acid (concentration 200 mg L -1 ) were significantly superior to the number of tillers and the number of dahlias, it gave 527.75 tillers m-2 and 483.58 Dalia m-2 . The interaction between the two experimental factors (fertilization at a level of 90 kg P ha-1 and spraying with aspartic acid at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 ) significantly affected the biological yield and grain yield. Keywords: phosphate fertilization, aspartic acid, growth, yield, oats Avena sativa L.

Agronomic efficiency of an inoculant based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45 for corn and soybean crops

The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria to replace or reduce the application of chemical fertilizers has been consolidated in recent decades. However, most of studies have been carried out under controlled conditions and tests under field conditions are necessary to validate this technology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of the Phosbac-45 product based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45 in promoting the growth and yield of corn and soybean crops. Tests were conducted in Brazilian territory under two different edaphoclimatic conditions for two consecutive harvests (2018-2019 and 2019-2020). The design used was randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (inoculation treatments × levels of phosphate fertilization) and two additional treatments, with five replications of each treatment. It was verified that the use of Phosbac-45 product increased the variables shoot dry mass, root dry mass and grain yield, showing a positive correlation with P uptake by corn and soybean under the conditions evaluated. Thus, the Phosbac-45 product emerges as a promising technology for agricultural use.

Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Kalotamik Acid Spray on some Characteristics of Growth and Yield of Oats (Avena Sativa L.)

The experiment was carried out in the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery, the Plant Production Department, Al-Diwaniyah Agriculture Directorate (3 km north-east of Al-Diwaniyah city) during the winter season 2021-2022, to determine the effect of four levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha-1) and two concentrations of kalotamik acid spray (0 and 200 mg kalotamik L-1), on the growth and yield of oats Avena sativa L. Shifa cultivar. The experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) by a split plot, with three replicates. The levels of phosphate fertilizer were distributed in the main plots, while the concentrations of amino acids occupied the sub-plots. The results showed the following: the superiority of plants fertilized at the fertilizer level of 90 kg P ha-1 significantly on the number of tillers, the number of dahlias, the weight of a thousand grains g, the biological yield and grain yield, were given 532 tillers m-2, 468.58 dalia m-2, 46.76 g, 56.39 mcg ha-1, and 8.92 mcg ha-1, respectively, the results also showed that the plants treated with kalotamik acid (concentration 200 mg L-1) were significantly superior to the number of tillers and the number of dahlias, it gave 493.42 tillers m-2 and 414.67 Dalia m-2. The interaction between the two experimental factors (fertilization at a level of 90 kg P ha-1 and spraying with kalotamik acid at a concentration of 200 mg L-1) had a significant effect on the biological yield and grain yield.

Efficiency of Phosphorus Use in Sunflower

Sunflower is an oleaginous plant of great importance worldwide that stands out in the production of edible oil and human food. The identification of differences between cultivars regarding the use of phosphorus and the production of achenes at different levels of phosphate fertilization is a viable strategy to allow its cultivation in soils with different concentrations of phosphorus, without compromising yield and reducing environmental damage associated with excessive applications of phosphate fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of phosphorus fertilization and sunflower cultivars regarding the efficiency of phosphorus use in two agricultural crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications in split-plots, where four doses of phosphorus (50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1 of P2O5) were allocated in the plots, and in the subplots three sunflower cultivars (Aguará 06, Altis 99, and BRS 122). The phosphorus use efficiency of sunflower cultivars was estimated through agronomic efficiency, vegetative efficiency, agrophysiological efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency. The dose of 50 kg ha−1 of P2O5 provided the best phosphorus efficiency indices for the different sunflower cultivars in the two studied crops. Cultivar Aguará 06 was more efficient in conditions with P2O5 supply below 150 kg ha−1, regardless of the crop. Sunflower cultivars had the best efficiency indices of phosphorus applied in the 2016 harvest.

Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Three Genotypes of Faba Bean( Vicia faba L.)

A field experiment was carried out in the winter season 2020-2021 in Al- Bualwan area of Fallujah District - Anbar Governorate to study the effect of phosphate fertilization on the growth and yield traits of the faba bean crop. The experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots included three levels of phosphate fertilization (0, 60, 120) kg P2O5 h-1, while the sub plots included three faba bean genotypes (American, Italian, and Dutch). According to the study levels, phosphate fertilizer was added in one batch before planting. The most important results were the following: The American genotype superiority in growth and yield traits, giving the highest average for each plant height( 95.63) cm, number of branches (10.11 ) branch plan-1 , leaf area per plant( 1053) cm2 plant-1, number of pods( 17.50 )pod plant-1, number of seeds per pod (6.11) seed pod-1, the weight of 100 seed (96.06) g and the total seed yield is( 4.168) tons ha-1. The effect of phosphate fertilizer was significantly in most of the studied traits. The level 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave the highest average for each of the plant height( 94.00) cm, number of branches( 9.83) branch plant-1, leaf area of the plant (2342) cm 2 plant-1, number of pods (17.83) pod plant-1, weight of 100 seed( 95.44) g and total seeds yield( 4.078) tons ha-1. There was a significant interaction between the American genotype and the level of 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 of phosphate fertilizer in plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, number of pods per plant and weight of 100 seeds.

Potential of Legumes Species Submitted to Phosphate Fertilization Levels: Morphological, Productive and Chemical Characteristics

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the morphological, productive and chemical characteristics of Crotalarias juncea, spectabilis and ochroleuca, and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) submitted to phosphate fertilization levels. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha−1 of P2O5) and four legume cultivars (Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleucaanda and Cajanus cajan), with four repetitions. There was no interaction between the levels of phosphate fertilizer and the legume species for the productive characteristics studied. There was a positive linear effect for leaf dry matter production, stem dry matter production and total dry matter production as a function of phosphate fertilization. There was a positive linear effect for the levels of leaf crude protein, with enhanced levels of phosphorus. There was greater fertilizer efficiency in legumes, at a dose of 100 kg ha−1, with a response of 11.46 kg ha−1 for leaf dry matter production and 33.40 kg ha−1 for total dry matter production. Among legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis is recommended due to the higher total dry matter and leaf productivity, greater number of nodules, and better chemical composition and digestibility.

Inoculation with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Reduce Phosphate Fertilization Requirement and Enhance Technological Quality and Yield of Sugarcane.

Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient for high sugarcane yields throughout its cultivation cycles, however, a higher amount of P becomes rapidly unavailable to plants due to its adsorption to soil colloids. Some plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) may be able to enhance P availability to plants and produce phytohormones that contribute to crop development, quality, and yield. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N) and P, yield, and technological quality of sugarcane as a function of different levels of phosphate fertilization associated with inoculation of PGPBs. The experiment was carried out at Ilha Solteira, São Paulo—Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications, consisting of five phosphorus rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended P2O5 rate) and eight inoculations, involving three species of PGPBs (Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) which were applied combined or in a single application into the planting furrow of RB92579 sugarcane variety. The inoculation of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens provided a higher concentration of leaf P in sugarcane. The P2O5 rates combined with inoculation of bacteria alter technological variables and stalk yield of sugarcane. The excess and lack of phosphate fertilizer is harmful to sugarcane cultivation, regardless of the use of growth-promoting bacteria. We recommend the inoculation with A. brasilense + B. subtilis associated with 45 kg ha−1 of P2O5 aiming at greater stalk yield. This treatment also increases sugar yield, resulting in a savings of 75% of the recommended P2O5 rate, thus being a more efficient and sustainable alternative for reducing sugarcane crop production costs.

Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Iron Spraying on Growth Parameter and Yield of Oat (Avena Sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2020-2021 at the Agricultural Research Station/College of Agriculture/University of Basra (Al-Haritha site) (20 km from the center of Basra Governorate). To study the effect of four levels of phosphate fertilizer (P0=0, P1=50, P2=100 and P3=150 Kg ha-1) and four concentrations of iron spray(F0=0, F1=1000, F2=2000 and F3=3000 PPM). on the growth, yield and quality of oats (Avena sativa L.) Janzania cultivar the experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangementusinga randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phosphate fertilizer levels occupied the main plot, and iron concentrations occupied the sub-plots. The results showed that the P3 level was significantly superior in all the studied traits, which gave the highest grain yield of 6.13 mcg ha-0. The concentration F2 was significantly superior in all the studied traits, which gave the highest grain yield of 5.29 mcg ha-0. The interaction also showed the superiority of the combination P3*F2 in plant height, flag leaf area, number of branches and grain yield, while the interaction was not significant in the trait of leaf area index and Net Assimilation rate and crop growth rate

Effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid on productivity of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolcr L moench) grown in calcareous soil under different levels of phosphate fertilizer

Effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid on productivity of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolcr L moench) grown in calcareous soil under different levels of phosphate fertilizer

Effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid on growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolcr L Moench) grown in calcareous soil under different levels of phosphate fertilizer

Effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid on growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolcr L Moench) grown in calcareous soil under different levels of phosphate fertilizer

Manganese Accumulation and Plant Physiology Behaviour of Camellia oleifera in Response to Different Levels of Phosphate Fertilization

Manganese Accumulation and Plant Physiology Behaviour of Camellia oleifera in Response to Different Levels of Phosphate Fertilization

EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND PHOSPHOROUS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONIONS IRRIGATION WITH DIFFERENT SALINE WATER

The study was carried out at the College of Agriculture University of Anbar during the spring season of 2018, the study conducted by using water for irrigation with different electrical conductivity (1.1, 3.00, 5.00, and 7.00 Decimeters M-1) which marked as W1, W2, W3, and W4. This study has included three experiments. The field experiment used water for irrigation with different electrical conductivity (1.1, 3.00, 5.00, and 7.00 Decimeters M-1) and three levels of humic acids were used: (0, 20 and 40 kg.H-1) H0, H1 and H2. Also, there are three levels of mono superphosphate fertilizer were used: P0, P1, and P2 (0, 100, and 150 kg. E-1). to estimate of heterosis on some growth properties of onion yield. The results showed decrease for plant's height when the salinity of irrigation water increased. while the leaf’s area, and the stem diameter increased by decreasing salinity at the level 7 decimeters M-1, the leaf's area, and the stem diameter increased increasing by adding humic acid levels and phosphate fertilizer levels. The results showed decrease in the total yield, by increase in the salinity of irrigation water from 1.1 to 7 decimeters M-1, while the total yield was increased by adding humic acid and phosphate fertilizer levels.

The Effect of Biofertilizer of Azola, Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield and Grain Quality of Rice

A field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2019 in one of the fields of Al-Tahiniah village - Al-Mahanawiya district which is 36 km away from the Diwaniyah governorate center, to study the effect of Azola, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on yield components, yield and grains quality of the rice grown in water logging conditions. The experiment was arrangement as factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) at three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first factor included the application of Azolla (Azolla pinnata L.) at 20 tons ha-1 and the control treatment (without application of Azolla), while the second factor included application three levels of phosphate fertilizer (21, 42 and 84 kg P ha-1) as well as the control treatment (without application of phosphate fertilizer), whereas the third factor included application two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (92 and 184 kg N ha-1) as well as the control treatment (without application of nitrogen fertilizer). The results showed that the application of Azolla pinnata L. achieving the highest results of the number of panicles per plants, number of grains per panicle and grain yield by 30.30, 6.37 and 7.80% respectively compared with control treatment that achieved the lowest results for all traits respectively. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizer at half recommended amount (42 kg P ha-1) was significantly superior and gave the highest results of the number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle and grain yield with a significant increase of 35.29, 4.76 and 7.55 respectively compared with control treatment. In addition to, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the recommended amount (184 kg N ha-1) had the highest results of the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicles by 48.29 and 5.75% respectively, without significant difference on the application of nitrogen fertilizer at half the recommended amount (92 kg N ha-1) which had the highest mean of the grain yield by 4.94% compared with control treatment which had the lowest results for all traits respectively. The interaction between the application of Azola and the levels of phosphate fertilizer, application of Azola and the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, application of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers as well as the tri-interaction between three factors had significant effect in all the studied traits except the weight of 1000 grains. We can concluded that the application of Azolla pinnata L. reduced the amounts of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer by 50% of Recommended amounts and led to improvement the yield and yield components of rice in addition to grain rice quality.

The Effect of Biofertilizer of Azolla, Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizers on some Growth Traits of Rice

A field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2019 in one of the fields of Al-Tahiniah village-Al-Mahanawiya district which is 36 km away from the Diwaniyah governorate center, to study the effect of azolla, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on some growth traits of rice. The experiment was arrangement as factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) at three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first factor included the application of azolla (Azolla pinnata L.) at 20 tons ha−1 and the control treatment (without application of azolla), while the second factor included application three levels of phosphate fertilizer (21, 42 and 84 kg P ha−1) as well as the control treatment (without application of phosphate fertilizer), whereas the third factor included application two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (92 and 184 kg N ha−1) as well as the control treatment (without application of nitrogen fertilizer). The results showed that the application of Azolla pinnata L. gave the highest means for the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorous, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 14.83, 30.30, 6.37 and 7.80% respectively. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizer at 42 kg P ha−1 was significantly superior and gave the highest results of the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorous, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 31.32, 12.38, 6.04 and 11.87% respectively. In addition to, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at 184 kg N ha−1 had the highest results of the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorus, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 42.03, 16.22, 15.49 and 16.04% respectively, without significant difference with application of nitrogen fertilizer at 92 kg N ha−1. We can concluded that the application of Azolla pinnata L. reduced the amounts of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer by 50% of recommended amounts and led to improve the growth traits of rice.

Yield and Yield Components of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) as Affected by Rock Phosphate in Standoff Soil, Southern Alberta Canada

An experiment was conducted in Standoff, Southern Alberta in April, 2020. The object of the experiment was to investigate effect of rock phosphate organic fertilizer on growth and yield of potato crop grown in Standoff. The varying levels of rock phosphate were broadcasted into the soil at control (0 P Kg ha-1), Low P level (50 P Kg ha-1) and High P level (100 P Kg ha-1). The basal application of urea inform of nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 280 N Kg ha-1. Potato seeds were planted at a distance of 30 by 90 cm. The three treatments were replicated three times, resulting into nine plants. One plant was taken out of uniformly grown tallest plant in each of the treatment to measure yield parameters. The yield parameters collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for separation of means. Results of the experiment indicated that High P and Low P rock phosphate fertilizer levels positively influenced weight of potatoes at 76 and 112 Days after sowing (DAS), respectively while High P rock phosphate fertilizer level got highest number of potatoes than Low P and control at 76 DAS. Furthermore, High P rock phosphate fertilizer level and control plots supported marketable number of potatoes at 76 DAS while High P rock phosphate fertilizer level favoured unmarketable number of potatoes at 112 DAS. It was quite obvious from the results that marketable weight of potatoes was positively influenced by High P rock phosphate level and Low P rock phosphate level at 76 and 112 DAS, respectively whereas unmarketable weight of potatoes was affected by High P rock phosphate fertilizer level at 112 DAS. These results revealed the beneficial use of rock phosphate for potato crop production

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi applications and rock phosphate fertilizers enhance available phosphorus in soil and promote plant immunity in robusta coffee

ABSTRACT Many crops are colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), which can efficiently absorb nutrient from the soil and induce plant immunity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF and rock phosphate (P) fertilizer applications on available P and some secondary plant metabolite in robusta coffee. The experiments were laid out in a 3 × 4 factorial randomized complete block design with AMF inoculants (control, Glomus intraradices LU3, Glomus sp. 2TS5) and rock phosphate fertilizer levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 g plant−1). Parameters measured root colonization percentage, available P in soil, total P in leaf, salicylic acid and phenolic compounds in leaves. The results showed that there was significant interaction between AMF and P in root colonization density, available P in soil, total P in leaves, and salicylic acid content. AMF (both Glomus intraradices and Glomus sp.) improved root colonization density (64–65%), available P in soil (30–50%), total P in leaves (37–40%), salicylic acid content (8–19%), and phenolic compounds in leaves (53–74%) compared to the control. Also, higher P at 400 g plant−1 increased root colonization density, available P in soil, total P accumulation in leaves, and salicylic acid. Therefore, AMF and rock P potentially represent an alternative way to promoting P uptake and plant immune in coffee.

Comparing the Performance of the Exudation Irrigation System and Surface Drip Irrigation with Two Levels of Phosphate Fertilizer in Some Growth Characteristics and Productivity of the Pea Plant (Vicia fabaL.)

Comparing the Performance of the Exudation Irrigation System and Surface Drip Irrigation with Two Levels of Phosphate Fertilizer in Some Growth Characteristics and Productivity of the Pea Plant (Vicia fabaL.)