Levels Of Self-esteem Research Articles

ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E AUTOESTIMA EM PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA NA ARÁBIA SAUDITA

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity can play a critical and effective role in the health and self-esteem of the general population. However, the research on the association between participation in physical activity and self-esteem in those with physical disabilities in non-Western countries, especially Saudi Arabia is limited. Objective: To analyze self-esteem levels among those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia, and examine the relationship between participation in physical activity and self-esteem among those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A participant sample (N = 292) consisting of Saudi Arabian individuals with physical disabilities (male n = 201; female n = 91) aged 18-59 years (M = 36.08 years; SD = 10.64) was recruited to participate in this study. Levels of self-esteem were measured using the Arabic version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Results: Statistical analysis illustrated that the participants’ overall self-esteem was moderate (M = 3.14; SD = 0.56). A stepwise multiple linear regression demonstrated that participating in physical activity (measured by days per week) was the only predictor of the total RSES scale (ß = −0.304; p = <0.001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that participation in physical activity is a statistically significant predictor of self-esteem levels in those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is essential to increase awareness of the importance of participation in physical activity among people with physical disabilities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results.

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem as Predicting Variables to Clothing Preferences: A Correlational Inquiry

This study dealt with self-concept and self-esteem as predicting variables to clothing preferences: a correlational inquiry. The primary goal of the study was to determine the level of self-concept, self-esteem and clothing preferences in terms of their respective indicators, the significant difference between self-concept, self-esteem, and clothing preferences, and what domains of self-concept and self-esteem substantially influence clothing preferences. Also, this study utilized a quantitative-correlational design with 202 respondents among Grade 11 students in Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National High School. The average weighted mean, Pearson R, and multiple regression analysis were the statistical tools used in this study. Along with this, results showed a high level of self-concept among Grade 11 students in terms of contentment and worthiness, attractiveness and approval by others, and determinism and significance. Likewise, results showed a high level of self-esteem among Grade 11 students regarding self-worth, trust, and criticism. Moreover, the results showed a high level of clothing preferences in terms of self as structure, communication of self to others, response to judgment of others, self-esteem, and body image and cathexis. In addition, there was a high correlation, and a significant relationship between self-concept and clothing preferences. There was also a high correlation and significant relationship between self-esteem and clothing preferences. Also, all domains of self-concept, self-esteem, and clothing preferences showed high ratings. Additionally, the multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between self-concept and clothing preferences, as well as self-esteem and clothing preferences. Hence, this led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. In conclusion, the recommendation of our study suggest that Gender and Development may promote a program that helps those who are members of the LGBTQIA+ community to express their identity through clothing.

The Incidence and Forms of Cyberbullying and the Connection Between Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem Among High School Students in Montenegro

This research has been motivated by a lack of studies related to cyberbullying in Montenegro. The main goal of the research has been to evaluate the incidence of cyberbullying and its most common forms among high school students in Montenegro, as well as whether it is committing and experiencing cyberbullying connected to the self-esteem of high school students. As many as 202 students from 10 Montenegrin high schools have participated in the research. Schools from the northern, central, and southern regions of Montenegro have been included. The research results analysis has shown that high school students commit and experience various forms of cyberbullying. The results have shown that, when it comes to committing it, the most common forms are online ridicule and online identity concealment, while the least common are e-mail insults, as well as online fraud. When it comes to experiencing cyberbullying, based on the data analysis, we can conclude that the most common forms among high school students are online gossip/slander, spreading online rumors, and online identity concealment. According to the results of our research, high school students experience online fraud and e-mail insults the least. As for the connection between committing and experiencing cyberbullying and self-esteem, we have concluded that there is a statistically significant connection between committing and experiencing verbal cyberbullying and online counterfeiting/criminal acts since high-school students committing and experiencing verbal cyberbullying and online counterfeiting/criminal acts possess higher self-esteem than those uninvolved. However, the level of self-esteem is quite low over the whole sample. Committing and experiencing online identity concealment/lies are not related to low self-esteem in high-school students.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ УРОВНЯ САМООЦЕНКИ ПОДРОСТКОВ СО СКЛОННОСТЬЮ К СКВЕРНОСЛОВИЮ

The relevance is justified by the growing level of complaints from teachers and parents about the too active use of obscene language in the speech of teenagers, which negatively affects the process of building a dialogue and the child's sense of permissiveness. The use of obscene language in the speech of a teenager helps them feel more confident, since, in their opinion, making them involved in the world of adults, rises above other peers. It is in adolescence that the problem and timely prevention of obscene language is the most pressing topic, since at this stage of age development there are constant qualitative changes that manifest themselves with puberty and the transition to adulthood. The purpose of the study: to theoretically and empirically study the self-esteem of adolescents with a tendency to obscene language and to offer psychological and pedagogical correction of self-esteem and the formation of a negative attitude of adolescents to obscene language. To study the level of self-esteem of a teenager with a tendency to swear at the ascertaining stage of the empirical study, the following diagnostic material was used: the method “Determining the level of self-esteem” (S. V. Kovalev) – goal: studying the level of self-esteem of a teenager; the method of diagnosing interpersonal and intergroup relations “Sociometry” (J. Moreno) – goal: diagnosing emotional connections between group members; the questionnaire “Foul language in my life” – goal: a reason for studying the use of foul language among teenagers and attitudes towards it. Based on the conclusion of diagnostic data on the level of self-esteem of teenagers with a tendency to swear, a program of psychological and pedagogical correction of self-esteem and the formation of a negative attitude of teenagers towards foul language was developed.

The impact of social media information exposure on appearance anxiety in young acne patients: a moderated chain mediation model.

The boom of social media has provided a wider space for ordinary people to display themselves, but visual presentation has also intensified the focus on appearance, which in turn triggers anxiety about appearance. The study aims to investigate the impact of social media information exposure on appearance anxiety in young acne patients and the pathways and mechanisms that cause this effect. A moderated chain mediation model was constructed, and a questionnaire was used to collect information on social media information exposure, internalization of beauty ideals, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and appearance anxiety in young acne patients (N = 382), and the relationships between the variables were explored through regression analysis. The results show that there was a significant path of effect (t > 2.5, p < 0.05) between social media information exposure, internalization of beauty ideals, fear of negative evaluation, and appearance anxiety. Self-esteem significantly moderated the relationship between social media information exposure and internalization of beauty ideals (t < -2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, in young acne patients, internalization of beauty ideals and fear of negative evaluation chain mediated the association between social media information exposure and appearance anxiety, and young acne patients' internalization of beauty ideals was inversely correlated with their level of self-esteem.

Toward the study of the relationship between psychological defenses and psychosocial stress factors in modern foreign science

The phenomenon of psychological defenses is considered from the standpoint of various approaches (cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral, etc.), to understanding this phenomenon. The novelty in the research of foreign authors of the first quarter of the 21st century is traced. Empirical studies of psychological defenses within the framework of the theory of “stress vaccination”, “minority stress” in connection with “distorted perception”, social control and psychological well-being are presented. The impact of social factors (stress, depression, etc.) on the development of immature psychological defenses in a person, which reduce the level of psychological well-being, the ability to cope with mental conditions and disorders, and the level of self-esteem, is relevant. In cases of gender discrimination, alienation (avoidance) is more often chosen, while stigmatization on some other grounds leads to self-condemnation, self-doubt, and depression. Separate studies are devoted to the negative consequences of the use of immature and neurotic psychological defenses, as a result of which positive results are devalued, and the task is perceived subjectively as more difficult, while the use of mature protective mechanisms increases the mental stability of the individual. A number of modern foreign studies are devoted to understanding psychological defenses as factors of recovery or degradation, for example, the interpretation of the mechanisms underlying depression as protective (“smoke detector”), and sleepwalking and night terrors as a causes of “failure” of more mature and adaptive psychological defenses. The latest research on the trigger of time and place in its relationship with the cognitive processes of a person experiencing a psychotic episode can provide a more favorable outcome on the path of recovery. The purpose of this work was to study the current directions of research on the problem of psychological protection in foreign publications of the late 20th — first quarter of the 21st century. The research methods were the analysis and structured presentation of literary sources of foreign authors on the problem of the phenomenon of psychological defenses in modern foreign science.

Appraising a structured peer mentorship program among physical therapy graduates

Abstract: PURPOSE: Mentorship is an integral part of student training in higher education. The most commonly adopted design in Indian Educational Institutes is traditional mentorship; teacher–student mentorship. Larger mentor–mentee ratios are one of the difficulties in this ongoing design, thus we investigate the effect of a concept called peer mentoring where students are assigned specific older peers as mentors. METHODS: The study commenced after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Ethics Review Committee. Written informed consent and demographic details were obtained from all the participants. One hundred and twenty students were recruited to participate in the study through a systematic random sampling method. Further on they were divided into two groups: teacher–student mentorship and peer mentorship, respectively. All participants were pretested using “Westside Test Anxiety,” “Rosenberg Self-Esteem,” and “Self-Perception of Test Taking Scale.” One session was conducted every week for 12 weeks. The postassessment was performed using the same preevaluation measures. RESULTS: Findings of the present study demonstrate that by the end of 12 weeks’ both groups demonstrated reduction in anxiety, improved self-esteem and confidence, and test-taking skills. However, students undergoing peer mentorship demonstrated a greater reduction in their anxiety levels (P &lt; 0.05), better self-esteem levels (P &lt; 0.05), improved confidence levels and test-taking skills (P &gt; 0.05) as compared to traditional mentorship. CONCLUSION: Peer mentorship program was beneficial in reducing anxiety levels and improving self-esteem, confidence, and perception of test-taking skills. As a result, peer mentoring must be implemented as an adjunct to traditional mentorship programs in higher education.

Teenage Dental Alignment, Self-Esteem, Parental Stress and Performance in Schools in Kenya: A Case of Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya

The adolescent period is marked by significant physical and psychological transformations, during which dental appearance can play a pivotal role in shaping self-perception and social interactions. This issue extends beyond the individual to affect the family unit, where parental concern for their child’s wellbeing and the financial implications of orthodontic treatments contribute to heightened stress levels. This, in turn, can disrupt the supportive environment crucial for a teenager’s educational journey. By employing a descriptive research design, this study aimed to conduct an analysis of the current state of teenage dental alignment issues in Kenya, exploring their correlation with self-esteem levels and the subsequent effects on parental stress and academic performance. This study was anchored on Social comparison theory. The target population for the study comprised learners with dental misalignment, their parents or guardians and dental surgeons at Dentplan Dental surgeons in Kenya. The study purposively selected 20 learners with dental misalignment and 3 surgeons to take part in the study. The study used both structured questionnaire and Key Informant Interview (KII) for purposes of collecting primary data. The questionnaires was administered to the learners or their parents, while KII was administered to the surgeons. The quantitative data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed with the aid of SPSS using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The qualitative data gathered using KII was analyzed thematically using content analysis. The findings were presented in tables and narratives. The findings revealed that dental alignment significantly affects self-esteem and school performance among teenagers treated at Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya, with an R squared value of 0.566, indicating that dental alignment explains 56.6% of the variation in these outcomes. The regression coefficients results revealed a significant positive effect of dental alignment on self-esteem and school performance, with a coefficient (B = 0.653, p-value = 0.000).The study concludes that dental alignment significantly affects self-esteem and school performance among teenagers treated at Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya. In view of the findings, the study recommends that dental practitioners should prioritize comprehensive and individualized treatment plans that address both the physical and psychological impacts of dental alignment issues and they should partner with schools for dental check-ups and education early in learners life.

PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN SOSIAL TERHADAP SCHADENFREUDE PADA INDIVIDU DEWASA AWAL YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH HARGA DIRI

The study aimed to test the effect of social comparison on schadenfreude in early adulthood individuals mediated by self-esteem. Respondents were individuals aged 18 to 24 (n = 350) who were taken using accidental sampling techniques. The Iowa-Netherlands Social Comparison Measurement (INCOM) with a reliability of 0.720 was used to measure an individual’s social comparison level. Schadenfreude scale with a reliability of 0.925 was used to see the individual’s schadenfreude, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) with a reliability of 0.872 was used to measure the individual’s self-esteem level. Data were analyzed by using simple and multiple regression analysis techniques with a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study showed that self-esteem mediates the effect of social comparison on schadenfreude in early adulthood individuals by providing them with a suppressor effect.

Hydration Status and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Athlete Burnout: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between athlete burnout, hydration status, and self-esteem. It hypothesizes that both hydration status and self-esteem significantly predict athlete burnout. Methods and Materials: The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 230 athletes from various sports clubs and institutions. Participants were actively engaged in competitive sports for at least one year, aged between 18 and 35 years, and free from chronic health conditions. Athlete burnout was measured using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), hydration status was assessed using the Urine Specific Gravity (USG) test, and self-esteem was evaluated using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data analysis involved Pearson correlation coefficients to assess relationships and multiple linear regression to evaluate predictive values. Results: Descriptive statistics indicated a mean score for athlete burnout of 3.10 (SD = 0.65), a mean USG for hydration status of 1.025 (SD = 0.004), and a mean score for self-esteem of 21.85 (SD = 4.72). Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between athlete burnout and hydration status (r = 0.32, p &lt; .001), a negative correlation between athlete burnout and self-esteem (r = -0.45, p &lt; .001), and a weak negative correlation between hydration status and self-esteem (r = -0.15, p = .021). Regression analysis revealed that hydration status and self-esteem together explained 29% of the variance in athlete burnout, with both being significant predictors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that higher levels of dehydration and lower self-esteem are associated with increased athlete burnout. Ensuring adequate hydration and fostering self-esteem are crucial for reducing burnout. Interventions should focus on maintaining hydration, enhancing self-esteem, and promoting self-determined motivation.

The Influence of Cyberbullying to Self-Esteem of Grade 12 Students

This study was conducted to determine the level of cyber bullying and self-esteem and as well as the significant relationship between cyber bullying and self-esteem of Grade 12 students. A quantitative non-experimental correlational design was employed in the study considering weighted mean and Pearson-r as statistical tools. As a result, the level of cyber bullying is high and self-esteem is low of among Grade 12 students. Further, the negative relationship between the two variables implies that as cyber bullying increases, self-esteem of the students decreases. The findings of the study are good springboard to address the cyber bullying issues in the classroom and in schools and enhance the self-esteem of students.

The Relationship Between Defensive Pessimism, Goal Orientation, and Self-Esteem Among Nursing Students.

Academic achievement in nursing students is significantly influenced by their self-esteem and goal orientation. Defensive pessimism, a strategy where students set low expectations to prepare for potential failure, helps them stay motivated and focused. While this cognitive strategy can boost effort and performance, its relationship with self-esteem and goal orientation remains underexplored among nursing students, revealing a gap in understanding how these factors interact to influence academic success. Assess the level and relationship between defensive pessimism, goal orientation, and self-esteem among nursing students at the Faculty of Nursing. Four hundred students were included in the research using a stratified sampling method followed by a simple randomization sampling technique to select 100 students from each academic year. Tools: The Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire, the Goal Orientation Scale, and the Self-Esteem Scale were used. 56.28% of participants had a low level of defensive pessimism, about two-thirds (62.30%) had a low level of goal orientation, and 70.0% of the students had a mild level of self-esteem. In addition, higher levels of defensive pessimism are significantly associated with stronger goal orientation (r = .291, p < .001) but lower self-esteem (r = -.246, p < .001). Additionally, self-esteem is significantly positively correlated with mastery-performance approach goals (r = .335, p < .001; r = .142, p < .001) and significantly negatively correlated with mastery-performance avoidance goals (r = -.351, p < .001; r = -.041, p < .001). These findings highlight the complex interplay between defensive pessimism, goal orientation, and self-esteem in nursing students. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted interventions to enhance academic achievement and psychological well-being among nursing students, potentially by fostering adaptive goal-setting strategies and addressing the impacts of defensive pessimism on self-esteem.

The Role of Self-Esteem and Social Support on Emotional Behavioral Problems Among Grade 12 Students

The study investigated how self-esteem and social support influence emotional behavioral problems in Grade 12 students, involving 212 participants in a quantitative-correlational design. Results indicated generally high levels of self-esteem and social support, especially in domains such as social acceptance, school satisfaction, and self-assessment for self-esteem, as well as support from various sources including parents, relatives, adults, siblings, and peers. Emotional behavioral problems were largely low, encompassing factors like anxiousness, academic issues, aggression, social withdrawal, feelings of rejection, and psychosomatic problems. Surprisingly, no significant correlation was found between self-esteem and emotional behavioral problems with the influence of 1.9%, but a notable link existed with social support with the influence of 16.4%, highlighting its importance in fostering a positive environment. Limitations include potential biases in self-report measures, limited generalizability, and the absence of qualitative data. Future research should delve into underlying factors and develop interventions to enhance social support systems in educational settings for better mental health outcomes among students.

Um estudo transversal da qualidade de vida e autoestima entre idosos de um grupo de convivência

Abstract Introduction: Population aging is a global phenomenon that raises questions about the quality of life and psycho-logical well-being of the older adults. In this context, social groups emerge as an important strategy to promote self-esteem and improve the quality of life among the older population. Objective: To analyze the quality of life and self-esteem of older individuals from a social group. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study realized with 148 older adults. The WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOL-OLD, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used. Data analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, bootstrapping procedures, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test (p &lt; 0.05). Results: Women showed higher mean scores in the psychological (p = 0.030) and environmental (p = 0.037) domains, social participation facet (p = 0.047), and self-esteem (p = 0.011). Older individuals aged 60 to 69 years had higher scores in the physical (p = 0.027), psychological (p = 0.007), environmental (p = 0.022), and self-assessment (p = 0.001) domains, and in the facets of sensory functioning (p = 0.009), past, present, and future activities (p = 0.021), social participation (p = 0.009), and intimacy (p = 0.004), as well as in self-esteem (p = 0.015). Retired older individuals had lower scores in the sensory functioning facet (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Older individuals exhibited satisfactory means in quality of life domains and facets and an adequate level of self-esteem. Significant differences exist in sex, age group, monthly income, and retirement status.

Evaluation of Depression, Self-esteem, Anxiety, and Dermatological Quality of Life Index in Adolescent Acne Patients: A Case-Control Study.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition that affects adolescents and can have a significant impact on their mental health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the depression and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem and dermatological quality of life indexes of adolescent patients with acne vulgaris. A total of 160 patients aged between 10 and 19 years with acne vulgaris and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. All participants completed the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), Beck Adolescent Anxiety Scale (BAAS), and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Survey Scale (CSES), alone and independently. The dermatologists evaluated the acne disease severity of the study group using the Global Acne Grading System, while the Children's Dermatological Quality of Life Index (CDLQI) was evaluated in the same group. Age, gender, and scale results of all participants were recorded on case report forms for further analysis. The study group had significantly higher RADS (27.5% vs 12.5%, p=0.003) and BAAS scores (80% vs 64%, p=0.001) than the control group. The percentage of patients with CSES scores below 20 in the study group was significantly higher than the control group (p=0.001). Higher RADS and BAAS scores were associated with higher CDLQI scores (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively), while higher CSES scores were associated with lower CDLQI scores (p=0.001). The study shows that acne vulgaris has a significant impact on the depression, anxiety, and self-esteem levels of adolescent patients. Dermatologists should pay attention to the psychological well-being of patients and provide psychiatric evaluation if necessary.

Penerapan Konseling Kelompok Berbasis Falsafah Siri'na Pacce dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Self-Esteem Siswa

The purpose of this study is, 1. To determine the description of self-esteem before and after the implementation of group counseling based on the philosophy of siri’ na pacce, 2. To determine the implementation of group counseling based on the philosophy of siri’ na pacce, 3. To determine the effect of group counseling based on the philosophy of siri’ na pacce in increasing student’s self-esteem at SMP IT Anugrah Hidayah Makassar. This research used true xperimental with pre-test post-test design. The population in this study amounted to 20 people and the sample 16 people used the proportionate stratified random sampling method. The result of the data analysis test show 1. The level of self-esteem before being given treatment is in the low category and after being given treatment the level of student’s self-esteem increase, 2. The implementation of these services includes the planning, design, implementation and evaluation stages, 3.after being given treatment in the form ogf group counseling based on the philoophy of siri’ na pacce, it is found that student’s self-esteem incerased.

Adolescents and Retaliation Coping with Cyberbullying: Do Individual and Social Factors Matter?

Cyberbullying has been linked with a host of negative outcomes for adolescents. This study explored the role of child-parent-teacher-peer relationships (external social factors) and self-esteem and assertiveness (individual factors) in predicting the use of a retaliation coping strategy among adolescents. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, and a total of 778 secondary school adolescents aged 14 to 18 completed a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that adolescents with higher levels of self-esteem reported less likelihood of using the retaliation coping strategy in dealing with cyberbullying, while adolescents with greater levels of assertiveness reported a high likelihood of using retaliation. It was also found that older male adolescents are less likely to report the use of retaliation compared to female adolescents. Also, older adolescents who reported more positive parent-child relationships are more likely to use retaliation. Results further showed that highly assertive adolescents with more positive teacher relationships are less likely to use retaliation. Findings suggest gendered and age-specific education and intervention programmes that promote positive adolescent relationships with parents and teachers and responsible online assertiveness skills to cope with cyberbullying.

Analysis of impulse buying and its relationship with psychological variables in a sample of population from the South of the State of Sonora

The purpose of this proposal is to analyze the behavior towards impulse purchases and its relationship with psychological variables in a sample of the inhabitants of the city of Navojoa, Sonora, this study was born from the historical analysis of consumption, an analysis was carried out to contrast the hypotheses proposed, in addition the most significant correlations were sought and an analysis was made through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. This in order to identify the factors that affect the impulses towards purchase, its influence with gender, in order to identify with the support of the literature the psychological causes that could affect consumer behavior. The results indicate that self-esteem is significantly linked to impulse purchases, a low level of self-esteem implies making impulsive purchases more frequently, in this sense there are no significant differences by age or gender.

The Implication of Mothers’ Full-Time Labour Force Participation on Early Childcare and Outcome: A Case Study of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

In the last two decades, in Tanzania, female labour force participation outside the home has grown significantly along with their male counterparts challenging the traditional view that women are reproducers and producers in the home-based economy. Full-time employment leads to higher levels of self-esteem, autonomy, and independence, which may influence sensitivity in caregiving. Many mothers also participate in multiple roles which might limit exclusive time for childcare necessary for the development of healthy children. Qualitative methods were used to collect data both from workplaces and homes. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify 42 full-time working mothers with children under the age of five. In-depth interviews, non-participant observation and documentary reviews were used to gather data which was then analysed thematically. The findings indicate that employment imbues women self-esteem, autonomy and independence which improve sensitivity. Children gain from improved nutrition, health services, and access to better secondary care services. However, balancing family demands was difficult, and this affected the nature of maternal care of children. Work-family conflict demands were the main source of stress in mothers, which was detrimental on children's wellbeing. The study recommends that families should devise mechanisms for investing quality time with children, and develop crèches for early childcare in order to mitigate the rising challenges of working and raising healthy and secure children in an urban setting.

The costs of lying: Consequences of telling lies on liar's self-esteem and affect.

Deceiving others is generally viewed as immoral. However, most people lie on a daily basis. This article examines the psychological consequences for the liars themselves, as they are participating in what is generally perceived as immoral behaviour. More specifically, this article focuses on the effects of lying on the liar's self-esteem and affect. We tested if lying, in comparison to telling the truth, lowers people's self-esteem and increases negative experienced affect. In total, three cross sectional and one longitudinal studies were conducted (N = 783). Results showed that lying decreased people's self-esteem and increased negative affect, regardless of the type of lie (self-centred vs. other-oriented). Furthermore, lying on a given day decreased people's self-esteem compared to their self-esteem on the previous day and to their average level of self-esteem across 5 days.