Illumination Levels Research Articles

Effects of latitude and building orientation in indoor-illuminance levels towards energy efficiency

As a matter of concern in sustainable buildings, daylight is studied to improve the balance between visual comfort for the occupants and energy consumption. This study analyzed the effects of latitude and orientation on the sunlight illuminance level within a northwest/southeast-oriented hypothetical house, with a wide-glassed façade, by integrating the BIM and BEM methodologies. The house was located in five different locations showing different latitudes: Búzios, Brazil; Capri, Italy; Punta Cana, Dominican Republic; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Sydney, Australia. Five different studies were carried out for each one of them by using the Autodesk REVIT energy-analysis tool named Lighting; they included sun-path analysis, calculation of daylight factor and daylight autonomy, and evaluation of daylight illuminance levels. It was found that a high amount of sunlight enters the house on its rear side, where are located the most occupied rooms, predominantly in the summer season, in the afternoon hours; however, 67% of the total house is below the 2% of daylight factor threshold. Withal, the rear-side rooms are the ones that satisfy most of the time with illumination levels above 300 lux, with maximum levels varying according to the season. This research contributes to associating BIM and BEM methodologies as an option to improve the design of energy-efficient buildings, being possible to consider further improvements to enhance the illuminance in the rooms, both for the early design stages and for future retrofit plans.

Feasibility of Adding Antireflective Coating Foil Made from Nanoscale‐Patterned Optical Disk Templates on Industrial Silicon Photovoltaics

Antireflective coating helps to reduce reflectance losses, thereby improving photovoltaic (PV) efficiency. Improving PV efficiency while maintaining low innovation cost has been a challenging task for the PV industry, especially in the case of monocrystalline silicon. Herein, the feasibility of integrating polydimethylsiloxane foil onto the protecting glass of an n‐type tunnel oxide–passivated contact silicon cell is studied. The foil is made using a polymer molding technique with digital video disk templates. On average, the foil provides 5.2% total reflectance and 93.5% total transmission. Under 1 sun illumination, the cell's power‐conversion efficiency increases by 12% (among the highest improvement), from 17.3% to 19.3%, in the presence of foil. A combined set of optical spectroscopy and simulation data shows that this improvement is due not only to the index‐matched medium, but also to forward scattering that increases broadband light transmission to the silicon cell through the foil which is different to the prevalent light‐trapping mechanism. The foil is also evaluated under different illumination conditions (indoors and outdoors), which show that the cell's power output nearly doubles at dimmer illumination levels and is stable under a fluctuating light source. While effective, the feasibility of antireflective foil should be reexamined further.

LL-CSFormer: A Novel Image Denoiser for Intensified CMOS Sensing Images under a Low Light Environment

Intensified complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (ICMOS) sensors can capture images under extremely low-light conditions (≤0.01 lux illumination), but the results exhibit spatially clustered noise that seriously damages the structural information. Existing image-denoising methods mainly focus on simulated noise and real noise from normal CMOS sensors, which can easily mistake the ICMOS noise for the latent image texture. To solve this problem, we propose a low-light cross-scale transformer (LL-CSFormer) that adopts multi-scale and multi-range learning to better distinguish between the noise and signal in ICMOS sensing images. For multi-scale aspects, the proposed LL-CSFormer designs parallel multi-scale streams and ensures information exchange across different scales to maintain high-resolution spatial information and low-resolution contextual information. For multi-range learning, the network contains both convolutions and transformer blocks, which are able to extract noise-wise local features and signal-wise global features. To enable this, we establish a novel ICMOS image dataset of still noisy bursts under different illumination levels. We also designed a two-stream noise-to-noise training strategy for interactive learning and data augmentation. Experiments were conducted on our proposed ICMOS image dataset, and the results demonstrate that our method is able to effectively remove ICMOS image noise compared with other image-denoising methods using objective and subjective metrics.

The Architectural Design of Building Façade Models Related to Optimizing Daylight Distribution

Lighting control integrated with daylighting is recognized as an important and useful strategy in energy efficient building design. One of the right factors to reduce energy consumption for artificial lighting during the day is the maximum utilization of sunlight. The aim of this research, distribution of daylight into the building analysis with five models of building facades and value of illuminance in the morning, afternoon and evening with orientation of the window openings to the northeast and southwest. Bank Mega is one of the tall buildings in Makassar Indonesia, which is located in a coastal area that is not blocked by other tall buildings, so this building is the object of research as a basis for designing façade models on building envelopes. The methodology this study is quantitative, analyzing the performance of sunlight as a source of daylighting in office buildings. This paper presents field measurements in office buildings, namely in rooms that are oriented northeast and southwest. The analysis in the two spaces is a reference to determine the effect of sunlight on the orientation of the building. In this study also conducted visual perception experiments by submitting questionnaires to 43 respondents. the results show that there are some complaints for employees, because of the high illuminance value in certain areas. Furthermore, simulate using the Radiance Illuminance Program software to determine the illuminance value of room in the morning, noon and afternoon with five building facade model designs, i.e., massive glass, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and vertical-diagonal model. The results presented in this paper show that the distribution of daylight in an east-oriented room is higher in the morning than in the evening and noon. Whereas in the southwest orientation it is inversely proportional, the value of light distribution is higher in the afternoon than in the morning and noon. Accordingly, orientation of the building affects distribution of daylight. The massive glass facade model without using sun shading has the highest light distribution value compared to other façade models, but can cause glare and excessive brightness. Furthermore, the second highest distribution of daylight with the vertical facade model, but there are also areas that exceed the standard illuminance level for workspaces, but only in areas near window openings. The combined model of the vertical-diagonal facade which also has a high distribution of illuminance value and to redirect daylight deep into building interior simultaneously in the morning, afternoon and evening. Accordingly, façade model on envelope of building affects distribution of daylight. The aesthetic value of architectural design shows that the appearance of the building does not look monotonous or massive, when using the building facade models because there are attractive areas in the building envelope.

Influence of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Formation of Apoplastic Barriers and Uptake of Water and Potassium by Wheat Plants.

The formation of apoplastic barriers is important for controlling the uptake of water and ions by plants, thereby influencing plant growth. However, the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the formation of apoplastic barriers, and the relationship between these effects and the ability of bacteria to influence the content of hormones in plants, have not been sufficiently studied. The content of cytokinins, auxins and potassium, characteristics of water relations, deposition of lignin and suberin and the formation of Casparian bands in the root endodermis of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants were evaluated after the introduction of the cytokinin-producing bacterium Bacillus subtilis IB-22 or the auxin-producing bacterium Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14 into their rhizosphere. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions in pots with agrochernozem at an optimal level of illumination and watering. Both strains increased shoot biomass, leaf area and chlorophyll content in leaves. Bacteria enhanced the formation of apoplastic barriers, which were most pronounced when plants were treated with P. mandelii IB-Ki14. At the same time, P. mandelii IB-Ki14 caused no decrease in the hydraulic conductivity, while inoculation with B. subtilis IB-22, increased hydraulic conductivity. Cell wall lignification reduced the potassium content in the roots, but did not affect its content in the shoots of plants inoculated with P. mandelii IB-Ki14. Inoculation with B. subtilis IB-22 did not change the potassium content in the roots, but increased it in the shoots.

The effect of nighttime lighting on the anatomical and physiological features of the leaves of linden, horse chestnut, and plane trees in garden-park and street plantings of Kyiv

The effect of nighttime lighting on the anatomical and morphological structure and the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of Tilia cordata, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Platanus acerifolia was estimated on the example of garden-park and street plantings of Kyiv. At the experimental sites, the level of illumination and the soil surface temperature during the day and night periods were examined. The anatomical and morphological structure of the leaves was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in tree leaves was determined spectrophotometrically.The analysis of variance revealed that nighttime lighting significantly affected the anatomical structure and the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of T. cordata and P. acerifolia. In A. hippocastanum, only parameters of stomata and palisade parenchyma showed a significant reaction to this stress factor.

Comprehensive analysis of solar cell behavior: effects of light intensity, temperature, and operational modes

This study investigates the current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell under varying light intensities, temperatures, and operational conditions to comprehensively assess its performance. The experimental approach involves measuring short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage at different light intensities and constructing current-voltage curves to analyze the solar cell's response to changing illumination levels. The dependence of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current on temperature is also estimated to understand thermal influences on the solar cell's electrical properties. Additionally, the solar cell's behavior is examined under different operational modes, including cooling with a blower, operation without cooling, and light filtration through a glass plate. The corresponding current-voltage characteristics are plotted to evaluate the impact of thermal management and light modulation on the solar cell's efficiency and stability. Furthermore, the characteristic curve of the solar cell is determined under natural sunlight illumination to simulate real-world conditions. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing solar cell performance for practical applications and sustainable energy systems. This research contributes to advancing our understanding of solar cell behavior under diverse environmental and operational settings, with implications for enhancing solar energy utilization and promoting renewable energy technologies. Future studies will focus on refining solar cell design and operation based on these insights to maximize efficiency and reliability in solar power generation.

Winter Dynamics of Drifting Invertebrates’ Vertical Distribution in a Small Salmon River

The composition of the winter syrton of a small salmon river was dominated by mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera), dipteran larvae (Diptera), and adult water mites (Hydracarina). The presence of a significant linear dependence of the number of drifters entering the nets on the volume of water filtered by the nets has not been proven, so we used not the syrton density (ind./m3), but the data of actual catches. The vertical distribution of drifting invertebrates of different taxonomic affiliation had its own characteristics. Under conditions of good illumination of the water column, the drift intensity of invertebrates increased in the daytime. This fact is probably indirectly related to the low water temperature, which limits the swimming ability of drift-feeding fish, which because of this become more vulnerable to fish-feeding warm-blooded predators, and therefore in winter during daylight hours lead a predominantly inactive and secretive way of life. In December, most daytime drifters migrated near the surface of the water column, and in January, on the contrary, near the bottom. The latter may be due to the overwhelming effect of lower daytime air temperatures, since until mid-February the riverbed was not completely covered with ice. After a heavy February snowfall, the upper layers of the river flow turned out to be isolated from the effect of air temperature, and the level of illumination of the water column during the day began to correspond to the period of late twilight. As a result, fish became less accessible to warm-blooded semiaquatic predators, the intensity of invertebrate drift in the daylight hours decreased sharply, and the distribution of drifters throughout the water column vertical became fairly uniform.

PO-04-214 VIDEO-BASED FACIAL DETECTION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ACROSS HUMAN COMPLEXIONS

It has been posited that the Black vs. White disparity in stroke risk may be partly attributable to the relative underdetection of AF in Black compared with White patients. We propose a novel monitoring solution that could minimize the impact of the socio-economic disparities in access to remote monitoring solutions. We developed a video-based monitoring technology to detect AF without the need for a patient to adopt a dedicated wearable device. It is a low-cost software-only solution running on smartphones. It eliminates requirements for patient compliance with recording procedures since it passively monitors patients while they are using their smartphones for other purposes. The technology captures a pulsatile signal from patients' faces. Remote video-based cardiac monitoring measures the modulation of ambient light reflected from one’s face due to changes in blood volume (hemoglobin) in the upper layers of the skin. In addition to hemoglobin, melanin is also a chromophore of the human skin. Hence, we aim to measure the accuracy of the technology to measure heart rate (HR) and its performance to detect the presence of AF across the whole spectrum of human complexions. We enrolled patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF. We defined 3 complexion groups using the Fitzpatrick score: white (A), tanned and olive-color (B), brown and black (C). Measurements were conducted under 4 indoor illumination levels: 50, 100, 200, and 500 lux. For reference, we used a single-lead EKG. We used 25% of the cohort to train the technology. HR accuracy was assessed using the Bland-Altman method with paired replicate measures based on one-way repeated ANOVA. The detection performance was measured as average sensitivity (SENS) and specificity (SPEC) adjusted for repeated measures. We collected 7,042 recordings from 60 AF patients (67±10 yrs, 44 men). We enrolled 23, 26, and 11 patients in the complexion groups A, B, and C, respectively. In the validation, 87% of the recordings were conclusive. Overall SENS and SPEC were 96% and 92%. For an illumination >50 lux, the SENS and SPEC for the complexion groups were: [A: 99%,94%], [B: 91%,93%], [C: 96%,90%]. The mean HR measurement errors in reference to the EKGs were: [A: -2.0 bpm], [B: -0.2 bpm], and [C: 0.3 bpm] with limits of agreements <5 bpm (upper to lower bound intervals). The proposed monitoring technology enables an accurate measure of HR and the detection of AF across all human skin complexions and under indoor illumination.

Optical and motor changes associated with lighting and near vision tasks in electronic devices.

Purpose: To assess optical and motor changes associated with near vision reading under different controlled lighting conditions performed with two different types of electronic screens. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects with a mean age of 22.9±2.3 years (18- 33) participated in this study. An iPad and an e-ink reader were chosen to present calibrated text, and each task lasted 5 minutes evaluating both ambient illuminance level and luminance of the screens. Results: Eye-tracker data revealed a higher number of saccadic eye movements under minimum luminance than under maximum luminance. The results showed statistically significant differences between the iPad (p=0.016) and the e-ink reader (p=0.002). The length of saccades was also higher for the minimum luminance level for both devices: 6.2±2.8 mm and 8.2±4.2 mm (e-ink max vs min), 6.8±2.9 mm and 7.6±3.6 mm (iPad max vs min), and blinking rate increased significantly for lower lighting conditions. Conclusions: Performing reading tasks on electronic devices is highly influenced by both the configuration of the screens and the ambient lighting, meanwhile, low differences in visual quality that are transient in healthy young people, were found.

Detection of the Bolt Loosening Angle through Semantic Key Point Extraction Detection by Using an Hourglass Network

Damage in bolts, which are used as connecting fasteners in steel structures, affects structural safety. Sophisticated machine vision methods have been formulated for the detection of loose bolts, but their accuracy remains an area for improvement. In this paper, a method based on a stacked hourglass network is proposed for automatically extracting the key points of a bolt and for obtaining the bolt loosening angle by comparing the rotations of the key points before and after the bolt is damaged. A data set containing 100 images of key bolt loosening points was collected, and rotation was performed as data augmentation to yield 1800 images. Moreover, a method was designed for automatically annotating the augmented image data set. In this study, 70%, 10%, and 20% of the annotated image data set were used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. Subsequently, a neural network model based on a stacked hourglass network was established to train the annotated image data set. The detection results were evaluated in terms of normalized errors (NEs), percentage of correct key points (PCK), detection speed, and training time. In testing, the proposed method accurately and efficiently identified the bolt loosening angle, with a PCK value as high as 99.3%. The accuracy of the proposed method was also highly robust to different shooting distances, viewing angles, and illumination levels.

Feature based image registration using CNN features for satellite images having varying illumination level

Feature based image registration using CNN features for satellite images having varying illumination level

Improving the energy efficiency of lighting systems for a marine equipment manufacturing plant through retrofitting, daylighting, and behaviour change

As the emissions from the operation phase of ship's life cycle are reduced as a result of ongoing efforts, it is anticipated that the decarbonization of ship's manufacturing phase will gain more attention. Marine equipment manufacturing plants are highly energy-intensive and environmentally polluting segments of the shipbuilding industry, necessitating special consideration for environmental issues such as climate change. Through energy-efficient lighting, this study aims to contribute to the promotion of clean production and energy management cultures in marine equipment manufacturing plants. An energy audit was conducted on the lighting systems of a marine equipment manufacturing plant based on the holistic consideration of the following key energy-saving measures: energy-efficiency retrofitting, daylighting, and behaviour change. The daylighting application for the foundry sections of the plant offered an 80% reduction annually in the entire plant's energy use for lighting, associated costs, CO2 emissions, and external costs, along with an initial investment cost (IIC) of €35.480, a net present value (NPV) of €184.322,6, a benefit-to-cost (B/C) ratio of 3.7, and a discounted payback period (DPP) of 2.1 years. However, the proposed daylighting system was found to provide excessive and non-uniform illuminance in the workspaces during the summer days. On the other hand, LED technology satisfied the requirements for illuminance levels and uniformity. The LED application offered a 60.6% reduction in the entire plant's lighting energy use, with an IIC of around €17.052, a NPV of €153.375, a B/C of 3.5, and a DPP of 1.25 years. The plant's carbon emissions can be reduced by about 33 tons annually, while approximately €108.111 in external health costs per year could be avoided. Additionally, around a 3.2% reduction in overall energy consumption with associated benefits can be achieved through energy-efficient behaviour by the employees.

Illumination of Interior Spaces through Structures Made of Unified Slabs of High-Performance Light-Transmitting Concrete with Embedded Optical Fibers.

Light-transmitting concrete as a building material already exists in many forms, but its light properties and the possibilities of using it to improve the lighting of interior spaces have not been investigated in detail yet. This paper focuses on the illumination of interior spaces using constructions made of light-transmitting concrete, which will allow light to pass between individual spaces. The experimental measurements carried out are divided into two typical situations using reduced room models. The first part of the paper focuses on the illumination of the room through the penetration of daylight through the ceiling made of light-transmitting concrete. The second part of the paper investigates the transmission of artificial light from one room to another through a non-load-bearing dividing structure composed of unified slabs of light-transmitting concrete. For the experiments, several models and samples were created for comparison. The first step of the experiment was to create slabs of light-transmitting concrete. While there are many options to produce such a slab, the best option is to use high-performance concrete with glass-fiber reinforcement, which improves the load transfer properties, and plastic optical fibers for light transmission. By adding optical fibers, we can achieve the transmission of light between any two spaces. For both of the experiments, we used reduced-scale models of rooms. Slabs with dimensions of 250 × 250 × 20 mm and 250 × 250 × 30 mm were used in three versions: concrete slabs with optical fibers, concrete slabs with air holes and solid slabs. The experiment measured and compared the level of illumination at several points in the model as it passed through each of the three different slabs. Based on the results of these experiments, it was concluded that the interior level of illumination of any space can be improved by using light-transmitting concrete, especially those without access to natural light. The experiment also assessed the strength properties of the slabs in relation to their intended use and compares them with the properties of stone slabs used as cladding.

Simulating Energy Performance and Illustration through Passive Techniques: Case of Institutional Buildings in Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India

The research examines the passive techniques: courtyard and WWR of institutional buildings of Gujrat. The report is a component of a comprehensive research project that aims to investigate how architectural factors affect how efficiently and environmentally sound classrooms work in hot and dry areas. The parametric analysis of the impact of two various courtyard designs on daylighting in Ahmedabad's typical hot and dry environment is shown here. The methodology was based on simulations created by the computer programs Ecotect and Revit-Insight. Two case studies with two different sky conditions were examined. The models have revealed variations in the illuminance level of daylight under overcast and clear sky circumstances. For instance, the first case has a higher WWR than the second, hence the results indicate a roughly 18% increase in the level of daylight illumination in the first case compared to the second. According to the results, it is possible to rely mostly on daylighting to provide appropriate lighting in classrooms.

Effect of correlated color temperature and illuminance on sustained attention collected via electroencephalography signals

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the differences in the subjects' sustained attention under the impact of nine lighting conditions consisting of the combination of three commonly used correlated color temperature (CCT) (3300 K, 4300 K, and 5300 K) and illuminance levels (300 lx, 500 lx, and 750 lx) to provide guidance on the adjustment of CCT and illuminance level parameters for indoor lighting. We selected 24 physically and mentally healthy university students (12 male and 12 female) as the experimental subjects. The subjects were required to perform sustained attention to response task (SART) activities under the nine different lighting conditions and collected the alpha (α) waves (8–12 Hz) from the electroencephalography signals. Subsequently, the mean power spectral density of the α waves and various SART parameters were analyzed and tested. Finally, the effects of different CCT and illuminance levels on the subjects' attention were compared. With the increase in CCT, the attention level tended to increase linearly, whereas the attention level was the lowest at 300 lx and the highest at 500 lx and appeared as an inverted “U” shape. The subjects' attention level was the highest at the combination of CCT of 5300 K and illuminance level of 500 lx and the lowest at the combination of CCT of 3300 K and illuminance level of 500 lx. These results provide important data to elucidate the impact of lighting condition on attention.

Road lighting and mesopic vision

Human beings perceive information from the environment by using their sense organs. Vision is believed to provide the most information. There are three categories of vision: scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision. The activity of two types of light-sensitive receptors in the eye, cones and rods, is different for each category. Cones and rods have a unique ability to adapt to different levels of illumination. Adaptation is the ability of the human eye to adapt to changing lighting conditions. Thanks to this mechanism, the human visual system has the ability to operate in a very wide range of pupil illuminations, that is, at different adaptive levels. At very low adaptive levels, only the rods are active, and the vision is called scotopic. As adaptive levels increase, starting at 0.005 cd/m2, the rods become less active, meanwhile the cones become active, and then the vision is called mesopic. At adaptive levels above 5 cd/m2, only cones are active, and the vision becomes photopic. Cones and rods have different spectral sensitivities: rods are more sensitive to short wavelengths, while cones are most sensitive within the visible spectral range. Cones are concentrated mainly in the part of the retina of the eye that is used for direct (on-line) vision, while rods are localized only in the areas used for peripheral vision. As a result, in case of mesopic vision, the peripheral vision becomes better with light sources that have a relatively large component of short wavelengths. The same is true for the subjective perception of brightness. At low adaptation levels, more rods become active, and thus these benefits are greater at low illumination levels.&#x0D; Since photometric units are based on photopic vision, these advantages are not obvious. Thus, the correction factors should be determined according to the spectrum of light sources, which is characterized by the S/P ratio, and the illumination levels of road lighting.&#x0D; The International Commission on Illumination has prepared a standard (CIE 115:2010 Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic). The main goals of road lighting are to ensure visual performance, visual comfort and to keep drivers alert.

Multiple-wavelength range-gated active imaging applied to the evaluation of simultaneous movement of millimeter-size objects moving in a given volume.

The combined multiple-wavelength range-gated active imaging (WRAI) principle is able to determine the position of a moving object in a four-dimensional space and to deduce its trajectory and its speed independently of the video frequency. However, when the scene size is reduced and the objects have a millimeter size, the temporal values intervening on the depth of the visualized zone in the scene cannot be reduced further because of technological limitations. To improve the depth resolution, the illumination type of the juxtaposed style of this principle has been modified. Therefore, it was important to evaluate this new context in the case of millimeter-size objects moving simultaneously in a reduced volume. Based on the rainbow volume velocimetry method, the combined WRAI principle was studied in accelerometry and velocimetry with four-dimensional images of millimeter-size objects. This basic principle combining two wavelength categories determines the depth of moving objects in the scene with the warm color category and the precise moment of moving objects position with the cold color category. The difference in this new, to the best of our knowledge, method is at the level of the scene illumination, which is obtained transversally by a pulsed light source having a wide spectral band limited in warm colors in order to get a better depth resolution. For cold colors, the illumination with pulsed beams of distinct wavelengths remains unchanged. Thus, it is possible independently of the video frequency to know from a single recorded image the trajectory, the speed, and the acceleration of millimeter-size objects moving simultaneously in 3D space and also the chronology of their passages. The experimental tests validated this modified multiple-wavelength range-gated active imaging method and confirmed the possibility of avoiding confusion when the object trajectories intersect.

Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusions: specific effects on derealization, depersonalization, and dissociative identity

ABSTRACT Anomalous strange-face illusions (SFIs) are produced when mirror gazing under a low level of face illumination. In contrast to past studies in which an observer’s task was to pay attention to the reflected face and to perceive potential facial changes, the present research used a mirror gazing task (MGT) that instructed participants to fixate their gaze on a 4-mm hole in a glass mirror. The participants’ eye-blink rates were thus measured without priming any facial changes. Twenty-one healthy young individuals participated in the MGT and a control panel-fixation task (staring at a hole in a gray non-reflective panel). The Revised Strange-Face Questionnaire (SFQ-R) indexed derealization (deformations of facial features; FD), depersonalization (bodily face detachment; BD), and dissociative identity (new or unknown identities; DI) scales. Mirror-fixation increased FD, BD, and DI scores compared to panel-fixation. In mirror-fixation, FD scores revealed fading specific to facial features, distinct from “classical” Troxler- and Brewster-fading. In mirror-fixation, eye-blink rates correlated negatively with FD scores. Panel-fixation produced low BD scores, and, in a few participants, face pareidolias as detected on FD scores. Females were more prone to early derealization and males to compartmentalization of a dissociative identity. SFQ-R may be a valuable instrument for measuring face-specific dissociation (FD, BD, DI) produced by MGT. Use of MGT and panel-fixation task for differential diagnoses between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder is discussed.

The use of electroencephalogram to characterize subjective evaluation with illuminance as the independent variable

The purpose of this study is to explore a new method for characterizing the subjective evaluation under different illuminance level by using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG signals and the subjective evaluation (i.e. visual comfort, spaciousness, brightness and visual appearance) from 16 subjects under 6 illuminance levels (75, 100, 200, 300, 500 and 850 lx) were collected. The results showed a significant correlation between subjective evaluation and illuminance. In addition, the logarithmic power of β band was significantly positively correlated with the illuminance ( p &lt; 0.05), and the relationship between the comprehensive subjective satisfaction and the logarithmic power of β band was obtained. Based on this study, the method characterizing subjective evaluation based on the logarithmic power of β band was proposed. Therefore, this research provides a reference method for indoor light environment design based on the physical and mental health of residents.