Level Sensor Research Articles

Innovative Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Water Level Sensors for Enhanced Early Detection and Warning of Floods

In considering projections that flooding will increase in the future years due to factors such as climate change and urbanization, the need for dependable and accurate water sensors systems is greater than ever. In this study, the performance of four different water level sensors, including ultrasonic, infrared (IR), and pressure sensors, is analyzed based on innovative characterization and comparative analysis, to determine whether or not these sensors have the ability to detect rising water levels and flash floods at an earlier stage under different conditions. During our exhaustive tests, we subjected the device to a variety of conditions, including clean and contaminated water, light and darkness, and an analogue connection to a display. When it came to monitoring water levels, the ultrasonic sensors stood out because of their remarkable precision and consistency. To address this issue, this study provides a novel and comparative examination of four water level sensors to determine which is the most effective and cost-effective in detecting floods and water level fluctuations. The IR sensor delivered accurate findings; however, it demonstrated some degree of variability throughout the course of the experiment. In addition, the results of our research show that the pressure sensor is a legitimate alternative to ultrasonic sensors. This presents a possibility that is more advantageous financially when it comes to the development of effective water level monitoring systems. The findings of this study are extremely helpful in improving the dependability and accuracy of flood detection systems and, eventually, in lessening the devastation caused by natural catastrophes.

Generic Home Automation System Using IoT Gateway Based on Wi-Fi and ant+ Sensor Network

This research article explores the use of internet of things (IoT) technology in home automation, including cloud computing and sensor networks to improve quality of life, and the increasing affordability through mobile connectivity. In this proposed smart home system, our main objective is to build a home automation system for the common consumer, which can help him to use home appliances with confidence and control at a low cost. The paper describes the building of an IoT gateway using the ANT multi-hop wireless network protocol and the Wi-Fi protocol, specifically utilizing the nRF24L01 and Esp8266 chips. Various sensor nodes, such as a water tank level sensor, human presence sensor, smart LED door sensor, and smart switch, will be integrated into the system. The main goal of the research is to develop an affordable solution for smart home technology for everyday consumers.

Data From the Drain: A Sensor Framework That Captures Multiple Drivers of Chronic Coastal Floods

AbstractTide gauge water levels are commonly used as a proxy for flood incidence on land. These proxies are useful for projecting how sea‐level rise (SLR) will increase the frequency of coastal flooding. However, tide gauges do not account for land‐based sources of coastal flooding and therefore flood thresholds and the proxies derived from them likely underestimate the current and future frequency of coastal flooding. Here we present a new sensor framework for measuring the incidence of coastal floods that captures both subterranean and land‐based contributions to flooding. The low‐cost, open‐source sensor framework consists of a storm drain water level sensor, roadway camera, and wireless gateway that transmit data in real‐time. During 5 months of deployment in the Town of Beaufort, North Carolina, 24 flood events were recorded. Twenty‐five percent of those events were driven by land‐based sources—rainfall, combined with moderate high tides and reduced capacity in storm drains. Consequently, we find that flood frequency is higher than that suggested by proxies that rely exclusively on tide gauge water levels for determining flood incidence. This finding likely extends to other locations where stormwater networks are at a reduced drainage capacity due to SLR. Our results highlight the benefits of instrumenting stormwater networks directly to capture multiple drivers of coastal flooding. More accurate estimates of the frequency and drivers of floods in low‐lying coastal communities can enable the development of more effective long‐term adaptation strategies.

Design and Implementation of Real Time Monitoring of Bridge by Using Sensor Technology

Abstract: Now a day’s bridges are important as per travel aspect since it make passing of river or a ground easier in the travel and transport. But the bridges may collapse anytime due to flood to the river or due to aging and lead to disaster. Hence it is important to monitor the bridge conditions every time. Such type of bridge is dangerous to travel or use. The people who are using the bridge, they may face the unpredictable situations due to damaging of bridges. Hence, continuously monitoring the bridges is necessary for the better health of bridge. In this proposed system, we can see real time monitoring of bridge where we can detect flood, crack detection, load on the bridge, by using different sensors. Here, sensors help us to give information about bridge conditions to alert the user. This system contains water level sensors, load sensor, jumping wire for providing the information about real-time condition of bridge. The user of bridge gets the alert about the bridge conditions via LCD screen, LED and Buzzer. These all sensors, wire and alert devices are connected to microprocessor Arduino Uno .This system make sure to provide alert to all users so that many people who are going to use the bridge get protected from biggest accidents. In this way this system is helpful to save the life of people.

Locating real-time water level sensors in coastal communities to assess flood risk by optimizing across multiple objectives

Coastal communities around the world are experiencing increased flooding. Water level sensors provide real-time information on water levels and detections of flood risk. Previous sensor installations, however, have relied on qualitative judgments or limited quantitative factors to decide on sensor locations. Here, we provide a method to optimally place real-time water level sensors across a community. We utilize a multi-objective optimization approach, including traditional measures of sensor network performance such as coverage and uncertainty, and new flood-specific parameters such as hazard estimations (flood likelihood, critical infrastructure exposure), serviceability (sensor accessibility), and social vulnerability (socio-economic index, vulnerable residential communities index). We propose a workflow combining quantitative analyses with local expertise and experience. We show the method is able to reduce the set of possible new sensor locations to just 1.3% of the full solution set, supporting effective and feasible community decision-making. The method also supports sequential expansion of a sensor network, creating a network that provides detailed and accurate real-time water level information at the hyperlocal level for flood risk assessment and mitigation in coastal communities.

WATER LEVEL MONITORING AND DAM GATE CONTROL OVER IOT

The cradle of our project is based on methodology of IOT. Water level in a dam needs to be maintained effectively to avoid complications. The quantity of water released is hardly ever correct resulting in wastage of water & it is impossible for a man to precisely control the gates without knowledge of exact water level and water inflow rate. We have designed a system in which real time things are interconnected to web. Water level sensors are placed in dam to serve the same purpose automatically and forward the status to raspberry pi. Raspberry pi unit checks that input and upload the status of water level on web. By this project each and every variation of water level is informed to control room through the internet (using blynk application) and nearby people can be informed in time thus saving lots of lives and avoiding the unpleasant scenarios.

English

Improving crop production is receiving much attention in recent years, but this does not mean that we should spend more water than necessary to keep them constantly hydrated or increase the consumption of fertiliser for higher production, although these practices are still performed to date, taking advantage of technology, and electronic automation can implement an automated system that can irrigate regularly and constantly, at times that are conducive and timely, applying sensors can monitor crops. The humidity sensor determines if the roots are lacking water, the temperature sensor determines the temperature of the soil, and the rain sensor gives us the conditions of aqueous precipitation; when these conditions are adequate and are not harmful, irrigation is executed immediately, in addition, a level sensor determines the existence of water in the reservoir at the start or during the process is exhausted, the system will issue a message on your screen, with a warning to supply the reservoir. This whole process is done automatically without human intervention. This process makes a substantial saving in water consumption, with an average of 3.8 litres per 1.65 m² area approximately, due to the fact that the ducts are placed in the ground with drippers that take the water directly to the crop plant without it being wasted.

Automation and Digitization in the Seed Sector: Offline to Online

As automation has become an integral part of today's world, the Internet of things (IoT) and Machine learning (ML) offers a platform for tracking and controlling different environments remotely with the help of sensors, controllers and the internet. Today IoT and ML are taking over control of agriculture industries and playing an important role in smart farming. The literature highlights the potential use of IoT and ML in agriculture and even in seed sector which is feasible for surveillance and monitoring from sowing to harvesting and similar packaging operations. In this review, we have highlighted the use of IoT applications with remote sensors such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, water level sensors and pH value providing an idea of automation in seed sowing, seedling development and yield, which displays precision as well as practical utility to cope with difficulties in the field. It also addresses the digitalization in seed distribution and market systems. Some notable prospects by ML in the seed industry viz., seed tracking and smart storage system has also been stated.

Observation of a rapid lake‐drainage event in the Arctic: Set‐up and trigger mechanisms, outburst flood behaviour, and broader fluvial impacts

AbstractLakes set in arctic permafrost landscapes can be susceptible to rapid drainage and downstream flood generation. Of many thousands of lakes in northern Alaska, hundreds have been identified as having high drainage potential directly to river systems and 18 such drainage events have been documented since 1955. In 2018 we began monitoring a large lake with high drainage potential as part of a long‐term hydrological observation network designed to evaluate impacts of land use and climate change. In early June 2022, surface water was observed flowing over a 30‐m wide bluff, with active headward erosion of ice‐rich permafrost soils apparent by late June. This overflow point breached rapidly in early July, draining almost the entire lake within 12 h and generating a 191 m3/s flood to a downstream creek. Water level and turbidity sensors and time‐lapse cameras captured this rapid lake‐drainage event at high resolution. A wind‐driven surface seiche and warming waters following ice‐out helped trigger the initial thermomechanical breach. We estimate at least 600 MT of lake sediment was eroded, mobilized, and transported downstream. A flood wave peaking at 42 m3/s arrived 14 h after the initial breach at a river gauge 9‐km downstream. Comparing this event with three other quantified arctic lake‐drainage floods suggests that lake surface area coupled with drainage gradient height can predict outburst flood magnitude. Using this relationship we estimated future flood hazards from the 146 lakes in the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (ACP) with high drainage potential, of which 20% are expected to generate outburst floods exceeding 100 m3/s to downstream rivers. This fortunate and detailed drainage‐event observation adds to a growing body of research on the impact of lakes on arctic hydrology, hazard forecasting in a region with an increasing human footprint, and broader processes of landscape evolution in arctic lowlands.

Hydrogen Liquefaction by Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration

The article summarizes the research and development of magnetic refrigeration for hydrogen liquefaction, and the Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration (AMRR) developed by National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS). The NIMS-AMR consists of optimized AMR beds, a superconducting solenoid with correction coils, and a dedicated liquid hydrogen vessel with a liquid level sensor. This article also reports the first successful demonstration of hydrogen liquefaction with the AMRR.

Unrestricted Horizon Predictive Controller Applied in a Biphasic Oil Separator under Periodic Slug Disturbances

Multi-phase flow, characterised by the presence of both liquid and gas phases, often occurs in riser pipes during oil extraction. These flows can be problematic because they can cause oscillations due to the formation of bubbles within the pipes, which can negatively impact the safety and efficiency of offshore production operations. One solution to this problem is to use a gravitational oil separator, which is designed to dampen these oscillations. The separator is equipped with a control system that uses liquid level and gas pressure sensors to stabilise the flow by adjusting the positions of its valves. This paper presents the use of a specific type of model-based predictive controller to control the level and pressure of a biphasic oil separator, particularly in the presence of slug disturbances. The designs of the separator model and controller are discussed in detail, with a focus on the advantages of using an unrestricted horizon predictive controller, such as its ability to make predictions over a long horizon and its relatively low computational requirements. For the sake of comparison, a linear quadratic regulator is also evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control system is able to effectively regulate the separator’s liquid level and gas pressure within a magnitude range of 10−4 m for the liquid level and 10−3 bar for the internal pressure. Aside from that, the dynamics of the closed-loop system is six times faster than the plant’s for the liquid behaviour and 30 times faster for the pressure, while also presenting sharp attenuation characteristics for the input disturbances of nearly 50 dB for the pressure output and 68 dB for the liquid level.

Low cost, LoRa based river water level data acquisition system

In recent years, climate change and catchment degradation have negatively affected stage patterns in rivers which in turn have affected the availability of enough water for various ecosystems. To realize and quantify the effects of climate change and catchment degradation on rivers, water level monitoring is essential. Various effective infrastructures for river water level monitoring that have been developed and deployed in developing countries over the years, are often bulky, complex and expensive to build and maintain. Additionally, most are not equipped with communication hardware components which can enable wireless data transmission. This paper presents a river water level data acquisition system that improves on the effectiveness, size, deployment design and data transmission capabilities of systems being utilized. The main component of the system is a river water level sensor node. The node is based on the MultiTech mDot – an ARM-Mbed programmable, low power RF module – interfaced with an ultrasonic sensor for data acquisition. The data is transmitted via LoRaWAN and stored on servers. The quality of the stored raw data is controlled using various outlier detection and prediction machine learning models. Simplified firmware and easy to connect hardware make the sensor node design easy to develop. The developed sensor nodes were deployed along River Muringato in Nyeri, Kenya for a period of 18 months for continuous data collection. The results obtained showed that the developed system can practically and accurately obtain data that can be useful for analysis of river catchment areas.

Deformation measurement at Baikal and Altay regions

The paper presents the results of velocity observations for current deformation in underground gallery, In wells and on earth surface. Different instruments were used: short-base quarts tiltmeters and laser extensometers, sensors of water level with meters base, and long-base sensors (spacy geodynamic instruments with kilometers bases). Coseismic deformation jumps obtained (up to 10–6) at Baikal and Altay regions. Annual velocities (at 5·10–8 level) were registered at Baikal and Altay.

Automated drainage system for thermoelectric power plant

<span lang="EN-US">The Chilca 2 thermoelectric power plant, located in the province of Lima, Peru, has an open cycle gas turbine and a combined cycle steam turbine, whose combined capacity is 112.8 MW (Mega Watts). This plant requires auxiliary equipment for its operation, which is why it consists of electrical systems, lubrication system, hydraulic ventilation, pumps, vacuum systems and drainage of condensate generated by the difference in temperature in the steam conductor. Said drainage system is inside a 5-meter-deep basement that, being exposed to the elements, is exposed to falling drops of water that are generated by the vapors that are released due to the difference in temperature, repeatedly flooding and exposing to hazards that affect the normal operation of the thermoelectric plant. The proposed solution is based on the philosophy of a feedback control system, which uses a programmable logic controller (PLC) Siemens 1214AC/DC/Relay programmable logic controller, which, through a frequency inverter, activates the drainage pumps; the frequency range at which the variator works is linked to a 4-position level sensor. The result shows that it was possible to activate the frequency variator in a controlled manner through frequencies of 10 Hz, 30 Hz </span><span lang="EN-US">and 60 Hz, in this way a sustained operation of the drainage system is guaranteed.</span>

Adaptation and application of the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving in the design of the automatic control system for pumping water station

The growing demand of visitors to hotels oriented to the ecological and cultural tourism approach represents a challenge for the optimization of water resources, in contrast to traditional hotels, these depend exclusively on water wells. This type of commercial establishment is growing in Latin American countries such as Mexico, El Salvador, Ecuador, as well as in European countries such as Spain. The solution to this problem is of great importance for this type of tourist establishments. The environmental and economic spheres are the most affected due to this problem. This is due to the waste of water and excessive payment for electricity. There are many advantages related to the automation of the pumping system: the ability to save fuel resources, reduce machine wear for maintenance and repair time. This cost and time savings will increase the profits of the hotels, while the workload of the maintenance Department is reduced because the constant monitoring of the water level in the tanks would not be necessary. This article focuses on the specific case of a hotel in the province of La Libertad in El Salvador. The data is analyzed to determine the initial conditions of the technical problem. An algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving is applied in order to develop a system that performs the water supply automatically, receives signals by means of level sensors, starts or stops the pumps (if necessary), and detects water leaks with the use of pressure sensors, reducing the waste of water and electricity.

First experimental tests on the prototype of a capacitive oil level sensor for aeronautical applications

In this paper, the design, the prototyping, and the first experimental tests of a Capacitive Oil Level Sensor (CLS) intended for aeronautical applications are described. Due to potentially high vibrational stresses and the presence of high electromagnetic interferences (EMI), the working conditions on aircraft can be considered quite harsh. Hence, both the sensing part and the conditioning circuit should meet strict constraints. For this reason, in the design phase, great attention has been paid also to the mechanical characteristics of the probes. All the design aspects are exposed and the main advantages concerning alternative level sensing techniques are discussed and the preliminary experimental results of sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, and settling time tests are presented and commented.

Sipekernik: Sistem Pemantau Kekeruhan Air dan Pengairan pada Akuaponik Menggunakan Sensor Turbidity, LDR dan Water Level

Aquaponics is an alternative to cultivating plants and fish in one place. This technique integrates fish farming with plants. In this case, aquaponic plants utilize nutrients from fish waste. Plants in aquaponics function as a biofilter, which will reduce these toxic substances into substances that are not harmful to fish and supply oxygen to fish-keeping ponds. With this technique, there will be a symbiosis of mutualism or a mutually beneficial cycle. The advantages obtained are the efficiency of water use and the reduction of waste contamination resulting from disposal into public waters. The water recirculation period affects the quality and quantity of fish and plants produced. Turbidity for cultivation should be no more than 25 NTU. Therefore, this tool is designed to detect the turbidity value of fish pond water in order to know the time to drain the pond using a turbidity sensor and regulate water irrigation in aquaponic installations based on light intensity values so that water does not stagnate in the installation pipe. The manufacture of this tool uses several components, such as an Arduino as a microcontroller, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor functions to turn on and off the pump, turbidity sensor functions to determine the turbidity value of pool water, and water level sensor functions to adjust the water level when draining and filling. pond water. At pump 1, the water will turn on if the intensity value of the LDR sensor is 650. If the turbidity sensor value is 25 NTU, then pump 2 will turn on and dump pool water into the shelter. After the pond water is drained to the specified height level, pump 3 will turn on to fill the fish pond with water. Pump 3 will stop when the water level is > 665.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED ROBOTICS EXTRUDER LOADING SYSTEM

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the loading of granulated polymer material into the working hopper of extruders is mainly carried out manually from bags by production operators. The capacity of working hoppers of extruders is limited due to the fact that with a significant height of the bulk material, an increase in static pressure occurs in the lower layers, which leads to the formation of vaults, uneven supply of polymer into the material cylinder and deterioration of the quality of products. Since the work process of extrusion is continuous and lasts an entire work shift, there is a need to constantly control the filling level of the work hoppers of the extruders. The paper proposes a robotic extruder loading system for the processing of thermoplastic polymer materials into long products (pipes, profiles, films, etc.). The paper proposes a system for loading one or more extruders, which contains a large hopper loaded with raw materials for an entire work shift. From this hopper, the working hopper of the extruder is automatically filled with the help of a screw feeder. Automatic monitoring of the filling status of the hoppers is carried out by a microcontroller with the help of raw material level sensors. The object of research is the process of automatic control of periodic loading of loose materials into technological machines. The subject of the research is a robotic system for loading granulated polymers into the working hoppers of extruders. The purpose of the research is to develop a control system for devices for periodic dosing of granular polymer materials and loading them into working hoppers of limited capacity, which can be used in extruders. The task of the work is an analytical study of the effectiveness of the application of extruder loading systems based on a screw feeder and the development of its design and automatic control scheme. The methodological and theoretical basis of the research are the basic provisions of the theory of automatic control of technological processes, the design of transport equipment for loose media, and the basis of the calculation of machine parts. A scientific novelty is that the work proposed for the first time a device for automatic control of the extruder loading system based on a microcontroller with the possibility of programming the work algorithm. The results of the work can be used to create new systems for controlling the operation of equipment for processing polymer materials and creating new designs. The methodological and theoretical basis of the research are the basic provisions of the theory of automatic control of technological processes, the design of transport equipment for loose media, and the basis of the calculation of machine parts. A scientific novelty is that the work proposed for the first time a device for automatic control of the extruder loading system based on a microcontroller with the possibility of programming the work algorithm. The results of the work can be used to create new systems for controlling the operation of equipment for processing polymer materials and creating new designs.

Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool.

An aspect correlated with climate change is certainly represented by the alternation of severe floods and relevant drought periods. Moreover, there is evidence that changes in climate and land cover are inducing changes in stream channel cross-sections, altering local channel capacity. A direct consequence of a significant change in the local channel capacity is that the relationship between the amount of water flowing at a given point in a river or stream (usually at gauging stations) and the corresponding stage in that section, known as a stage-discharge relationship or rating curve, is changed. The key messages deriving from the present work are: (a) the more frequent and extreme the floods become, the more rapid the changes in the stream channel cross-section become, (b) from an operational point of view, the collection and processing of field measurements of the stage and corresponding discharge at a given section in order to quickly and frequently update the rating curve becomes a priority. It is, therefore, necessary to define a control system for acquiring hydrological data capable of keeping river levels and discharges under control to support flood early warnings and water management. The proposed stage-discharge management system is used by the Civil Protection Service of the Marche Region (east-central Italy) for the monitoring of river runoff in the regional watersheds. The Civil Protection Service staff performs stage-discharge field measurements using water level sensors and recorders (e.g., staff gauges, submersible pressure transducers, ultrasound and radar sensors) and a current meter, acoustic doppler velocimeter, acoustic doppler current profilers, portable mobile radar profiler and salt dilution method equipment, respectively. Power functions are fitted to the stage-discharge field data. Furthermore, extrapolation is performed to cover the full range of flow measurements; in general, extrapolation is not an easy task because of sharp changes in the stream cross-section geometry for very high or very low stages. In the present work, we also focused attention on the application problems that occur in practice and the need for frequent updating.

Reference Point-Free Measurement of Bridge Dynamic Deflection by Fusing Hydraulic Leveling and Accelerometer Signals

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is widely applied to assess the service condition of bridges. Deflection measurements are essential to determine a bridge’s performance, and in particular, dynamic deflection is increasingly required in SHM. However, continuous and high-precision measurements of the absolute dynamic deflection are challenging without a reference point placed at a distance from the bridge. We proposed a reference point-free dynamic deflection measurement system consisting of a level sensor and an accelerometer. The level sensor measures the low-frequency deflection components, while the accelerometer measures the high-frequency deflection components. We redesigned the level sensor from the hydrostatic level sensor and further provided a correction method to achieve the dynamic deflection measurement. A numerical algorithm fuses the signals from the level sensor and accelerometer to obtain the absolute dynamic deflection, and key parameters are calculated. The accuracy of the measurement system was tested in the laboratory, and the sensor results were similar to the ones obtained by the laser test under simple harmonic and random excitations. Field tests conducted on a T-shaped rigid frame bridge with random traffic flow indicate that the system can achieve continuous high-precision deflection measurements of bridges loaded by traffic flow.