Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2019 in one of the fields of Al-Tahiniah village - Al-Mahanawiya district which is 36 km away from the Diwaniyah governorate center, to study the effect of Azola, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on yield components, yield and grains quality of the rice grown in water logging conditions. The experiment was arrangement as factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) at three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first factor included the application of Azolla (Azolla pinnata L.) at 20 tons ha-1 and the control treatment (without application of Azolla), while the second factor included application three levels of phosphate fertilizer (21, 42 and 84 kg P ha-1) as well as the control treatment (without application of phosphate fertilizer), whereas the third factor included application two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (92 and 184 kg N ha-1) as well as the control treatment (without application of nitrogen fertilizer). The results showed that the application of Azolla pinnata L. achieving the highest results of the number of panicles per plants, number of grains per panicle and grain yield by 30.30, 6.37 and 7.80% respectively compared with control treatment that achieved the lowest results for all traits respectively. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizer at half recommended amount (42 kg P ha-1) was significantly superior and gave the highest results of the number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle and grain yield with a significant increase of 35.29, 4.76 and 7.55 respectively compared with control treatment. In addition to, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the recommended amount (184 kg N ha-1) had the highest results of the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicles by 48.29 and 5.75% respectively, without significant difference on the application of nitrogen fertilizer at half the recommended amount (92 kg N ha-1) which had the highest mean of the grain yield by 4.94% compared with control treatment which had the lowest results for all traits respectively. The interaction between the application of Azola and the levels of phosphate fertilizer, application of Azola and the levels of nitrogen fertilizer, application of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers as well as the tri-interaction between three factors had significant effect in all the studied traits except the weight of 1000 grains. We can concluded that the application of Azolla pinnata L. reduced the amounts of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer by 50% of Recommended amounts and led to improvement the yield and yield components of rice in addition to grain rice quality.
Highlights
The food problem has become more complicated as a result of the widening gap between agricultural production, especially cereal crops, and the large increase in the population of these countries, accompanied by low productivity per unit area due to adopting non-scientific methods in agriculture, which requires better use of agricultural lands and a scientific approach in cultivating crops including rice. [1]
Due to the limited information available, this study was carried out in order to find out the effect of azola, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on yield components, yield and grains quality of the rice grown in water logging conditions
Al-Mahanawiya district which is 36 km away from the Diwaniyah governorate center in in a soil as shows their physical and chemical properties in Table 1, to study the effect of azola, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on yield components, yield and grains quality of the rice grown in water logging conditions
Summary
The food problem has become more complicated as a result of the widening gap between agricultural production, especially cereal crops, and the large increase in the population of these countries, accompanied by low productivity per unit area due to adopting non-scientific methods in agriculture, which requires better use of agricultural lands and a scientific approach in cultivating crops including rice. [1]. The nutrient management system in agricultural soils is one of the most important factors affecting the growth and productivity of rice because the soil is one of the important natural constituents in agriculture and a source of natural wealth, and the extent of its quality plays an important role in rice cultivation, agricultural intensification associated with the addition of high levels of fertilizers Chemical affect negatively on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil [2] As it is known, nitrogen and phosphorus are among the elements by which soil fertility can be judged, and they are among the major elements of the plant as a result of the physiological roles that each element performs within the plant tissue. Due to the limited information available, this study was carried out in order to find out the effect of azola, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on yield components, yield and grains quality of the rice grown in water logging conditions
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