Levels Of Self-esteem Research Articles

Structural validity of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia.

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) is a commonly employed instrument for measuring self-esteem in the general population and those with mental illness. However, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to determine the structural validity of the RSES for schizophrenia patients in Indonesia are limited. We examined the structural validity of the RSES as a measurement for patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), as well as assessing internal consistency and reliability. The sample comprised 260 participants. Over two weeks, 30 subjects were added to investigate test-retest reliability. The structural validity analyzed was based on a CFA to determine the model fit. We used internal consistency (Ordinal alpha) to evaluate the reliability evidence. Four different models were analyzed in this study. Considering the single-factor model (Model 1a), the overall fit criteria were inadequate. However, after some modification indices, all fit criteria were significantly adequate (Model 1b). The adequacy of all fit standards remained satisfactory when the two-factor model (Model 2) and hierarchical model (Model 3) were applied. The RSES had an ordinal alpha coefficient of 0.75. While 0.89 and 0.88 for the positive and negative self-esteem subscale, respectively. Test-retest reliability yielded adequate results with an interclass correlation score ranging from 0.87 to 0.93. The current investigation provided evidence supporting the structural validity, internal consistency, and reliability of the RSES, indicating that the RSES can be considered a valid and reliable measurement. A two-factor model of RSES was an appropriate model to measure self-esteem in our study. This finding suggests that the use of the RSES is beneficial and applicable in assessing levels of self-esteem in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in Indonesia.

Self-esteem and Resilience Among Students Affected by Toxic Relationships

The research aims to determine the levels of self-esteem and resilience among university students who are victims of toxic relationships throughout Indonesia. This study is of a quantitative nature. The research subjects consisted of 207 students who have experienced toxic relationships. Subjects were asked to fill out an Informed Consent form as part of the research protocol. The results indicate that self-esteem is not high in cases of toxic relationships; instead, it negatively affects resilience in students involved in toxic relationships. The conclusion of the study is that the hypothesis is rejected, meaning there is no relationship between self-esteem and resilience. Keywords: self-esteem, resilience, university students who are victims of toxic relationship

The Effect of a Program of Aerobic Exercises on some Physical and Psychological Variables of Female Secondary Stage Students

This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of the aerobic exercises program on body mass index and body circumferences (arm, chest, abdomen, hip, thigh) as a body variable, and on the level of self-esteem and sports activity attitudes as a psychological variable among female secondary stage students. The sample of the study consisted of (10) secondary stage students at Tiberias secondary school for girls in the city of Irbid in Jordan, and the experimental method was used. The implementation of the training program took a period of (8) weeks, three units per week for a period of (60-40) minutes per unit. The self-esteem scale developed by (Zayed, 2011), and the sports activity attitudes scale, which was developed by (Zayed, 2011), in addition to the two scales of mass and perimeters of the body, were employed for the pre-post measurement. Statistical treatments were calculated) arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Wilcoxon test (. The results showed a positive, statistically significant effect of the aerobic exercise program on both the level of self-esteem and sport activity attitudes in favor of post-measurement, in both body mass index and some of body circumferences. The study recommended applying the aerobic exercise program proposed in this study to the students of the basic classes, to support the school activity on an ongoing basis.

The Effect of the Command and Reciprocal Teaching Methods on Enhancing Students’ Self-Esteem level in Basic Skills Course in Basketball

The study investigates the effect of applying the command and reciprocal teaching method in basketball fundamental skills course on students’ self-esteem level at the school of sport sciences by applying the experimental methodology. The sample of the study consisted of (37) students enrolled in basic basketball courses. They were divided into two groups; (1) the first group consisted of (18) students taught by the command teaching method, (2) the second group consisted of (19) students taught by the reciprocal teaching method. The Arabic version of the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale was used to collect the data required. Means, standard deviations and t-test were used to analyze data collected. Results revealed a significant effect of the reciprocal teaching method on students’ post self-esteem level. Also, differences between both teaching methods in favor of the reciprocal. Nevertheless, no significant differences have revealed in students’ post self-esteem levels according to the command teaching method group. We recommend using the reciprocal teaching method to improve learners and players self-esteem.

The Effect of Self Esteem and Learning Motivation on Learning Achievement Mediated by Emotional Intelligence

This study aims to investigate the effect of self esteem and learning motivation on learning achievement with the mediator of emotional intelligence in students at SMAN 39 Jakarta. The sample of this study consisted of students at SMAN 39 Jakarta. Data were collected through questionnaires that measured the level of self esteem, learning motivation, emotional intelligence, and learning achievement. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis method with mediation approach. The results showed that there is a relationship between Self Esteem has a positive effect of 0.23 and a significant t value = 2.27 on Learning Achievement. Learning motivation has a positive effect of 0.27 and a significant t value = 4.51 on Emotional Intelligence. Emotional Intelligence has a negative effect of -0.22 and a value of t = -2.10 which means significant to Learning Achievement. Self Esteem has more influence on Emotional Intelligence than Learning Achievement, Learning motivation has more influence on Learning Achievement than Emotional Intelligence. The results of this study provide further understanding of the factors that influence student achievement, as well as the importance of the role of emotional intelligence as a mediator in the relationship between self esteem and learning motivation with learning achievement. This research has important implications in the context of education, especially in efforts to improve student achievement. The results of this study can be used as a basis for developing programs and interventions that aim to improve students' self esteem, learning motivation, and emotional intelligence.

Comparison of Self-Esteem in Visually Impaired Adults who Participate in Sport and those who do not: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: Self-esteem is an important psychological concept for mental health. The aim of our study was to compare the levels of self-esteem between visually impaired adults who participate in sports and those who do not. Method: A total of 85 visually impaired adults were included in the study, including 42 who participate in sports and 43 who do not. A personal information form and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used for data collection. Results: The mean age of the visually impaired adults who participate in sports was 20.86±3.0 years, while it was 20.88±2.92 years for those who do not participate in sports. Among the visually impaired adults who participate in sports, 22 were female and 20 were male, while among those who do not participate in sports, 26 were female and 17 were male. The analysis revealed that the self-esteem of visually impaired adults who participate in sports was statistically significantly higher than that of those who do not participate in sports (p=0.001). It was also observed that the self-esteem of both female and male visually impaired adults who participate in sports was statistically significantly higher than their counterparts who do not participate in sports (female p=0.001, male p=0.020). Conclusion: It was concluded that participation in sports increases self-esteem in visually impaired adults regardless of gender. In this context, it should be emphasized that participation in sports should be expanded among visually impaired individuals.

The Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status (SES) on Adolescents' Learning Conformity: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents' learning conformity and self-esteem among a sample of 15-18 year-old high school students. A survey was conducted on 339 adolescents using measures of family SES, self-esteem, and learning conformity. An intermediary effect model was constructed to examine the mediating mechanism of self-esteem in the impact of family SES on adolescents' learning conformity. In our study, we observed that male adolescents were more likely to come from families with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and exhibited relatively higher levels of self-esteem compared to female adolescents. However, this finding should be regarded as an observational outcome specific to our study sample and does not directly indicate a causal relationship between gender and family SES or self-esteem. Adolescents from rural areas were more likely to exhibit tendencies towards learning abidance and compliance. Family SES positively predicted self-esteem. The intermediary model indicated that family SES significantly positively influenced learning abidance and compliance, with self-esteem partially mediating the effects at 33.49% and 33.33%, respectively. Family SES negatively affected learning obedience, with self-esteem partially mediating the effect at 39.77%. Among the 15-18 year-old high school student population, family SES not only directly affects learning abidance, compliance, and obedience but also generates an indirect mediating effect through self-esteem.

Toxic Masculinity, Self Esteem and Mental Health among Young Adult Males

Abstract: This study examines the relationships between toxic masculinity, self-esteem, and mental health among adult males. Through a quantitative correlational study involving 201 participants aged 18 to 30 from India, the research investigated the impact of toxic masculinity on self-esteem and mental health using regression analysis. The findings indicate no significant relationship between toxic masculinity and self-esteem, while a strong correlation was observed between toxic masculinity and mental health. These results suggest that while toxic masculinity may not directly influence self-esteem levels, it plays a crucial role in shaping mental health outcomes among adult males.

Parental psychological control and children’s self-esteem: A longitudinal investigation in children with and without oppositional defiant problems

Oppositional defiant problems are among the most prevalent psychological problems among children and adolescents from China and across the world. Still little is understood about how self-esteem, in conjunction with parenting experiences, develops in children with oppositional defiant problems. We addressed this gap of knowledge in a two-year longitudinal study. Specifically, we explored how parental psychological control predicts children’s self-esteem levels over time, and in turn, how children’s self-esteem levels predict parental psychological control. We collected data in Chinese children (ages 8 to 13 at T1) with (N = 224) and without (N = 217) oppositional defiant problems, and tested three-wave cross-lagged panel models. Multigroup analyses showed that the associations between parental psychological control and children’s self-esteem were the same for children with and without oppositional defiant problems. Results for the total sample revealed bi-directional associations between maternal psychological control and children’s self-esteem. Children who perceived more psychological control from their mothers were likely to exhibit lower self-esteem over time, and vice versa, children with lower self-esteem were likely to perceive more maternal psychological control over time. Conversely, a unidirectional paternal effect was observed in father-child dyads. Our findings help understand the parent–child dynamics that shape the psychological development of children with oppositional defiant problems.

Adolescents on Instagram

For today’s adolescents it is hard to imagine a life without social media although it remains questionable how they affect the users’ subjective well-being. In order to better understand this impact, we examined the relationship of active and passive Instagram use with general self-esteem and explored whether benign and malicious envy and need for relatedness function as mediators of these relationships. Six hundred eleven high school students (76.9% female; age: M = 16.20, SD = 1.12) from the City of Zagreb participated in the online survey. The participants filled an item regarding their frequency of active Instagram use, the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale, the Need for Relatedness subscale (a part of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale) and the General Self-esteem subscale (a part of the Marsh’s Self-Description Questionnaire II). The results indicate the absence of a significant relationship between active Instagram use and general self-esteem. Neither benign nor malicious envy function as mediators of this relationship. However, the need for relatedness mediates the relationship between active Instagram use and general self-esteem: adolescents who engage more frequently in active Instagram use tend to have higher levels of need for relatedness satisfaction, which in turn relates to their higher levels of general self-esteem. The obtained results indicate that, contrary to the public perception, social media can have a positive impact in the life of adolescents, but when making such claims, it is crucial to consider the type of activities behind their usage.

Moderating effect of self-esteem between perfectionism and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder among Lebanese adults

BackgroundAvoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a new diagnosis added to the DSM-5 characterized by pathological eating habits without body image disturbances. Previous findings demonstrated a general association between high levels of perfectionism and low levels of self-esteem in association with general eating disorders. However, research is scant when it comes to ARFID specifically. Subsequently, although self-esteem is seen to moderate the association between perfectionism and general eating disorders, this research study aims to explore the same moderation but with ARFID specifically.MethodsFor this study, 515 Lebanese adults from the general Lebanese population were recruited from all over Lebanon, 60.1% of which were females. The Arabic version of the Big Three Perfectionism Scale– Short Form (BTPS-SF) was used to measure self-critical, rigid and narcissistic perfectionism; the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder screen (NIAS) was used to score the ARFID variable; the Arabic-Single Item Self-Esteem (A-SISE) was the scale used to measure self-esteem.ResultsAcross the different perfectionism types, self-esteem was seen to moderate the association between narcissistic perfectionism and ARFID (Beta = − 0.22; p =.006). At low (Beta = 0.77; p <.001), moderate (Beta = 0.56; p <.001) and high (Beta = 0.36; p =.001) levels of self-esteem, higher narcissistic perfectionism was significantly associated with higher ARFID scores.ConclusionThis study brought to light some crucial clinical implications that highlight the need for interventions that help in the enhancement of self-esteem in patients with high perfectionism and ARFID. This study suggests that clinicians and healthcare professionals should focus more on risk factors influencing the development and maintenance of ARFID-like symptoms.

Hubungan Self Esteem Dengan Kecenderungan Narsistik Pada Pengguna Media Sosial di SMA Negeri 51 Jakarta

This research aims to determine the relationship between self-esteem and narcissistic tendencies in social media users at SMA Negeri 51. Self-esteem is a person's attitude based on perceptions of how he appreciates and assesses himself as a whole, in the form of a positive or negative attitude towards himself. Narcissistic behavior is behavior that strengthens and increases self-admiration which can provide social status, praise and attraction. The relationship between these two things will be found out. The explanation of the research methods in this research includes Identification of Research Variables. The results of this research show that there is a relationship between the level of self-esteem and the tendency towards narcissistic behavior among social media users at SMA Negeri 51 Jakarta.

Self-esteem and body image satisfaction in women with PCOS in the Middle East: Cross-sectional social media study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age, associated with increased incidence of emotional disorders, anxiety and depression. The aim was of this study was to investigate whether those women reporting PCOS differed to women without PCOS in measures of psychological well-being including body-image satisfaction and self-esteem across a Middle Eastern population. An online survey link of 21 questions was shared and distributed across social media platforms (Instagram and WhatsApp). The main outcome measured was levels of self-esteem and body image satisfaction in association with symptoms experienced by the participants. 12,199 female subjects completed the survey of whom 3,329 respondents (27.3%) self-reported a diagnosis of PCOS. PCOS respondents felt less attractive compared to non-PCOS respondents (73.9% vs 80.5%, p<0.0001). More respondents with PCOS reported avoidance of their reflection in the mirror (61.7% vs 49.8%, p<0.001) and avoidance of social interactions (22.3% vs 32.3%, p<0.0001). More PCOS respondents wanted to lose weight (75.2% vs 68.5%, p<0.001) with increasing weight being associated with being less attractive (p<0.001). Fewer PCOS respondents felt satisfied/confident compared non-PCOS respondents (38.6% vs 50.7%, p<0.001). PCOS respondents reported significantly lower measures of self-esteem and body image satisfaction compared to non-PCOS respondents in this population.

Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies in Adolescent Cancer Patients during the Period of Illness and Follow-Up.

The importance of self-esteem during the course of oncological illness has been well-documented by some previous studies. However, data assessing its association with various coping strategies, especially considering the period of illness, are still scarce. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences in coping strategies among oncological adolescents, taking into account their self-esteem, illness period, age, and sex. A total of 201 oncological patients between the ages of 12 and 17 from three different Spanish cities were included in this study. All of them were asked to answer a tailored questionnaire, encompassing information about age, sex, and illness period. Additionally, the coping strategies were measured using the ACS scale, while self-esteem was evaluated using the SENA questionnaire. The results demonstrated that male adolescents and older individuals exhibited higher levels of self-esteem. The main coping strategies associated with higher self-esteem were "ignore the problem", "focus on positive", "physical recreation", and "wishful thinking" both during the treatment and the follow-up phases. We conclude that higher self-esteem is associated with some of the coping strategies such as "focus on positive", "ignore the problem", and "wishful thinking". Sociodemographic variables influence the relationship between self-esteem and coping strategies, but no differences were found regarding the period of illness.

Relationship between academic procrastination, self-esteem, and moral intelligence among medical sciences students: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAcademic procrastination is a widespread phenomenon among students. Therefore, evaluating the related factors has always been among the major concerns of educational system researchers. The present study aimed to determine the relationship of academic procrastination with self-esteem and moral intelligence in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences students.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 205 medical sciences students. Participants were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria using the convenience sampling technique. The data collection tools included a demographic information form, Solomon and Rothblum’s Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Lennick and Kiel’s Moral Intelligence Questionnaire, all of which were completed online. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (multivariate linear regression with backward method) in SPSS software.Results96.1% of participating students experienced moderate to severe levels of academic procrastination. Based on the results of the backward multivariate linear regression model, the variables in the model explained 27.7% of the variance of academic procrastination. Additionally, self-esteem (P < 0.001, β=-0.942), grade point average (P < 0.001, β=-2.383), and interest in the study field (P = 0.006, β=-1.139) were reported as factors related to students’ academic procrastination.ConclusionAccording to the findings of this study, the majority of students suffer from high levels of academic procrastination. Furthermore, this problem was associated with low levels of self-esteem, grade point average, and interest in their field of study.

Social Desirability and Perceived Stress: Impact on Self-Esteem of Women

Self-esteem plays a pivotal role in women's lives, influencing their self-esteem, resiliency, and general well-being. A good sense of self-worth enables women to negotiate problems more effectively, cultivates positive connections, and improves mental and emotional resilience in the face of societal pressures and adversity. This study examined the relationships between social desirability and stress levels and their impact on self-esteem of women. Social desirability and Stress levels were measured using the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale and Perceived stress scale respectively. Self-esteem was determined through the rosenberg self-esteem scale which assess the self-esteem levels in individuals. It measures both positive and negative feelings about oneself, providing a reliable measure of self-esteem across various populations and settings. A quantitative research approach was used for collecting data from a varying age range of women. (N=100) through self-report measures assessing the social desirability, perceived stress and self-esteem among women. To calculate the strength and direction of relation between the three variables, Pearson’s coefficients correlation was used. While the correlation between Social Desirability and Self-Esteem was not statistically significant (r = .159, p &gt; .05), it hinted at a potential association between the constructs. Similarly, the weak positive correlation between Self-Esteem and Perceived Stress (r = .099, p &gt; .05) suggested a trend wherein higher self-esteem may be linked to lower perceived stress levels. However, the most notable finding was the significant positive correlation between Social Desirability and Perceived Stress (r = .396, p &lt; .01), indicating that individuals exhibiting socially desirable behaviors may experience elevated levels of perceived stress. These results lend support to the hypotheses positing significant relationships between social desirability and self-esteem, as well as between perceived stress and self-esteem in women. Understanding these associations can inform interventions aimed at promoting mental health, emphasizing the importance of addressing societal pressures and fostering healthy self-perceptions among women. More study is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these associations and to examine potential routes for mitigating the negative impacts of social desirability on psychological well-being. .Keywords: Social desirability, Self-esteem, Perceived stress, Women.

Childhood traumas and emotional eating: The mediating role of self-esteem, and emotion dysregulation

Emotional eating is a very multi-dimensional behavior that involves consuming food in response to emotional triggers such as stress, sadness or happiness. It is also known that this behavior can arise from stressful events in childhood. Childhood trauma can cause various psychopathologies by affecting the emotional processes of individuals throughout their lives. Traumatic life events, low self-esteem and coping with negative emotions may play a role in the development and maintenance of emotional eating behaviour, which may manifest as an emotional response. Although there are studies in the literature that consider these variables separately, there is no study that evaluates these variables as a whole. The aim of the current study is to examine the role of self-esteem and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between childhood trauma and emotional eating behaviour. The sample of the study consisted of 400 participants (260 females, 140 males) in the age group of 24–50 years (M = 42.00, SD = 6.91) residing in different provinces of Turkey. Sociodemographic information form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were administered to the participants. In the current study, the mediating role of self-esteem and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between childhood traumas and emotional eating behavior was tested with 2 different models in SPSS 29 software with PROCESS plug-in. The results of the study revealed that childhood traumas predicted emotional eating behavior and emotion dysregulation. In addition, childhood traumas and emotional eating behavior were found to negatively predict self-esteem. In this context, it was seen that emotional eating behavior revealed emotion dysregulation. When the mediation analysis results were analyzed, it was seen that similar results emerged. The results of the current study showed that emotion dysregulation and self-esteem mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and emotional eating behaviour. Childhood traumas negatively predicted self-esteem, while low self-esteem led to emotional eating behavior. Similarly, it was found that individuals who experienced childhood traumas had emotion dysregulation and emotional eating behavior. The results of the present study highlight the importance for clinicians to assess childhood experiences, emotion regulation processes and self-esteem levels, to consider these variables together, and to provide cognitive and behavioural interventions when emotional eating is identified.

Higher Numbers of Family Meals and Social Eating Behavior Are Associated with Greater Self-Esteem among Adolescents: The EHDLA.

the aim of this study was to assess the associations of family meals and social eating behavior with self-esteem levels among Spanish adolescents. This was a secondary cross-sectional study including 706 participants (aged 12 to 17 years; 56.1% girls) from the Eating Habits and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) study. The evaluation of the frequency of family meals involved participants providing information in physical education classes on how frequently they, along with other members of their household, had shared meals in the previous week. Social eating behavior was assessed by three different statements: "I usually have dinner with others", "Having at least one meal a day with others (family or friends) is important to me", and "I enjoy sitting down with family or friends for a meal". To assess overall self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used. In the adjusted models, a positive association was observed between the frequency of family meals and the self-esteem score (unstandardized beta coefficient [B] = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.003 to 0.12, p-adjusted = 0.040). Furthermore, the same positive association was also identified between social eating behavior and the self-esteem score (B = 0.23; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.40, p-adjusted = 0.005). Although self-esteem is complex and can be influenced by numerous factors, both family meals and social eating behavior may exert a relevant role in adolescents. Encouraging consistent participation in family meals and promoting positive eating practices could be valuable approaches in public health actions targeting the enhancement of self-esteem levels in adolescents.

Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders and Self Esteem Levels among Undergraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Study at Kampala International University's Western Campus, Uganda

This cross-sectional study conducted at Kampala International University's Western Campus (KIU-WC) in Western Uganda aimed to investigate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and assess self-esteem levels among undergraduate students. Utilizing the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, data were collected from 366 participants to explore the relationship between alcohol consumption and self-esteem within the academic environment. Results revealed that 33.1% of participants acknowledged alcohol use, with 18.6% identified as being at a higher risk of alcohol use disorder. Among alcohol users, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDIT score ≥20) was 33.9%, leading to an overall prevalence of 11% across the entire undergraduate student population. Self-esteem scores ranged from 11 to 30, with a median of 18. Findings indicated that 7.9% of respondents exhibited low self-esteem, while 91% demonstrated normal self-esteem, and 1.1% showcased high self-esteem. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address alcohol use disorders and promote positive self-esteem among university students in Uganda. Keywords: Prevalence, Alcohol, Disorders, Self-esteem, Undergraduate Students, Uganda.

Level of Self Esteem among Children of Alcoholic and Non Alcoholic Parents

The National Association of Children of Alcoholics estimates that there are 11 millions children of alcoholics under the age of 18 years. A study was conducted to assess level of self esteem among children of alcoholic &amp; non alcoholic parents. The objectives were to assess, compare and find out the association between the level of self esteem and socio personal data. Methodology adopted for the study was descriptive comparative design with multistage sampling. Sample size was 128. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio personal data of participants and Children of Alcoholics Screening test was used to identify children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents. After that the standardized tool State Self Esteem Scale was used to assess the level of self esteem The study findings revealed that in children of alcoholic parents group, 82.8% (53) were having poor self esteem and 17.2% (11) were having good self esteem where as in children of non alcoholic parents group, 78.1% (50) were having good self esteem and 21.9% (14) were having poor self esteem. On the basis of comparison between the level of self esteem among children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents, revealed that there is statistically significant difference between level of self esteem score among children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents group.