Output Voltage Levels Research Articles

Implementation Analysis of Solar PV Based SEPIC Inverter System

For welfare of environment, world needs to use more and more renewable energy system not only at the level of industrial but also for domestic load system. Due to much installation cost involving in a solar PV cell/panel based system there is a need of better mechanisms to get maximum utilization and benefits from the system with reliable operation, especially in the case of microgeneration power plant to full fill the minimum desired requirements of domestic appliances to achieved reliable operation. Mostly available PV based inverter system having problem of low output voltage generation and THD producing issue, which needs to a requirements of extra circuit to the control THD and boost up the level of output voltage. In this paper, solar PV based closed loop SEPIC converter by PWM technique to maintain a step up constant dc output voltage with no polarity reversal, low ripple in output and minimizing the requirement of additional filter circuit and fed to single phase inverter. This paper has been focused for the overall single phase PV based SEPIC inverter system implementation, performances and simulated on MATLAB/SPS software to provide low losses, 2% minimum THD and reliable operation in compare with single phase PV based Cuk inverter is used for DC-AC conversion system to compatible with domestic load appliances.

A Novel Hexagonal-Shaped Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Switches for Grid-Integrated Photovoltaic System

To date, the grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system has drawn consideration from researchers and academicians due to the speedy improvement and the declining price of solar panels. The proficiency and dependability of a grid integrated PV system rest mainly on the power conversion unit and the proper controlling mechanism. This paper introduces a novel asymmetric hexagonal-shaped fifteen-level inverter designed to feed a grid-integrated solar PV system. First, it aims to reduce the number of components and thereby decrease the installation space and cost of the multilevel inverter. Moreover, it has a low total blocking voltage (TBV) and total device rating (TDR) and uses few switching devices for generating per level of output voltage. The proposed topology utilizes only eight switching devices for generating fifteen levels at the output, which is lower than conventional multilevel inverter topologies. Here, a low-frequency modulation scheme using the half-height (HH) method generates switching pulses to minimize the complexity. The proposed multilevel inverter topology is also validated through the simulations in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The proposed inverter need for filters is illustrated according to different grid codes for integrating PV systems to the grid.

Development of a Battery-Operated Handheld QCM Measurement Electronics

There continues to be major interest in detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because these compounds are pervasive in common environments, such as buildings, factories, and in households, among others. These VOCs can be detrimental to both human health and organisms in the environment. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has become a popular analytical instrument to detect various VOCs [1]. However, most QCM studies are performed in a laboratory setting with cumbersome benchtop instruments. To utilize the QCM technique in a manner that permits researchers to be outside of a laboratory environment, such as VOCs detection on-site and point-of-care testing (POCT), it is important to develop a suitably portable QCM measurement system that maintains acceptable system performance, such as frequency resolution and measurement time, which requires low-power input [2, 3]. To fulfill this demand, we propose a QCM measurement electronic system that uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit as a frequency-to-voltage converter and measures an output voltage level to calculate frequency shifts of the resonator. Our proposed system does not rely on the quality of a clock frequency, which is important in typical frequency counters to improve measurement performance. Instead, a common microcontroller is used to calculate frequency shift. In this work, a portable QCM system based on this strategy was developed, and its performance successfully characterized by measuring changes in system output voltage corresponding to input frequency changes. Temperature dependence of frequency changes was also investigated from 15 to 55 °C. With a resonance frequency of 5 MHz, the system showed a frequency resolution of 0.22 Hz, which is significantly less than a common frequency counter. For validation, we employed Ionic Liquids and a Group of Uniform Materials based on Organic Salts (GUMBOS) as chemosensitive coating materials for VOCs detection [4]. Measurement results of the frequency shift caused by VOCs from the developed system were comparable to those obtained from experiments with a commercial system (QSense Analyzer, Biolin Scientific), which demonstrates the feasibility of applying this electronic strategy for development of a portable QCM measurement system.

A novel control topology for grid‐integration with modular multilevel inverter

This paper presents a novel control topology for a multilevel inverter with reduced number of power switches for achieving an increased number of levels in output voltage along with improved power quality. The diode clamped multilevel inverter configuration is modified and the gating signals are generated using selective harmonic optimization technique at fundamental frequency using Satin Bower Bird optimization (SBO). It enhances the quality of output voltage waveform with the reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD), less switching power losses, and better efficiency. The inverter is investigated for its competent operation capability on grid-tied applications. Detailed simulation is conducted and results are presented for various load conditions. To validate the inverter operation, an experimental setup of the modified diode clamped modular inverter (MDCMI) interfacing the grid is presented. The loss analysis is carried out at the inverter and converter segments. Based on the analysis, the proposed control topology demonstrates the reliable and efficient operation of the modular inverter. From the results obtained it is evident that the proposed inverter design suits superlative for the grid applications.

Genetic Algorithm Based PI Control with 12-Band Hysteresis Current Control of an Asymmetrical 13-Level Inverter

In this paper, a twelve-band hysteresis control is applied to a recent thirteen-level asymmetrical inverter topology by employing a robust proportional-integral (PI) controller whose parameters are decided online by genetic algorithm (GA). The asymmetrical inverter topology can generate thirteen levels of output voltage incorporating only ten switches and exhibits boosting capability. A 12-band hysteresis current control strategy is applied to ensure the satisfactory operation of the inverter. It is designed to provide a sinusoidal line current at the unity power factor. The tuning of the PI controller is achieved by a nature inspired GA. Comparative analysis of the results obtained after application of the GA and the conventional Ziegler–Nichols method is also performed. The efficacy of the proposed control on WE topology is substantiated in the MATLAB Simulink environment and was further validated through experimental/real-time implementation using DSC TMS320F28379D and Typhoon HIL real-time emulator (Typhoon-HIL-402).

Methods of ensuring the operational stability of dc-dc power supply in arctic conditions

THEPURPOSE.To consider the features of development and exploitation of DC-DC power supplies for Arctic conditions, to show the key problems and existing methods of solving them, to identify prospective directions in the design of this type of devices.METODS.Theworkismainlyanover-viewwiththequestionsofconstruction,circuitdesign,controlprinciples,maintainingthermalequilibrium,choosingofelectricelementsandminiaturization.Thefirstpartofthearticleisdevotedtothereviewofscientificpublicationsandpatents,in the second part the idea of using a parallel architecture in frost-resistant power supplies is considered, giving an opportunity to adapt modular principle of device construction.RESULTS.Thearticleexaminestheissuesofadaptingthemodularapproachtothespecificsoffrost-resistantpowersupplies.Inthiswayyoucanbuilda self-healing, configurable, easy-to-repair power supply of wide application. With modular construction principle the entire electrical complex consists of parallel-connected cells, placed in one hermetic and heated case (a case with connectors on the surface, as well as the control and display units).CONCLUSION. Parallelconnectionofthecellsallowstoprovidea significant power reserve in the power supply, to perform a quick replacement of faulty modules without interrupting the power supply process, to increase/reduce the system power easily by changing the number of working cells. The system acquires special advantages, if the output voltage levels of the cells are adjustable. In this case, it is possible to build a universal configurable power supply of wide application,whichisa novelty on the market. If you group the cells on the output, you can use one power supply for several different consumers. The spare parts for the power supply are as simple as possible and consists of ready-made cells and connecting wires. The obtained results can be used in development of fault-tolerant secondary DC-DC power supplies for hard operating conditions.

An Embedded Half-Bridge Γ-Z-Source Inverter with Reduced Voltage Stress on Capacitors

In this paper, an embedded half-bridge Z-source inverter based on gamma structure is proposed. In contrast with the classical half-bridge inverter, the proposed inverter can generate zero voltage levels in output. High voltage gain and low voltage stress on capacitors are the main advantages of the proposed converter. The value of the boost factor in the proposed structure is increased by changing both the shoot-through (ST) duty cycle and turns ratio of the transformer. The operating principle of the proposed converter in four operating modes is presented. We also calculate the critical inductance and compare the proposed converter with conventional topologies. In addition, power loss and THD analysis are presented. Finally, PSCAD/EMTDC software is used to verify the correct operation of the proposed inverter and the experimental results.

High Frequency Multipurpose SiC MOSFET Driver

This article describes a new multipurpose Silicone-Carbide (SiC) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) driver, which was designed and manufactured for a high frequency operating SiC transistor as a semiconductor switching device of power converters. The design of the introduced driver enables to adjust the output voltage levels easily by choosing the integrated linear voltage stabilizers with suitable output parameters used for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) mounting. The voltage insulation of the proposed driver between the primary control side and the secondary output side is performed by MGJ6D12H24MC muRata Ps DC-DC converter with a declared dv/dt immunity 80 kV/1000 ms at 1.6 kV and by IX3180 IXYS High Speed gate driver optocouplers with a declared 10 kV/1000 ms minimum common mode rejection at 1.5 kV. The voltage insulation of these coupling elements is accompanied by safety gaps on the PCB. These insulation features enable the proposed driver to work on high frequencies as a high-side transistor of H-bridges as same as in other power converter topologies with a high frequency and high voltage stress of the insulation border. The proposed driver also provides the possibility of tripping the signal, when the short circuit of the controlled power transistor occurs.

Active Switched-Inductor Network Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Wide Range of Voltage-Gain at the Lower Range of Duty Cycles

In many emerging applications, a dc–dc converter with a wide range of voltage conversion is necessary to equalize the output voltage level from various low voltage sources. To meet this purpose, as well as to reduce the number of power conversion stages in high step-up operation, a wide range of voltage gain dc–dc converter is proposed in this article. This converter is structured as an optimized integration of active switched-inductor configuration, and ladder-type voltage multiplier is merged with the regenerative-boost arrangement. Thereby, due to such an organization of structure, the proposed converter is developed the extremely high voltage-gain with comparatively fewer components. It has the advantages of clamped the input peak current, and higher voltage gain can be achieved at lower duty-ratios. This article describes the comprehensive steady-state analysis and performance characteristics in detail. Moreover, a detailed comparative performance analysis is carried out with existing recent literature. Finally, to validate the theoretical analysis and test feasibility and suitability of the proposed dc–dc converter, experimental results were observed using a 300 W fabricated prototype model.

Implementing a Ternary Inverter Using Dual-Pocket Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors

In this article, we propose a standard ternary inverter (STI) based on a dual-pocket tunnel FET (DP-TFET) for low-power applications. Using 2-D device simulations, we demonstrate that if appropriate doping concentration and length are chosen for the dual-pocket, then the device can exhibit ternary inverter voltage transfer characteristics (VTCs) with three stable output voltage levels. Ternary inverter characteristics are obtained by two tunneling mechanisms in the device: 1) gate bias-independent within-channel tunneling and 2) gate bias-dependent source-channel tunneling. We also demonstrate that the ternary inverter obtained could be operated at different supply voltages by controlling the pocket doping concentration.

The New Topology of Multilevel Inverter with Less Number of Switches

A new multilayer inverter topology is proposed in this study. The cascaded feature is used in this innovative topology. In addition to the isolated DC sources seen in Cascaded H- bridge. The clamping diode in Diode and the multilevel inverter (CHB-MLI) Inverter with Clamped Multilevel (DC-MLI). With these advantages, an inverter topology with 18 total component counts when coupled had been discovered. This proposed topology has the potential to generate up to According to the ratio allocated to its DC sources, there are 17 output levels. Aside from increasing the number of output voltage levels, this study has a relatively low number of component counts. The THD limit defined by IEEE standard is also a goal (i.e. 5 percent) all voltage applications under 69kV. To ensure that the suggested topology is functional, it is being simulated in Mat lab/Simulink with various modulation indexes. The amount of THD, the number of voltage outputs, and the RMS voltage are all being monitored and discussed. Finally, to assess the uniqueness of the suggested topology, a comparison study with recently disclosed topologies is being carried out.

Modelling and Optimization of a Magnetic Spring Based Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester

This paper presents the development of an AA battery size electromagnetic vibration energy harvester with an aim to maximize the output power density. A tube shape and stacked opposing permanent magnets with magnetic spring were used to suit the shape constraint as well as to achieve high flux linkages. An initial prototype of electromagnetic vibration harvester with AA battery size was built and tested on a controllable shaker to obtain its output voltage and power level at different frequencies for fixed accelerations. A single magnet was fixed at the bottom of the harvester to provide levitation force in this development in order to lower the resonant frequency. A special time-domain based analytical model was also developed using both Finite Element Analysis and Simulink simulation. The time-domain analytical model is easier to implement than other frequency domain based analytical models which generally applied in literatures for modelling of the electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters. The analytical model was verified by the measured results obtained from the initial prototype. The validated analytical model was successfully applied to optimize the harvester. Two more generator prototypes were further built and tested after the optimization study. The optimized harvester using three stacked opposing permanent magnets could achieve a normalized power density of 12,655 μWcm−3 g−2 at 9.9 Hz frequency with 0.22 g acceleration, which is significantly higher than other reported electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters.

Comparative analysis of fifteen level cascaded multi-level converter with different control strategies

In this manuscript the distinguished of design cascaded H bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter (MLI) with proportional and integral (PI) controller, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and neural network (nn) is presented. To extract sinusoidal voltage from solar fed voltage sources converters multi-level converters are obtained. CHB converters are easily implements and operate very effectively to get desired output voltage at load terminals compared to other techniques like diode clamped, flying capacitor approached available in the literature. More sinusoidal nature i.e., ripple free output voltage is obtaining with increasing number levels in output voltage. Fifteen level CHB is proposed in this manuscript to improve the power quality of solar fed multi-level converter.

Improvement of Static Voltage Gain of a Non-Isolated Positive Output Single-Switch DC-DC Converter Structure Using a Diode-Capacitor Cell

There are different low switching stress non-isolated DC-DC power converter structures developed for Photo-Voltaic (PV) applications with a view to achieve high voltage conversion ratio. The work proposed in this research article investigates the performance analysis of a coupled inductor and diode-capacitor multiplier cell based non-isolated high gain single-switch DC–DC conversion scheme with a single-ended primary-inductor on the input side. The presented converter suitable for renewable energy applications has the merits such as continuous input current, high voltage conversion ratio, and reduced voltage stress across the power switch. The multiplier cell consisting of two diodes and two capacitors is mainly used to enhance the converter output voltage level. A MATLAB / SIMULINK model of the suggested topology has been developed to validate its performance. During the simulation of the converter, a DC voltage of 50 V was given at the input side. The load end received a DC voltage of approximately 900 V. Thus, through this study, it was found that the addition of diode-capacitor cell can significantly improve the static gain of the suggested converter. The findings of this research may serve as a base for future studies on improvement of voltage gain of DC-DC converters.

Low temperature multi-differential operational amplifier

A multi-differential operational amplifier, called OAmp3, designed for operation at temperatures up to minus 197 °С and developed on bipolar transistors and junction field-effect transistors of the master slice array МН2ХА030, is considered in the article. The circuitry features of the OAmp3 allow, due to the use of various negative feedback circuits, to implement a set of functions necessary for signal processing on a single amplifier: amplification (or current – voltage conversion), filtering, shift of the constant output voltage level. The performed measurements of OAmp3, connected as instrumentation amplifier circuit, showed that all manufactured products retain their performance in the temperature range from minus 150 °С to 20 °С, and individual samples – at minus 197 °С. It was found that the main reason for the loss of OAmp3 performance is an increase of the resistance of semiconductor resistors by almost 5.4 times at minus 197 °С compared to normal conditions and decrease in the junction field-effect transistor drain current. Together, these factors lead to decrease in the current consumption of the OAmp3 by almost 31 times at minus 180 °С compared to normal conditions. To reduce the temperature dependence of the current consumption and, thus, save the OAmp3 operability at low temperatures without changing the technological route of integrated circuits manufacturing, it is proposed to replace high-resistance semiconductor resistors with “pinch-resistors” formed on a small-signal p-junction field-effect transistor. The article presents the OAmp3 connection circuit in the form of an instrumental amplifier, the method and results of low-temperature measurements of experimental samples.

Design and Implementation of Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with Optimal Components

A novel asymmetrical cascaded one-twenty-five level multilevel inverter is proposed with optimal components. The proposed inverter consists of three sub-cells connected asymmetrical configuration to generate a 125-level output voltage. The sub-cell comprises six power switches and two DC sources to produce five output voltage levels with symmetrical configuration. This paper presents the five, twenty-five, one-twenty five-level inverters with optimal components with very lower harmonics. The results of the proposed inverters are experimentally tested with linear and non-linear loads. During dynamic circumstances, the suggested inverters are extremely stable. The proposed inverters will generate a greater voltage level with nominal harmonics as per IEEE standards. A complete comparison is made with previously published similar MLIs with proposed twenty-five MLI. The Proposed MLI has several merits such as cost factor, optimal components, THD, and TSV. The proposed five, twenty-five, and one-twenty-five level inverters are experimentally implemented with the help of the dSPACE RTI1104 controller. The proposed inverters are well suited for grid-connected and renewable applications.

Phase-Shifting Transformer Efficiency Analysis Based on Low-Voltage Laboratory Units

Phase-shifting transformers are effective elements used to control power flows in many power systems. Their positive influence on power flows has been proved in the literature. However, the efficiency of phase-shifting transformers has not been analyzed, especially not with regard for their various types. This study is therefore focused on the efficiency question with respect to electrical energy parameters. Research was performed on a laboratory phase-shifter unit with longitudinal and quadrature voltage regulation, and then these results were correlated to the simulation model equivalent. Laboratory transformer parameter data were used to prepare asymmetrical and symmetrical phase-shifting transformer simulation models. Simulation results were then used to compare the electrical properties and efficiency of all the types of phase-shifting transformer considered. All phase-shifting transformer types had a significant impact on the transmitted active power, but each type had different features. The symmetrical unit had the lowest power losses and a stable output voltage level compared to the asymmetrical one, which increased the output voltage, while the quadrature voltage also grew. These features must be considered, taking into account power system conditions such as the voltage variability profile and active power transfer demand. In this study, we propose the construction of an asymmetrical controllable phase-shifting transformer in order to achieve flexible control.

A novel generalised topology of a reduced part count multilevel inverter with level boosting network to improve the quality of supply

Power quality is the measure problem to be under consideration when multilevel inverters (MLI) are employed. Multilevel inverters are used with integration of renewable energy sources. Problem of power quality arises when integrating renewable energy sources to the grid through MLI's. In this paper a generalised topology is proposed to reduce the part count by using the MLI with level boosting network (LBN). Photo voltaic cell can be used as an alternative source. MLI has n number of repeating units with a LBN which helps in generating 4n+3 output voltage levels. The proposed topology is carried out for 11 levels with two repeating units under LBN. The analysis is carried out considering different modes of operation and compared with the H-bridge circuit. Proposed MLI is supplied to the resistive and inductive (RL) load and it is also capable of feeding the local feeder. The simulation is done using MATLAB Simulink.

Designing Inverters Based on Screen Printed Organic Electrochemical Transistors Targeting Low‐Voltage and High‐Frequency Operation

AbstractLow‐voltage operating organic electronic circuits with long‐term stability characteristics are receiving increasing attention because of the growing demands for power efficient electronics in Internet of Things applications. To realize such circuits, inverters, the fundamental constituents of many circuits, with stable transfer characteristics should be designed to provide low‐power consumption. Here, a rational inverter design, based on fully screen printed p‐type organic electrochemical transistors with a channel size of 150 × 80 µm2, is explored for driving conditions with input voltage levels that differs of about 1 V. Further, three different inverter circuits are explored, including resistor ladders with resistor values ranging from tens of kΩ to a few MΩ. The performance of single inverters, 3‐stage cascaded inverters and 3‐stage ring oscillators are characterized with respect to output voltage levels, propagation delay, static power consumption, voltage gain, and operational frequency window. Depending on the application, the key performance parameters of the inverter can be optimized by the specific combination of the input voltage levels and the resistor ladder values. A few of the inverters are in fact fully functional up to 30 Hz, even when using input voltage levels as low as (0 V, 1 V).

Compare the Symmetric Hybridized Cascaded MLI with 17 levels with the Asymmetric Switched Capacitor MLI Topologies for Dynamic Loading

This article builds a symmetric hybridized cascaded a switching capacitor unit in a multilayer inverter and compares it to For 17 level inverters, A switched capacitor unit is utilized with an asymmetric multilevel inverter. In the symmetric hybridized multilevel inverter design, a In the midst of a dual-input dc source, there is a bi-directional switch is utilized to create a modified H-bridge inverter with a five-level output voltage instead of three. In the proposed scenario, In an asymmetric multilevel inverter, the switched capacitor unit substitutes the dc sources. which enlarges By a factor of two, The output voltage has been increased. and the voltage levels at the loads are increased by a factor of two. MATLAB-SIMULINK was used to verify the suggested topology using the staircase modulation approach. The findings show that multilayer inverter topologies with low total harmonic distortion, fewer switches, With greater levels of output voltage are better stable during load disturbance circumstances, making them ideal for renewable energy applications.