Level Of Grain Yield Research Articles

Chisel Tillage Under Spring Barley in the Forest-Steppe

Abstract The degradation of chernozems and increased soil erosion led to the search for more advanced methods of tillage, taking into account climatic conditions, the quantity and quality of crop residues, and the volume of fertilizer application. The aim of the study was to establish the effect of various methods of basic tillage in the presence of preceding plant‘s crop residues on the growth and development of spring barley plants. The experiment was carried out in the forest-steppe of Ukraine. During the experiment, the influence of various methods of basic tillage on the agrophysical properties of the soil, its water regime, and weed infestation of spring barley crops was studied. For comparison, the following types of basic tillage were used: dump to a depth of 20–22 cm, chisel tillage to a depth of 14–16 cm, and disc tillage to a depth of 10–12 cm. Dump and chisel processing were characterized by higher grain yield. Chisel tillage provided better moisture accumulation compared to reverse ploughing. In spring, at the time of sowing grain crops in the layer of 0–15 cm, the reserves of productive moisture during chiselling were 145 mm, and during mouldboard processing 122.6 mm. Thus, chisel tillage for spring barley creates the best conditions for moisture supply and guarantees a high level of grain yield and significant profitability of production.

Effects of soil amendment from herbal and eucalyptus industrial waste on methane emission and rice yield

<p>The use of chemical fertilizer in rice fields contributes to increased global warming via enhanced emission of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. Therefore, composting has been proposed to reduce methane emissions in the agricultural field. This study aimed to determine the CH4 emission and rice yield affected by compost from three different types of compost: herbal compost, eucalyptus compost, and manure compost. This randomized block design study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020. There were 8 fertilizer treatments applied to the rice fields, namely: herbal compost 10 tons/ha. (O1), eucalyptus compost 10 tons/ha (O2), manure compost 10 tons/ha (O3), no compost no chemical fertilizer (as a control) (O4), herbal compost 5 tons/ha + chemical fertilizer/CF (C1), eucalyptus compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C2), manure compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C3), and only chemical fertilizer (C4), then all treatments replicated three times. For the chemical fertilizer (CF) the dose is 166 kg/ha urea + 166 kg/ha ZA + 330 kg/ha TSP. The result indicated that the compost manure 10 tons/ha (O3) and the combination compost manure 5 tons/ha + CF (C3) produced the highest rice yields (6.89 -6.94 tons/ha) but impacted the highest methane emissions (505.3 – 544.6 Kg.CH4 /ha/season). The important finding showed that among all the treatments, a combination of compost eucalyptus 5 tons/ha + CF (C2) and compost eucalyptus 10 tons/ha (O2) mitigated methane emission to the lowest level (296.6 -305.2 Kg.CH4/ha/season) and gave high rice yields (6.77-6.78 tons/ha) that were not significantly different from those of compost manure (O3 and C3). In addition, the combination of compost herbal 5 tons/ha and chemical fertilizer (C1) affected the lower methane emissions than manure compost and gave a high level of grain yield that was not significantly different from those of manure compost (O3 and C3) and eucalyptus compost (O2 and C2). </p>

Biometric parameters and yield of maize hybrids in dependence on agricultural technology elements

Modern innovative corn hybrids of the intensive type have a significant individual response of morphometric and photosynthetic indicators to the density of the coenosis. Establishing correlations of these indicators with the level of grain yield of different genotypes of corn hybrids and determining the optimal parameters for the manifestation of these characteristics allows technological measures to ensure the realization of productive potential. The purpose of the research was to establish the peculiarities of the formation of biometric and photosynthetic indicators of innovative corn hybrids depending on the genotype, and the density of the coenosis, and to determine the correlationregression dependence of these characteristics. Field experiments were conducted during 2019-2021 in the agroecological zone of the Central Forest Steppe. The soil of the experimental site is typical chernozem, the precursor is soybean. With the help of field, morphometric, laboratory, and statistical (dispersion and correlation analysis) it was established that the height of the plant, the height of attachment of the upper (productive) cob, the area of the assimilation surface of one plant, and the photosynthetic potential depended on the studied factors – the genotype of the hybrid and the density of the coenosis. A medium and strong positive correlation was established between productivity and these characteristics, which indicates the need to technologically ensure optimal plant growth and development at various stages of the development of corn plants of all hybrids. The mid-ripe hybrid Zedan 32 (FAO 320) showed maximum productivity at a density of 80,000 plants/ha and sharply reduced productivity at a density of up to 100,000 plants/ha. Mid-early hybrids showed maximum yield at a density of 90,000 plants/ha, while an increase or decrease in plant density from the optimum led to a decrease in grain yield. Therefore, each hybrid has its optimal coenosis density for obtaining the maximum grain yield, and increasing the photosynthetic potential of crops by agrotechnical measures does not always guarantee a parallel increase in the grain yield of corn hybrids

Soybean varietal response to irrigation and fertilization in the Lower Volga region

The research was conducted to study the responsiveness of soybean cultivars with different maturation periods to irrigation water and fertilizer and to select cultivars that provide high yields while saving water and agrochemical resources. The method of laying the field experiment was applied (B.A. Dospekhov, 1979). We used different cultivars of RRIIA breeding and doses of fertilizers designed to obtain a yield of 2.5 to 4.5 t/ha of grain. The plot area was 35 m2. The factorial experiment was conducted with four replications. An irrigation regime of 80 % FMC was achieved by watering 0.4 m layer of soil until budding phase and during ripening period - full ripeness. During the generative periods of development of agrophytocenosis (budding - filling of seeds in beans), the moisture inflow into the soil was increased to a depth of 0.6 m. The share of irrigation water increased significantly in years with hydrothermal coefficient GTC02 (2020) - up to 76.5 % - compared to more favorable years with GTC05 (2019). Early maturing cultivars were characterized by the lowest consumption of irrigation water per season: VNIIOZ 86 (31384014 m3/ha) and Volgogradka 2 (36534381 m3/ha), compared to mid-season cultivars VNIIOZ 31 and Volgogradka 3 (40785027 m3/ha). Cv. Volgogradka 2 had the greatest responsiveness to irrigation water - 3.57 t/ha and the lowest water consumption coefficient - 1136 m3/t of grain compared to other cultivars with indicators of 2.813.74 t/ha; 12351297 m3/t, respectively. For the first time, under irrigation in the Lower Volga region, the technology for obtaining high levels of grain yield of 2.974.27 t/ha was improved through the use of genotype of cultivar of regional breeding (Volgogradka 2, Volgogradka 3) and improved mineral nutrition of plants based on a programmed yield (2.54.5 t/ha).

Optimized management strategy increased grain yield, promoted nitrogen balance, and improved water productivity in winter wheat.

The increasing costs of agricultural production and environmental concerns reinforce the need to reduce resource inputs. Improvements in nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) and water productivity (WP) are critical for sustainable agriculture. We aimed to optimize management strategy to increase wheat grain yield, promote N balance, and improve NUE and WP. A 3-year experiment was conducted with four integrated treatments: conventional practice treatment (CP); improvement of conventional practice treatment (ICP); high-yield management treatment (HY), which aimed for maximizing grain yield regardless of resource inputs cost; and integrated soil and crop system management treatment (ISM), which aimed for testing an optimal combination of sowing date, seeding rate, and fertilization and irrigation management. The average grain yield for ISM was 95.86% of that for HY and was 5.99% and 21.72% higher than that for ICP and CP, respectively. ISM promoted N balance as relatively higher aboveground N uptake, lower inorganic N residue, and lowest inorganic N loss. The average NUE for ISM was 4.15% lower than that for ICP and was remarkably higher than that for HY and CP by 26.36% and 52.37%, respectively. The increased soil water consumption under ISM was mainly due to its increased root length density. Along with a high level of grain yield, ISM obtained a relatively adequate water supply due to the effective use of soil water storage, thereby increasing the average WP by 3.63%-38.10% in comparison with other integrated management treatments. These results demonstrated that optimized management strategy (appropriately delaying sowing date, increasing seeding rate, and optimizing fertilization and irrigation management) used under ISM could promote N balance and improve WP while increasing grain yield and NUE in winter wheat. Therefore, ISM can be considered a recommendable management strategy in the target region.

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF MAIZE GROWING IN UKRAINE

Over the past decades, the area of corn sowing in Ukraine has more than doubled and is now about 5 million. The analysis of statistical data shows that from 2011 to 2022, the sowing and harvesting area in Ukraine increased from 3,543.7 thousand ha to 4,200 thousand ha. Analyzing the level of grain yield from 2011 to 2022, it should be noted that favorable hydrothermal conditions occurred in 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021 − respectively 6.6; 7.84; 7.19; 8.01 t/ha. The years 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2020 were less favorable for the hydrothermal regime,the level of corn productivity was 4.79; 5.71; 5.51; 5.62 t/ha. 2018 - 35,801 thousand tons, 2019 - 35,880 thousand tons, and 2021 - 39,819 thousand tons turned out to be record-breaking for the production of gross corn grain, which is primarily due to the level of yield of corn hybrids in these years. One of the important factors in the formation of a high yield of corn is the plant nutrition system, in which the share of influence is 30-40%. A number of domestic and foreign scientists in different soil and climatic zones investigated the effectiveness of the corn fertilization system due to the main and foliar application of mineral fertilizers and microfertilizers. However, such studies must be improved taking into account new forms, application rates, terms of application according to the stages of organogenesis and maturity groups of corn hybrids and their biological requirements. So, with the aim of optimizing the technological methods of growing corn and finding ways to increase the productivity level, we have established a three-factor field experiment: Factor A - hybrids: 1. DKS 3795 (FAO 250); 2. DKS 3972 (FAO 300); DKS 4351 (FAO 350).Factor B - sowing rates: 1. 60 thousand/ha; 2. 65 thousand/ha; 3. 70 thousand/ha. Factor C - Fertilizer: 1. Control (without fertilizer); 2. N-100, P-31 (background); 3. Background + Zinc sulfate; 4. Fon+ Ecoorganic Zinc; 5. Background + Zinc sulfate + Ecoorganic Zinc; 6. Background + Zinc sulfate + Ecoorganic Boron; 7. Background + Zinc sulfate + Eco-organic Zinc + Eco-organic Boron.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И АДАПТИВНОСТИ ГИБРИДОВ КУКУРУЗЫ ФГБНУ «ВНИИ КУКУРУЗЫ» В ПОЧВЕННО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of studies conducted on gray forest soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2021-2022 to study the productivity and adaptability of twelve corn hybrids of different precocity breeding FGBNU "Corn Research Institute" Siberian-135, Mashuk-140, Nur, K-160, K-165, Baikal, K-170, Mashuk-171, Mashuk-172, Newton, Mashuk-220, Mashuk-250. Characteristics of the experimental site: humus content is low 3.8%, mobile phosphorus is very high 288 mg / kg of soil and potassium exchange increased 153 mg / kg of soil. The reaction of the soil environment is close to neutral. Analyzing the indicators, the early-maturing three-line hybrid Baikal turned out to be the most productive. Even under stressful climatic conditions, the average plant height of the hybrid was 256.5 cm, the biological yield was 8.29 t/ha, the aboveground mass in the phase of milk ripeness of grain was 64.30 t/ha and the leaf area was 43.56 thousand m2/ha. At the same time, the qualitative characteristics of the Baikal hybrid grain were not lost. The protein content was 10.31%, starch 61.10%. Also, a high level of grain yield was obtained from the average early hybrid Mashuk-250 – 8.13 t/ha. This is 0.16 t/ha less than that of the Baikal hybrid. Early-maturing Nur and Mashuk-171 hybrids had a yield of 7.92 t/ha (0.37 t/ha less than the maximum value). The highest protein content was found in the grain of the ultra-ripe hybrid Siberian–135 - 11.31%. The highest starch content was in the grain of the Newton hybrid – 68.29%. The lowest grain yield was obtained when cultivating the Mashuk-220 hybrid (6.07 t/ha). The protein and starch content in the grain of this hybrid is average (9.31% and 62.22%).

Assessment of the influence of soil inoculation on changes in the adaptability of maize hybrids

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the field trial carried out to collect and assess data on the interaction of maize (Zea mays L) genotypes and beneficial microorganisms. The small plot field trial consisting of untreated control plots and plots treated with biostimulants was conducted in three consecutive years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Yield is a particularly important trait from the aspect of maize breeding as well as maize production; therefore, the present study focused more closely on how it was influenced by the biostimulant treatments. The level of grain yield, grain moisture content at harvest and grain dry-matter content were observed and recorded as the components of yield. The nutritional value of kernels was also tested, and protein, oil and starch contents were analysed as the most important components of this trait. The results reflected that the treatment with biostimulants constituted from beneficial microorganisms can be listed among the factors influencing the grain yield, in addition to the seasonal effect, the genotype and the nutrient supply of the soil. The treatment with biostimulants, even on its own among the factors, had an impact on the quantity and components of yield, and on the characteristics determining the kernel nutritional value. The interaction between the genotypes and the interacting microorganisms is of specific importance. The most spectacular result was attained with the application of one of the biostimulants leading to elevated grain yield in 75% of the maize genotypes in the study, along with a kernel nutritive value equal to the control group over all of the three years of the trial.

Отзывчивость зернобобовых культур на различные элементы технологий их возделывания в условиях Волгоградской области

The importance of leguminous crops in the overall balance of grain in the country, as well as in the supply of biological nitrogen to the soil, is undeniable. The aim of the research was to study two methods – pre-sowing inoculation and pre-harvest desiccation of crops on the productivity and quality of the resulting soybean grain. The article presents observations and studies of individual elements in the technology of cultivation of rain-fed chickpeas and irrigated soybeans. The importance of pre-sowing seed treatment – inoculation, with modern preparations that can enhance their mobilization processes in the soil is considered. In practice, these leguminous crops are cultivated without presowing inoculation. As a result, a certain level of grain yield of these crops is obtained, but their main advantage of leguminous crops in the accumulation of biological nitrogen in the soil does not occur properly. Therefore, as a good precursor for subsequent crops, legumes lose their importance. As an inoculant, the biological preparation GeostimFit G (at a dosage of 5‑10 l / t) was used. Foliar fertilizing with biological products and a natural mineral – bilator, helps to increase the productivity of a legume plant and reduce its susceptibility to pathogens. By the end of the growing season, leguminous plants need to apply such a technique as pre-harvest desiccation for the simultaneous ripening of grain. As desiccants, an industrially produced chemical preparation was used – reglon at a dosage of 2 l/ha and a natural mineral mined in the territory of the Volgograd region – bischofite in a 30% concentration, which are applied two weeks in advance before the upcoming harvesting of leguminous crops. It is this use of a chemical substance (reglon) and a natural mineral (bischofite) that makes it possible to achieve simultaneous drying of all tiers of a leguminous plant to be harvested, which undoubtedly increases its productivity and improves the quality of the grain obtained.

Adaptability Study of Yield and Yield Related Trait Performance of Improved Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in North Shewa Zone Oromia, Ethiopia

Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop, which receives the most attention of specialists in plant breeding and production as worldwide. The Knowledge of the interaction between genotypes and environment with yield and yield components is a key aspect of effective selection in crop improvement. Therefore, the objective of this study was: to identify Adaptable bread wheat variety/ies with high level of grain yield and yield stability across locations. The study used 16 bread wheat released varieties, against local check at Fitche Agricultural Research Center (FiARC) in 2020-2022 cropping season. Ten important agronomic traits data were evaluated. Analysis of variance noticed significant difference, among varieties in both separated and combined analysis of variance. The combined ANOVA and the additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis for grain yield across environments exhibited significantly affected by environments, which explained 76.6% of the total variation. The genotype and genotype environmental integration were significant and accounted for 8 and 13.1%, respectively. Principal component (PCA) 1 and 2 accounted for 6.5 and 3.5% of the GEI, respectively, with a total of 10% variation. Generally, Sanete and Dandaa varieties were identified for yielding ability and stability, and recommended for the study area and similar agro-ecologies.

Efficiency of the elements of the technology of growing barley ardent fallow under weather conditions

Aim. To evaluate the nature of changes in weather conditions during the years of research and to reveal the level of dependence of the effectiveness of precursors, doses of mineral fertilizers, foliar fertilization in the main phases of plant growth and development, and growth stimulator against the background of integrated protection on the yield of spring barley of the Viraj variety. Methods. Field – a long-term experiment on the study of bio­tic and abiotic factors, measurement-weighing – for recording the crop yield, comparative – for calculating the dependence of the crop yield on the action of the studied factors, weighting – for recording the indicators of the elements of the crop structure and determining the yield of the crop, statistical. Results. The assessment of changes in weather conditions for 2016–2020 was carried out and the regularities of the dependence of the effectiveness of precursors, mineral fertilizers, foliar fertilization and growth stimulator on the yield of Viraj spring barley were established.It was found that in the conditions of climate change, the best conditions for optimizing the processes of growth and development of spring barley plants, which contribute to the maximum realization of the productivity potential of the variety, are observed when it is placed in the crop rotation after corn for grain, which ensured a higher efficiency of the aftereffect of mineral fertilizers, with the main application directly under the studied culture N45P90K90 and N45 at the IV stage of organogenesis. Conclusions. In the northern part of the right-bank forest-steppe, there is a significant fluctuation of weather conditions, which is characterized by an increase in the temperature regime and a decrease in the amount of precipitation. The advantages of corn for grain over soybeans, as a precursor of spring barley on fertilized backgrounds and soybeans on unfertilized ones, have been revealed. Among the doses of mineral fertilizers that were studied, the maximum level of grain yield (5.06 t/ha and 4.71 t/ha according to predecessors) on average for 2016–2020 was provided by the introduction of P90K90N(45+45) under the studied culture.

The Interacting effect of sulphur oxidizing bacteria Thiobacillus thioparus and organic matter on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The biological study experiment included the effect of inoculation with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria T. thioparus and its interaction with levels of organic matter. In addition, a biological vaccine for T. thioparus and the second factor is the organic matter at three levels control by without adding (0%, 0.5%, 1 %) the results of the statistical analysis showed that the biological Inoculation. T. thioparus treatment gave the highest levels of grain yield, numbers of T. thioparus bacteria, soil content of available nitrogen and soil content of available sulphur (4.74 mg.h-1, 0.22×104 CFu gm-1 soil, 54.27 mg N kg soil-1, 3131.39 mg S kg soil-1) respectively. While treatment with the second level of organic matter 1% gave the highest levels of the numbers of T. thioparus bacteria and the nitrogen content available in the soil and the sulphur content available in the soil (0.23×104 CFu gm-1 soil, 5163 mg N kg soil-1, 2796 mg S kg soil-1) respectively. In addition to the interactive treatments of biological inoculation of T. thioparus and organic matter of B1O2 of T. thioparus numbers, nitrogen content available in soil and soil sulphur content available (0.24×104 CFu gm-1 soil, 59.40 mg N kg soil-1, 3326.87 mg S kg soil-1) respectively.

Genotype by environment interactions and grain yield stability: Analysis in bead wheat genotypes at Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Bread wheat is the most important cereal crop occupying a prominent position among major food crops in the world in terms of acreage and production and is an important cereal crop that receives the most attention from specialists in plant breeding and production worldwide. The interaction between genotypes/varieties and environment is important for effective selection of the variety/ies. This study aimed to observe the genotypic stability of fifteen bread wheat genotypes across four locations for three years and to select genotypes combing a high level of grain yield and yield stability. The combined ANOVA analysis for grain yield of fifteen bread wheat genotypes at 10 environments showed that bread wheat grain yield was significantly affected by environment, which explained a high percentage of the total treatment variation, whereas the G and GEI were significant and accounted for a lower percentage. The additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis indicated that two principal component analyses (PCA) were significant. Keywords: AMMI; Bread wheat; Genotype; PCA; stability.

Forecasting the Consequences of the Cost of Mineral Fertilisers on the Development of the Corn Market in Ukraine Using AGMEMOD Models

In the past decade, from 2012 to 2021, Ukraine has doubled its maize production. The increase in gross corn yields is associated with the use of modern cultivation technologies by farmers, which increase the resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors and adjust the mineral nutrition of plants with regard to weather conditions. One of the most important components of such technologies is the use of mineral fertilisers, the optimal amount of application of which depends not only on the level of grain yield, but also on the efficiency of production and grain quality. However, the rapid increase in world natural gas prices during 2021 has created new challenges and threats for the further development of the grain market in Ukraine. After all, world prices for mineral fertilisers have increased by 110% since 2021, according to the World Bank. Under these conditions, a radical increase in the cost of mineral fertilisers threatens to ensure the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the domestic and foreign markets, which would eventually lead to higher food prices and deterioration in the level of food security in the country. This may negatively affect the gross yields and export potential of the grain industry. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of supply and demand in the corn market in Ukraine and predict the consequences of the impact of changes in the cost of mineral fertilisers on the main parameters of its development according to probable scenarios, using the AGMEMOD econometric partial equilibrium model for the period up to 2025, which creates prerequisites for improving the efficiency of making and implementing management decisions and contributes to achieving the goals of national agrarian policy. The following methods were applied: monographic, abstract and logical, comparative analysis and expert assessments, tabular, statistical and economic, factor analysis, economic and mathematical modelling. The result of the study is an assessment of the current state and identification of the main factors influencing supply and demand in the corn market. Using multiple linear regression, the influence of the main factors on the yield of corn for grain in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine for 2001-2020 is determined. The dynamics of the balance of supply and demand in the corn grain market in Ukraine is analysed. The consequences of changes in the cost of mineral fertilisers on the main parameters of the corn market development in Ukraine are predicted according to probable scenarios using the AGMEMOD econometric partial equilibrium model for the period up to 2025. Based on the calculations made, it is proved that the high yield of corn and the favourable current price environment for grain will ensure a sufficient level of profitability of this grain crop. Methods for improving the mechanism of reducing the cost or compensation of expenses for the purchase of mineral fertilisers for commodity producers are proposed. Methodological and practical aspects of forecasting the consequences of changes in the cost of mineral fertilisers on the main parameters of corn market development in Ukraine using the AGMEMOD econometric partial equilibrium model for the period up to 2025 have been further developed. The proposed methodological approaches and findings can be used by state and industry management bodies in the development of priority areas for improving the effectiveness of the grain industry in Ukraine.

AAC Reid oat

AAC Reid is a white-hulled, covered spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar developed by the Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It is highly resistant to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) and demonstrated superior levels of grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, lodging resistance, β-glucan, and groat content in the crown rust-prone regions (Areas 2 and 3) of Ontario from 2016 to 2021.

Features of the granulometric composition and properties of weakly and low-humus agro-gray soils in the Vyatka strip of the forest-steppe zone

Statistical parameters of agro-gray soil varieties obtained on the basis of generalization of information are the zero-monitoring cycle in the studied region and serve as reliable criteria for the diagnosis of these soils. Numerical indicators reflect the results of past and current soil processes. In agricultural production, the role of the arable layer with all the properties that determine the level of grain yield is especially important. Thus, in the studied varieties, there is a stable relationship between the amount of silt fraction, food elements, and humus. Thus, the clay variety is characterized by the highest fertility of the arable layer - an average content of mobile potassium (10.5 mg/100 g), an increased content of phosphorus (12.4 mg/100 g), low-concentration of humus (2.9%), close to neutral reaction of the medium (5.8 pH). Comparative analysis of soil formation products in the analyzed soil varieties shows their regular change in morphometric characteristics and properties of soils, reflects the result of soil formation processes, partly-economic activity.

Evaluation of sowing methods and nitrogen levels for grain yield and components of durum wheat under arid region of Egypt

The present experiment was conducted at private farm during 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The investigated area lies within the extremely arid belt, having long hot summer and short warm winter. The main goal of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of different sowing methods on yield components of wheat, using split plot design with three replications. Sowing methods in main plot were broadcasting method, row spacing 10, 15 and 20 cm apart). Nitrogen fertilizer levels in sub plot were 60, 75 and 90 kg N fed-1 (fed = 4200 m-2). The increase percentage due to row spacing at 20 cm apart (M4) compared to broadcasting method (M1) were (23.30 & 26.74%) for spike length; (5.11 & 6.94 %) for 1000 grain weight and (8.02 & 7.74%) for grain yield and according ally (3.07 & 3.08%) for harvest index in both seasons, respectively. Overall, from the present study the sowing method in rows with 20 cm apart and the optimum N fertilizer rate (90 kg fed-1) for durum wheat production in the soils of Qasir, Dakhala oasis on silt loam soil was the best treatment.

ПОКАЗНИКИ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ТА КОРЕЛЯЦІЙНІ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ МІЖ НИМИ У СОРТОЗРАЗКІВ ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО КОЛЕКЦІЇ УМАНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ САДІВНИЦТВА

The study of crop formation processes by constituent elements revealed the dependence of the parameters of the number of grains in the ear and the weight of barley grain at the same level of grain yield on the number of productive stems per unit area. It is established that the increase in the number of productive shoots per 1 m2 is accompanied by a significant decrease in the productivity potential of the ear in terms of the number of grains and the parameters of the mass of one grain. The correlation dependence of these yield elements on the stem density of barley is strong. In the studies of 2018–2021, the number of productive stems, plant height, productivity of one ear and weight of 1000 grains of spring barley varieties Daniele, Gezine, Beatrix, Soldo, 5/18, Fabiola, Sangria, Utah, 9/19, Mompi 19, Lyuba and Champush. Correlation holidays between these indicators were also established. The number of productive stems of spring barley varieties on average for 2018–2021 amounted to 0.87–1.39 pieces/1 plant. The average biotype ranged from 0.89 in 2018 to 1.47 in 2021. There was a medium and strong variation in the number of productive stems depending on genotypes. In most collection specimens, the rate varied greatly depending on growing conditions. Collectible samples 5/18 is a semi-dwarf, other biotypes are dwarfs. The highest plants were in 2020. The plant height of most cultivars varied slightly over the years of research. The average productivity of one ear of the analyzed collection samples was 0.63–1.17 g. The lowest indicators were noted in 2018, the highest – in 2020. The average weight of 1000 grains was 45.2–53.5 g with the highest indicator in 2021 g. The correlation between plant height and ear weight per ear was positive medium and close; between the number of productive stems and plant height – positive average, weak and negative average; between the number of productive stems and the mass of grain from the ear – a weak positive and negative correlation; between the number of productive stems and the mass of 1000 grains – the average positive and weak negative; between the height of the plants and the mass of 1000 grains and between the mass of grains from the ear and the mass of 1000 grains – from the average positive to the average negative.

OPTIMIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF WINTER BARLEY IN CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTAL FIELD WNAU

The spread of areas under crops of winter barley is associated with great national economic importance, since its products include malt, feed grain, hay and are used in the food industry. The main reasons for the production of an insufficient amount of winter barley grain is a violation of cultivation technologies. Among the main ones are the untimely use of means of protection or the absence of these measures to regulate the number of harmful organisms in crops of winter barley to an economically imperceptible level. Violation of the scientific foundations of agriculture and changes in weather and climatic conditions led to an increase in the development of diseases, the number of weeds in winter barley crops. During seed dressing with modern highly effective dressing agents, conditions are created under which winter barley plants better tolerate stress, improve the development of their root system, which is important for plants in preparation for winter entry. The infestation of winter barley fields is accompanied by the appearance of both early and late crops, a certain periodicity of the appearance of weeds of different biological groups. Accordingly, in different conditions and in different fields, the weed structure can differ significantly. Therefore, the development of highly effective systems for protecting winter barley crops from weeds largely depends on the completeness of the study of phytocenoses and the species composition of weeds. The introduction of herbicides on crops of winter barley contributed to a sharp decrease in weeds. Dicotyledonous weeds were almost completely destroyed, in the agrocenoses of winter barley, mainly cereal weeds remained, but they did not pose a threat to barley plants. Control of barley and weed plant diseases in agrocenoses provides an increase in crop yields, as well as an improvement in grain quality. To obtain the planned level of grain yield of winter barley of appropriate quality, it is recommended before sowing barley seeds to treat with a disinfectant Scenik 80 FS at a rate of 1,5 l/ha, and for effective weed control in winter barley crops, spray with herbicide Caliber 75 c. g. + South Africa Trend 90 at a rate of 50 g/ha + 0,2 l/ha, which helps reduce weeds to 96,5% and will allow to obtain a grain yield of winter barley at 6,24 t/ha.

Diagnosis of the soybean production sector in Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil

Soybean is the most important oil crop for Brazil since almost all production is destined for export, which contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. However, soybean production fields have not responded to high levels of grain yield. Therefore, as we are facing a scarcity of natural resources, especially regard to new areas for agricultural expansion, to increase production it will be necessary to produce more grains in the same area since there is no guarantee of exploration of new areas. Thus, the aim of this research was to identify the main difficulties of the soybean production sector in the region of Porto Nacional, state of Tocantins, Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to 24 farmers of the region to obtain the information. The results indicate that the highest soybean grain yield for the Porto Nacional (TO) region occurs in areas where the farmers use the application at variable rate fertilizer, liming frequently and perform the management of the fertility at deeper soil layers.