Carbohydrate Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.

Introduction: Human breast milk macronutrients play a vital role in the development of breastfed infants and are known to be influenced by several factors. There is limited information on the influence of cannabis use during lactation on these macronutrients. Given the rising use of cannabis among lactating women with its widespread legalization, this study aimed to examine the association of cannabis use during lactation on breast milk macronutrients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used and 637 breast milk samples with measured macronutrients were utilized. Of these, 165 samples that had detectable cannabis metabolites were defined as the study group, and 472 samples from mothers who did not report cannabis use and from mothers who reported cannabis use but did not have measurable metabolites of cannabis in their milk samples were defined as the control group. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association of presence of cannabis metabolites with protein, carbohydrates, fat, and calories in breast milk. Results: Greater protein levels (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.112-0.376; p < 0.001) and lower fat levels (95% CI: -0.217, -0.018; p = 0.020) were found in the milk exposed to cannabis compared with reported nonexposure. The presence of cannabis was associated with an increase of 0.244 mg/dL in protein and a reduction of 11% in fats in breast milk. The levels of energy and carbohydrates were not significantly different among the two groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a statistically significant association between the presence of metabolites of cannabis in breast milk and protein and fat concentrations in breath milk. Further studies are required toward building the body of evidence to determine safety of cannabis use during lactation.

Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extract

Vegetables are known to be vital sources of nutritive foods. This study evaluates the nutritional composition of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract vis-a-vis proximate, minerals and vitamins analyses. Fresh leaves of O. gratissimum were purchased from a local market in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria and were washed, destalked, oven-dried at 40 0C, pulverized, and sieved through 2.0 mm mesh prior to analysis. Proximate, minerals, and vitamin analyses were carried out, using standard methods. Results indicated that O. gratissimum contained high levels of carbohydrate (51.78 ± 0.50 %), protein (10.50 ± 0.04 %), and fiber (9.38 ± 0.05 %), with minute quantity of crude fat (4.94 ± 0.03 %). Analysis of the mineral compositions showed that the vegetable contained considerable quantity of minerals that is sufficient to improve general well-being, while the vitamin analysis revealed that the leaves of O. gratissimum was sufficiently rich in Vitamin E and could, therefore, act as antioxidant and consequently help to improve health status of its consumers.

Antioxidant Properties of Freeze Dried Mix Fruits and Vegetables Product ‘Miss Freezy’ Using Lyophilization Method

Background: The proper processing of fruits and vegetable-based food products will improve appearance, taste, bioactivities, and preservation. Freeze-dried (FD) or lyophilization of foods extends shelf life and preserves food's nutritional value and bioactivities. The objective of this study is to compare the antioxidant properties, nutritional value, and vitamins of fresh fruit-vegetables and the combined FD product. Methods: A combination of fruits (mango, papaya, star-fruit, guava, banana, bengkuang), and vegetables (cucumber), called “Miss Freezy” were cleaned with an ozonizer and processed using the lyophilization method. The antioxidant activities measured included 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) assay. While the proximate analysis measured was the determination of water content, ash content, fat content, protein and carbohydrate content, and vitamin C. Results: The value of antioxidant activity in fruit-vegetable combination FD products was higher than in fresh fruit. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 scavenging activities were guava 48.74 µg/ml, guava 128.39 µg/ml, and banana 155.55 µg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the water content of fresh fruits, and vegetables was greater than FD products and inversely proportional to the level of ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and vitamin C lower than FD products. Conclusions: Based on the results of antioxidant activities, proximate analysis and vitamin C of the FD product was higher than fresh fruits and vegetables. The FD fruit-vegetable combination product can be used as an alternative snack product that is practical and healthy.

Susceptibility of Different Aesculus Species to the Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Moth: Chemical Composition and Morphological Features of Leaves

The susceptibility of seven species of chestnuts to the horse chestnut leaf miner was studied in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), taking into account their interspecific characteristics. Using pheromone delta traps, the highest number of Cameraria ohridella moths was shown for Aesculus hippocastanum and the lowest for Aesculus chinensis. A number of anatomical parameters of leaves were investigated, such as the thickness of the epidermal cell wall and the thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers. As a result, it was shown that the most infected chestnut species had a greater thickness of the nutritious parenchyma tissue. No dependence was found between the degree of susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner and such indicators as the content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids in the leaves of seven species of chestnuts. Nevertheless, resistance of different species of the genus Aesculus to Cameraria ohridella under increased tannin content in leaves has been shown. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids has not established their reliable role as repellents. The high levels of carbohydrates found during the study contributed to increased susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner.

Effectual Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi and Fosthiazate in Controlling Tomato Root-Knot Nematode Infection: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) are known to induce systemic resistance in plant diseases caused by microbial pathogens. However, the induced resistance by PGPF has not yet been elucidated in plant diseases caused by root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.). Meloidogyne incognita can severely damage tomato plants, causing considerable losses in world yields. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the potential of PGPF through enhancing systemic resistance, possibly through activating defense-related pathways in tomato plants, comparing to the commercial chemical nematicide, Melithorin® (fosthiazate 90%). The most potent PGPF (K7, K13, K14) were identified morphologically and molecularly as Alternaria photistica, Penicillium buchwaldii, and Aspergillus niger, respectively. We tested the efficacy of these fungi against RKN (M. incognita) both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that the commercial nematicide fosthiazate (90%) was the most effective treatment for controlling RKN J2 larvae, achieving a mortality rate of 94% after 96 hours. This was followed by the PGPF treatments, with A. niger at 92.6%, P. buchwaldii at 87.7%, Verticillium lecanii at 73.3%, and A. photistica at 47.4%. Additionally, applying A. photistica, A. niger, P. buchwaldii, and V. lecanii significantly enhanced the levels of photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates, and proteins in both healthy and RKN-infected plants. Notably, Melithorin® (fosthiazate 90%), A. niger, and V. lecanii led to substantial increases in root carbohydrate content, with increases of 97%, 63%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, Melithorin®, A. photistica, and A. niger significantly boosted shoot protein content by 68%, 65%, and 49%, respectively, compared to the infected control group. These findings indicate that both nematicide and fungal treatments effectively reduce nematode populations and improve overall plant health and nutrient composition. At the same time, the results appeared that infected plants treated with PGPF or Melithorin® showed variation in number and molecular weight of protein bands. SDS-PAGE results indicated that, the highest number of bands (twelve) was recorded in the infected plants treated with Melithorin® followed by P. buchwaldii (11 bands), A. photistica (10 bands), V. lecanii (8 bands), and A. niger (7 bands), respectively. Also, the application of Melithorin®, A. niger, and V. lecanii resulted in a significant increase in the number and weight of fruits, respectively, compared to healthy control plants. Our results suggested that A. photistica, A. niger, P. buchwaldii, and V. lecanii could be used as effective and safe nematicides against RKNs.

Exploring the influence of moisture stress on microbial-driven organic acid synthesis in potato waste fermentation

Anaerobic fermentation of potato leaves and stems for organic acid synthesis, serving as food additives, faces impediments due to misconceptions about the effects of moisture stress on the acid-synthesizing microbiome. An ingenious method, avoiding interference from microbiome and nutrient integrations, was employed in the present study. Results showed that increasing the moisture level from 60 % to 75 % significantly improved lactic acid (182.64 %), acetic acid (163.55 %), propionic acid (1960.43 %), nonprotein nitrogen, free amino acid and ammonia levels but reduced pH value and water-soluble carbohydrate and hemicellulose levels. Microbiologically, the high-moisture groups enriched Lactiplantibacillus, Levilactobacillus and Enterobacter, upregulated glycolysis, nitrogen, pyruvate and propanoate metabolisms, and activated genes for acid-producing and ammonia-forming enzymes. Notably, Lactiplantibacillus and Enterobacter prevailed in glycolysis and nitrogen metabolism, respectively, and Levilactobacillus was more prominent in pyruvate and propanoate metabolism under high-moisture conditions. Collectively, a moisture level of 75 % benefited organic acid synthesis from potato waste via anaerobic fermentation.

The effect of Coix lachrymal L. seed extract on the expression of inflammation and fibrogenesis genes in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a vision-threatening condition associated with retinal-detachment (RD), primarily caused by fibrocellular scar membrane formation. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of adlay seed extract fractions in mitigating PVR-associated pathways, focusing on oxidative stress, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Adlay seed extract fractions (methanolic: MeOH and residual: Res) were obtained through solvent extraction and characterized for carbohydrate, protein, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. RPE cells were cultured, and their viability in response to adlay fractions was assessed using the MTT assay. Gene expression analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, LIF, TGF-β, Snail and α-SMA genes was conducted via real-time PCR after treatment with adlay fractions. The Res fraction exhibited higher levels of protein, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and phenols compared to the MeOH fraction, along with significantly enhanced antioxidant activity. Both fractions showed inhibitory effects on RPE cell viability, with the Res fraction demonstrating a more pronounced impact. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant decrease in IL-6 and TGF-β expression with the MeOH fraction treatment, while the Res fraction led to decreased expression of IL-6, LIF, TGF-β, Snail and α-SMA, indicating a more comprehensive modulation of PVR-associated pathways. This study highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of adlay seed extract fractions in mitigating PVR-associated pathways in RPE cells. The Res fraction, particularly rich in bioactive compounds and exhibiting potent antioxidant activity, shows promise in attenuating oxidative stress, proliferation, inflammation, and fibrogenesis, critical processes in PVR development. These findings underscore the potential of adlay seed extracts as a novel therapeutic strategy for PVR warranting further investigation and clinical validation.

Serum metabolomics signature of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness by gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry.

The aim of this study was to identify a metabolic signature of MIDD as compared to healthy controls and other types of diabetes. We performed a comprehensive serum metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) in participants diagnosed with MIDD (n = 14), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) (n = 14), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 14), and healthy controls (n = 14). Each group was matched for gender and age. There were significant metabolic differences among MIDD and other diabetic and control groups. Compared with control, MIDD patients had high levels of carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, and maltose), fatty acids (2-Hydroxybutyric acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and octadecanoic acid), and other metabolites (alanine, threonic acid, cholesterol, lactic acid, and gluconic acid), but low level of threonine. Compared with LADA, MIDD patients had high levels of threonic acid and some amino acids (alanine, tryptophan, histidine, proline, glutamine, and creatine) but low levels of serine. Compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus, MIDD patients had high levels of citrulline, creatine, 3-Amino-2-piperidone, but low levels of ornithine, fatty acids (arachidonic acid and octadecanoic acid), and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (malic acid and succinic acid). Our study identified a specific metabolic profile related to glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in MIDD that differs from healthy controls and other types of diabetes. This unique metabolic signature provides new perspectives for understanding the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of MIDD.

Stress physiology of Moringa oleifera under tropospheric ozone enrichment: An ecotype-specific investigation into growth, nonstructural carbohydrates, and polyphenols.

Ozone (O3) is an oxidative pollutant that significantly threatens plant development and ecological dynamics. The present study explores the impact of O3 on Moringa (Moringa oleifera) ecotypes when exposed to ambient and elevated O3 levels. Elevated O3 concentrations resulted in significant reductions in total biomass for all ecotypes. Photosynthetic parameters, including stomatal conductance (gsto), CO2 assimilation (Pn), and carboxylation efficiency (K), decreased under elevated O3 in some ecotypes, indicating a detrimental effect on carbon assimilation. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) levels in roots varied among ecotypes, with significant reductions in starch content observed under elevated O3, suggesting a potential shift towards soluble sugar accumulation and reallocation for antioxidant defense. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed increased polyphenol production, particularly quercetin derivatives, under elevated O3 in specific ecotypes, highlighting their role in mitigating oxidative stress. Interestingly, the glucosinolate content also varied, with some ecotypes exhibiting increased levels, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism in response to O3 exposure. The study underscores the intrinsic variability among Moringa ecotypes in response to O3 stress, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity for adaptation. The findings indicate that Moringa's metabolic plasticity, including shifts in NSC and SM production, plays a crucial role in its defense mechanisms against O3-induced oxidative stress. These insights are vital for optimizing the cultivation and utilization of Moringa in diverse environmental conditions, particularly in regions with elevated O3 levels.

Study on the Function of Leptin Nutrient Acquisition and Energy Metabolism of Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Leptin plays an indispensable role in energy homeostasis, and its involvement in metabolic activities has been extensively explored in fish. We generated mutant lines of leptina (-5 bp) and leptinb (+8 bp) in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to explore the metabolic characteristics of lepa and lepb mutant zebrafish in response to high glucose nutritional stress induced by high levels of carbohydrates. The results were as follows: the body weight and food intake of adult zebrafish of the two mutant species were increased; the visceral fat accumulation, whole-body crude lipid, and crude protein contents of lepb-/- were increased; and the visceral fat accumulation and crude lipid in lepa-/- zebrafish were decreased. The blood glucose levels of the two mutant zebrafish were increased, the mRNA expression levels of glycolytic genes pk and gck were decreased in the two mutant zebrafish, and there were differences between lepa-/- and lepb-/- zebrafish. The expressions of glycogen synthesis and decomposition genes were inhibited and promoted, respectively. The expression of adipose synthesis genes in the liver and muscle was stimulated in lepb-/- zebrafish but suppressed in lepa-/- zebrafish. Lipolysis and oxidation genes were also stimulated in lepa-/- zebrafish livers, while the livers of lepb-/- zebrafish were stimulated but muscle was inhibited. In conclusion, the results indicate that lepa plays a major role in glucose metabolism, which is conducive to promoting glucose utilization and lipogenesis, while lepb mainly promotes lipolysis and oxidation, regulates protein generation, and plays a minor role in glucose metabolism.

Nanochitosan-encapsulated melatonin: an eco-friendly strategy to delay petal senescence in cut gerbera flowers

BackgroundThe preservation of cut flowers, particularly Gerbera jamesonii, is crucial for maintaining their aesthetic value and extending vase life in the floriculture industry. To address this challenge, this study investigated the effects of melatonin (Mel) and encapsulated melatonin with nanochitosan (nCS-Mel) as preservative solutions on cut Gerbera jamesonii cv. ‘Terra kalina’ flowers. In research, we examined various physiological and biochemical parameters, including relative water content, membrane stability index, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant enzyme activities, to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments in prolonging the vase life and quality of cut gerbera flowers under controlled environmental conditions.ResultsOur results demonstrated that cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers maintained in vase solutions containing 0.1 and 0.5 mM nCS-Mel exhibited enhanced preservation of cell membrane integrity and anthocyanin content, while also maintaining higher levels of carbohydrates and total flavonoids in petals at the conclusion of their vase life. A decline in petal relative water content and protein levels was observed concomitantly with petal senescence, whereas total phenolic compounds showed an increase. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in petals exhibited an upward trend during vase life in control specimens, but this effect was mitigated in treatments containing melatonin. Although malondialdehyde (MDA) content generally increased throughout the vase life period, flowers subjected to either Mel or nCS-Mel treatments displayed reduced MDA accumulation. The activity of catalase (CAT) demonstrated an increasing trend during vase life, with the maximum activity observed in Gerbera flowers treated with 0.1 mM nCS-Mel. A similar upward trend was noted for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, with flowers in 0.5 mM nCS-Mel treatment exhibiting peak SOD values on day 12 relative to control and other treatments. Peroxidase (POD) activity also increased across all treatments, with particularly pronounced effects in vase solutions containing 0.1 mM Mel and nCS-Mel. Notably, flowers placed in vase solutions containing 0.1 mM nCS-Mel, followed by 0.5 mM nCS-Mel and 0.1 mM Mel, exhibited the most prolonged vase life, extending up to 12, 10.66, and 10.33 days, respectively, under room temperature conditions.ConclusionsThe application of nanoencapsulated melatonin as a vase solution for cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers demonstrates significant potential in extending vase life and maintaining flower quality through enhanced preservation of cellular integrity, antioxidant activity, and biochemical parameters. This innovative approach not only outperforms conventional treatments but also presents a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antimicrobial preservatives and sugars, offering a promising solution for the floriculture industry to improve cut flower longevity and reduce ecological impact.

Performance variables and nutritional status analysis from Moroccan professional and adolescent football players during the competition period: a descriptive study.

Nutrition plays an integral role in optimizing football players' performance during training sessions and matches and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. This study aimed to evaluate how well the dietary practices of professional and adolescent football players in Morocco during the competitive period met international macronutrient recommendations, and to explore the relationship between their nutritional status and aerobic performance, as measured by the Yo-Yo IRL1 test. A total of 277 footballers from Morocco's professional league, "Botola-Pro", were monitored over a seven-day (training microcycle) during the competitive period. The dietary intake was assessed through self-reported methods and 24-hour recalls. Relevant body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance (BI), and aerobic performance was evaluated using the Yo-Yo IR test. The results indicated significant variations in performance and nutritional status across different categories and age groups. The nutritional status of the players didn't match the UEFA recommendations (p < 0.001). We found that higher intake levels of carbohydrates and proteins were positively correlated with the total distance covered by the players (p < 0.001, r = 0.63, R2 = 0.4 for carbohydrates; p < 0.001, r = 0.59, R2 = 0.35 for proteins). Conversely, a higher proportion of energy derived from fats in the diet was negatively correlated with the distance covered (p < 0.001, r = -0.64, R2 = 0.41). These findings suggest that optimizing carbohydrates and protein intake while managing fat consumption is crucial for enhancing sporting performance. This information is essential for tailoring training programs and nutritional regimens based on the competition level.

Phytonutrient formulation using gum Arabic and Adansonia Digitata pulp: Lessons for boosting the human immune system - part 1

BackgroundThe human innate immune system (HIIs) defends the body against pathogens and relies on the energy obtained from food sources to increase its metabolic activity. AimIn this study, a new blended 3 in1 formula comprising A. senegal, A. seyal, and Adansonia digitata at a ratio of 5:3:2 was proposed as a potential aid in the management of Covid-19 patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MeT-S) disorders, with a specific focus on those presenting with impaired health. MethodsThe utilization of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was employed to analyze 3 blended ingredient combinations, including the 3in1 formula, A. senegal, A. seyal, and A. digitata pulp, for the presence of elements by detecting the levels of moisture, ash, minerals, protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, prebiotic polysaccharides, energy, dietary fibers, and crude fibers. This advanced technique has replaced the titration method used in previous studies. ResultsThe mineral content of the blended 3in1 sample was found to be dominated by potassium (70.56±2.35), Calcium (68.54±3.12), Magnesium (16.60±4.80), Phosphorus (11.50±2.50), Sodium (31.4±4.80), Zinc (19.19±2.10), Iron (19 ± 0.14), Copper (15.12±1.81), and selenium (0.037 ± 0.005) g/100 g DW. The blended 3 in1 sample also had a higher hydroxyproline content (30.17 g/100 g and a higher total protein and carbohydrate content than the blended 2 in1 sample. Additionally, arabinose was identified as the major reducing sugar with up to 48.23 and 49.97g/100 gDW. The prebiotic polysaccharide content was 88.61±3.12g/100 gDW for the blended 3 in1 sample, which was significantly higher than that of the blended 2 in1 sample. Furthermore, the energy value of the blended 3 in1 sample was significantly higher at 350.12±5.210 kcal/100 g than the blended 2 in1 sample at 340.67±3.155 kWh. The Insoluble Dietary Fibers (IDFs) and Soluble Dietary Fibers (SDFs) of the blended 3 in1 sample were 12.6±2.10 g/100 gDW and 87±2.124 g/100 g DW, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the blended 2 in1 sample. ConclusionThe discovery of distinct molecular compositions of A. senegal and A. seyal when combined with Adansonia Digitata Pulp (ADLP) in the 3 in1 blend demonstrated enhanced HIIs among Covid-19 patients with compromised MeT-S disorders. This may be considered a valuable natural antiviral agent for the treatment of such individuals.

Green Light Drives Embryonic Photosynthesis and Protein Accumulation in Cotyledons of Developing Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seeds

Photosynthesis is a vital process for seed productivity. It occurs in the leaves and provides developing seeds with the necessary nutrients. Moreover, many crops require photochemical reactions inside the seeds for proper development. The present study aimed to investigate Pisum sativum L. seeds at the middle stage of maturation, which is characterized by the active synthesis of nutrient reserves. Embryonic photosynthesis represents a crucial process to produce cells’ NADP(H) and ATP, which are necessary to convert sucrose into reserve biopolymers. However, it remains unclear how the pea embryo, covered by a coat and pericarp, receives sufficient light to provide energy for photochemical reactions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the photosynthetically active radiation reaching the developing pea embryo has a high proportion of green light. In addition, green light can be utilized in foliar photosynthesis by plants cultivated in shaded conditions. Here, we addressed the role of green light in seed development. Pea plants were cultivated under red and blue (RB) LEDs or red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs. A Chl a fluorescence transient based on OJIP kinetics was detected at the periphery of the cotyledons isolated from developing seeds. Our findings showed that the addition of green light resulted in an increase in photochemical activity. Furthermore, the mature seeds that developed in the RGB module had a significantly higher weight and more storage proteins. Using a metabolomics approach, we also detected significant differences in the levels of organic acids, carbohydrates, nucleotide monophosphates, and nitrogenous substances between the RB and RGB conditions. Under RGB light, the cotyledons contained more ornithine, tryptophan, arginine, and aspartic acid. These changes indicate an impact of green light on the ornithine–urea cycle and polyamine biosynthesis. These results allow for a deeper understanding of the photochemical processes in embryos of developing seeds grown under a low light intensity. The photosynthetic system in the embryo cell adapts to the shade conditions by using green light.

Effect of Lentilactobacillus buchneri on Chemical and Microbial Compositions of Herba Leonuri (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.)-Contained Alfalfa Silage

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are commonly used in silage production, yet their effects on silage containing antimicrobial components, such as those found in Leonurus japonicus, remain less explored. Herein, the harvested alfalfa were thoroughly mixed with dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJH) at a ratio of 9:1 on a fresh weight basis and treated without (CK) or with a lactic acid bacterial inoculant (L; Lentilactobacillus buchneri). The mixtures were stored under anaerobic conditions in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags for 30 days at ambient temperature. The L-treated silage exhibited high levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (4.98% dry matter (DM)) and acid detergent fiber (27.88% DM). Compared to that of treatment CK, treatment with L increased the acetic acid content of the silage, as a result of increased (p &lt; 0.05) bacterial dominance and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) bacterial richness indices (e.g., Pielou’s E, Shannon, and Simpson) in the pre-storage period. However, these changes gradually reduced as the storage length increased. Treatment L reshaped the bacterial community structure of silage, by increasing the prevalence of Lactobacillus and reducing relative abundances of Enterococcus and Weissella. However, the principal coordinate and Bray–Curtis index analyses illustrated that samples from the L-treated silages exhibited similarities to the CK samples post-fermentation. Overall, the effect of LJH on LAB was only observed in the later stages of fermentation, which did not sufficiently change the silage quality. Hence, using LJH in silage is vital for clean livestock production without compromising the function of LAB when mixed with alfalfa silage.

Short-term starvation and refeeding in the greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810): New insights on physiological and metabolic traits

The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is a fish species with high commercial value and excellent growth rates, which has led to increasing interest in the aquaculture sector to optimize and expand its production. To gain a deeper insight into its physiological aspects, the present study aimed to evaluate the metabolic responses of S. dumerili juveniles after a short period of starvation and subsequent refeeding. For this purpose, the fish were fed ad libitum twice a day for four weeks and were then subjected to a starvation challenge followed by a refeeding period of seven days each. After one week of starvation, the fish showed weight loss but were able to adapt their metabolism by maintaining carbohydrate levels and using lipids and proteins as the main energy sources. All this was supported by decreased glycogenolytic potential during starvation, indicated by lower GP activity, and an increase in gluconeogenic pathway, as evidenced by the observed activity of FBP, LDH, and transaminases (ALT and AST). Moreover, the refeeding period stimulated growth processes by activating metabolic pathways, resulting in higher feed efficiency rates. Correspondingly, the highest plasma cortisol levels were observed during the refeeding period, stimulating anticipatory activity after starvation and contributing to metabolic recovery. In conclusion, S. dumerili can efficiently regulate its internal environment during a short period of starvation, improving feed efficiency and growth parameters after refeeding and rapidly restoring the initial metabolic state. These results could represent promising insights to enhance the feeding program for this species.

Extraction and Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal Protein Isolate

The increasing protein demand driven by global population growth necessitates the search for an alternative protein source. Soybean meal (SM), with approximately 47–49% proteins, is a viable option. Soymeal protein isolate (SMPI) is a cost-efficient protein source with a well-balanced amino acid profile, making it suitable for addressing this demand. This study attempts to address the lack of information regarding the extractability and nutritional potential of SMPI obtained utilizing a weak base and recoverable solvent. In this work, the structural and compositional studies of SMPI, as well as the aqueous extractability of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), are investigated. Furthermore, we examined the effects of heat treatment during oil extraction, where a comparison between protein isolates from soymeal and whole soybeans was carried out. The maximum extraction yield of 24.1% was achieved by increasing the concentration of NH4OH from 0.25–1%. In comparison to the soy protein isolate from whole soybeans (SPI), the compositional analysis report revealed that SMPI had higher levels of crude protein, moisture, and ash content, but lower levels of fat and carbohydrates. Furthermore, the examination of the amino acid composition confirms the existence of vital amino acids in SMPI. The amino acid score indicates that methionine, lysine, and threonine are the limiting amino acids. SMPI and SPI share structural and functional group similarities, as demonstrated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Gel electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide shows that the protein molecular weight distributions of SPI and SMPI are similar. This in-depth evaluation emphasizes the advantages of SM by advocating its application in other sectors beyond conventional animal feed, such as nutritional supplements and bio-based products, and by improving the environmental sustainability and global food chains.

Toxicodynamics of cadmium in the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) using bioenergetic and physiological biomarkers.

This study evaluated the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) on the green mussel Perna viridis, aiming to identify toxicological endpoints and investigate its responses across physiological, bioenergetic, and biochemical parameters. The 96-hour LC50 value for Cd in P. viridis was 3.03 ± 0.12 mg L-1, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.35-3.91 mg L-1. Chronic toxicity tests revealed a No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC), Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC), and chronic toxicity values of 0.20, 0.37, and 0.29 mg L-1, respectively. Cadmium accumulation in treated mussels increased 46- to 215-fold compared to the control group. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase levels in exposed mussels exhibited a significant increase compared to the control group. The redox index ratio, acetylcholinesterase activity, and lysosomal membrane stability decreased with increasing exposure concentrations. Levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, and metallothionein-like proteins increased in exposed mussels. Clearance rate, respiration rate, and excretion rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels decreased with increasing exposure concentration (p < 0.001). Mitochondrial electron transport system activity increased, while cellular energy allocation (p < 0.001) and scope for growth decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). The significant increase in antioxidants suggests heightened oxidative stress in mussels under Cd exposure. The physiological activities of the mussels were severely affected, ultimately leading to a reduced scope for growth. The toxicological data generated in this study contribute to the development of seawater quality criteria for the metal Cd.

Enhancing dietary analysis: Using machine learning for food caloric and health risk assessment.

In the wake of growing concerns regarding diet-related health issues, this study investigates the application of machine learning methods to estimate the energy content and classify the health risks of foods based on the USDA National Nutrient Database. The caloric content of foods was estimated using the nutritional composition (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, total lipid, and total sugar content) and classified based on their weighted health risks, considering their carbohydrate, lipid, and glycemic index levels. The algorithms used for modeling include multiple linear regression (MLR), K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest regression (RFR), gradient-boosted regression, decision trees (DT), and deep neural networks. The MLR model demonstrated high accuracy on the training dataset (R2=0.99, mean absolute error [MAE]=7.71kcal, and root mean squared error [RMSE]=17.89kcal) and testing dataset (R2=0.99, MAE=7.75kcal, and RMSE=18kcal) in energy estimation, indicating its effectiveness in dietary assessment. The RFR and DT models were useful in categorizing foods into low-health-risk foods, but their performance was reduced in medium and high-health-risk groups. This research contributes to developing tools that could aid in personalized dietary planning and public health interventions to mitigate diet-related health risks. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study applies machine learning to estimate how many calories are in food and to understand the health risks different foods might have. By investigating the fats, cholesterol, and sugars in food items listed in a public database, we can better plan diets or develop apps that help people make healthier eating choices. This work aims to improve public access to nutritional information, supporting efforts to combat diet-related diseases through educational materials and applications that guide dietary choices in various settings.

Dietary thiamine enhances thiamine transport, carbohydrate absorption, glycolysis, and antioxidant properties in Macrobrachium nipponense when fed a high-carbohydrate diet

Thiamine serves as a cofactor of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, and its regulatory role in high-carbohydrate diet has not been reported in crustaceans. In this study, six types of isonitrogen and isolipid diets were formulated at two carbohydrate levels (15 % corn starch for the low-carbohydrate group; 30 % corn starch for the high-carbohydrate group) and three concentrations of thiamine (0, 80 and 160 mg/kg) in Macrobrachium nipponense. The carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant status, and mRNA expression of genes involved in thiamine transport and autophagy of prawns were investigated. The high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with 160 mg/kg thiamine increased the thiamine transporter 1 (SLC19A2) expression compared to a low-carbohydrate diet or other thiamine concentrations. Supplementation with 160 mg/kg thiamine under a high carbohydrate level significantly increased the pyruvate and lactate content in the hepatopancreas. When supplemented with either 0 or 160 mg/kg thiamine, a high dietary carbohydrate significantly increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase (HK) mRNA expressions compared to a low-carbohydrate diet. Among the high-carbohydrate groups, prawns fed with 160 mg/kg thiamine showed significantly higher mRNA expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1-α (PDH-E1-α) compared to those fed with 0 mg/kg thiamine. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found to be highest in prawns fed 160 mg/kg thiamine. Supplementation of the carbohydrate diet with either 80 or 160 mg/kg thiamine led to a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content accompanied by a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) level, regardless of low or high carbohydrate levels. The unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) mRNA expression was markedly influenced by both carbohydrate levels and thiamine concentration. Hence, the administration of 160 mg/kg thiamine can improve the thiamine transport, carbohydrate absorption, glycolysis and the antioxidant properties of M. nipponense when fed a high-carbohydrate diet.