Level Of Oral Hygiene Research Articles

Oral hygiene assessment of dental students using the Oral Rating Index (ORI)

Background: Oral hygiene screening should be done on a regular basis, notably during the COVID-19 outbreak, during which lifestyle changes and government lockdown policies lower the oral hygiene level. The Oral Rating Index (ORI), established by Kawamura, is the suitable oral hygiene screening index during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dental students are supposed to be role models for the community by maintaining good dental hygiene. Purpose: To study the use of online oral hygiene screening using the ORI and to determine the oral hygiene of dentistry students at Trisakti University. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. A total of 100 preclinical dental students from Trisakti University took part in the study. Intraoral photos were taken and sent to the researcher via the internet. The ORI was used to evaluate the data. The reliability of the results was determined using a per cent agreement test and Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Results: The average oral hygiene score of dental students at Trisakti University was 0.58±0.88. The per cent agreement was 88%, and Cohen’s kappa coefficient was κ = 0.79, indicating excellent reliability. Conclusion: Based on their ORI score, it can be stated that dentistry students at Trisakti University have good oral hygiene and that online evaluation using the ORI is a useful tool for routine oral hygiene screening.

Oral Health Status among Children between the Ages of 12 and 15 Attending Government and Private School Systems in Bareilly City

Background: Statistics on the oral health status of children from various socioeconomic backgrounds are available through assessments of children’s oral health status in public and private schools. The current study’s objective is to evaluate and compare the levels of oral hygiene, gingival health and caries experience among students attending government and private schools in Bareilly City. Subjects and Methods: The study participants were selected using a stratified random sample technique combined with cluster sampling. The oral hygiene state, gingival status and caries experience of 12 and 15-year-old students from three public and private schools were evaluated and compared. Three qualified and calibrated investigators used a mouth mirror and explorer while doing the test outside in the daytime. Results: The research observes 604 kids in all, 331 from the government and 273 from private homes. Kids attend government schools had a mean Oral Hygiene Index that was Simplified (OHIS) that was greater (2.9 [1.1]) than kids attending private schools (0.6 [0.4]). Children attending government schools had higher mean gingival scores and mean decaying, missing and filled tooth than those attending private schools. Students at government schools were far more likely to have poor oral hygiene, mild to severe gingivitis and caries encounter. Conclusion: Compared to children attending government schools, students who attend private schools had a considerably lower rate of oral illnesses. Therefore, in any statewide school oral health programs that are proposed, children from government schools should be given preference over those from private schools.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СРЕДСТВ И МЕТОДОВ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ГИГИЕНЫ ПОЛОСТИ РТА У ПОЖИЛЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ В ПРОЦЕССЕ И ПОСЛЕ ИМПЛАНТАЦИОННОГО ПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЯ

Maintaining a high level of oral hygiene in classical prosthodontics has always been given high importance. It has increased even more with implant prosthetics, as it is the main method for preventing such common inflammatory complications as mucositis and periimplantitis. The prevention of the occurrence of these ailments contributes to the long-term survival of implants and implant prostheses.
 The purpose of the work is to optimize hygienic manipulations at an prosthodontics dental appointment.
 Articles from dental journals containing information about the frequency of sessions of professional oral hygiene of patients and their implant prostheses were studied.
 The analysis of sites on the Internet and advertising and information booklets and brochures of 12 manufacturers of dental units was carried out for their irrigators and hygiene devices.
 We examined 211 patients with complete loss of teeth in one or both jaws, using various designs of full-arch implant prostheses. Modified Mombelli A., Lang N. plaque index Loe H., Sillness J. was used. Plaque on prostheses was studied using the methods of Trezubov V.N., Klimov A.G. and Ambjornsen E.
 It is justified to increase the frequency of professional hygiene sessions in the immediate and long-term after implant prosthetics from 1 time in 6–12 months to 1 time in 2–3 months.
 A multifunctional syringe has been developed that provides the supply of water, air and antiseptic to the oral cavity separately and in combination, including in the form of a spray, with the possibility of heating the supplied medium and, thus, accordingly increasing the efficiency of the dentist's work.

Expression of salivary immunoglobulins and their association with analgesic neuropeptide opiorphin in anorexia nervosa during adolescence

BackgroundPatients who suffer from anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by exceedingly lower body weight, micro- and macro-nutrient deficiencies, and hyposalivation as compared to healthy subjects. In addition, AN may predispose to difficulties in oral health maintenance. However, little is known about the relationship between stress-dependent salivary neuro/immunopeptidergic biomarkers such as opiorphin and immunoglobulins (Ig) and AN.The aim of this case–control study was to evaluate salivary opiorphin and immunoglobulins in female children and adolescents diagnosed with AN compared to healthy controls.MethodsAdolescent patients with clinically-confirmed severe restrictive subtype AN (Body Mass Index BMI < 15 kg/m2, mean age 15.0 ± 1.8, n = 83) were examined in the first week of hospital admission and compared to healthy matched controls (n = 79). Measurements of salivary opiorphin, IgA, IgG, IgM (ELISA technique), and oral hygiene levels (Plaque Control Record index—PCR) were performed.ResultsIn the AN group, a significantly higher concentration of opiorphin was evidenced (3.1 ± 4.1 ng/ml) compared to the control group (1.1 ± 1.2 ng/ml), (p < 0.001), contrary to IgM, which was significantly lower (311.0 ± 185.3 ng/ml) than in the control group (421.2 ± 168.1 ng/ml), (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the levels of IgA and IgG, despite a higher concentration of IgA in the AN group vs. controls (p = 0.14). Spearman analysis revealed a correlation between opiorphin and age (p < 0.05), but also with all immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM (p = 0.006, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Similarly a correlation was found between PCR index and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM (respectively p = 0.028, p < 0.001), and between body mass, BMI, IBW% and IgA, IgM (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn the acute phase of AN, salivary changes in opiorphin and immunoglobulins related to dental plaque suggest an essential role in oral health balance. Changes related to AN may affect the anti-inflammatory and analgesic components of saliva and suggest their use as neurobiological markers in severe malnutrition.

Parent’s knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the important role of primary teeth among children with special need

Premature loss (early loss) of primary teeth will disrupt the eruption of permanent teeth due to reduced space for eruption of the permanent teeth. Lack of space causes permanent teeth to erupt outside the correct dental arch, or push against neighboring teeth causing malocclusion in children. Dental caries is one of the main factors causing premature loss of primary teeth, especially in children with low levels of oral hygiene. Children with disabilities tend to have higher rates of dental caries and premature loss of teeth than children without disabilities. The role of parents is much greater in maintaining dental and oral health, considering the limitations of children to carry out dental and oral care independently. The low awareness and attitude of parents in an effort to maintain primary teeth is influenced by the wrong stigma that primary teeth will be replaced by permanent teeth so that there is no need for optimal care or maintenance. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of parents of children with special needs regarding the importance of the role of children's primary teeth in the Special Elementary School (SDLB) Surabaya. This type of research is observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The results obtained in this study are 44.6% of respondents have a fairly good knowledge, 58.4% of respondents have a fairly good attitude, and 37.6% of respondents in the category of behavior are quite good.

EFEKTIVITAS PASTA GIGI BAKING SODA DAN NON BAKING SODA TERHADAP PENURUNAN STAIN PADA PEROKOK

Many people do not realize that smoking habits can affect the level of dental and oral hygiene, smoking causes abnormalities of the tongue, gums, oral mucosa, palate in the form of nicotinic stomatitis, fungal infections, and causes discoloration of the te eth. Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 belonging to the salt group and is often found in the form of white powder crystals. Where the content of sodium bicarbonate can remove stains on smokers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of toothpaste containing baking soda and non-baking soda to reduce stains in smokers.This type of research is analytic with a quasi-experimental method. The sample was used as many as 62 people then divided into 2 groups which were then checked for staining conditions before and after the use of toothpaste containing baking soda and non -baking soda.The results showed that the average tooth staining before and after brushing using toothpaste containing baking soda showed a decrease in staining on the Lobene intensity measurement as much as 0.324, lobene area as much as 0.217, combined as much as 0.541, with p = 0.000 &lt; = 0, 1. While the average tooth staining before and after using non -baking soda toothpaste there was a decrease in stain on Lobene intensity measurements as much as 0.043, Lobene area as much as 0.016, combined as much as 0.059 , with p value = 0.116 &gt; = 0.1.This study concluded that the use of toothpaste containing baking soda was more effective than non-baking soda toothpaste to reduce the stain index in smokers. It is suggested that the public can use toothpaste containing baking soda as an alternative to remove stains on the teeth, and pay more attention to the status of oral hygiene.

The Effect of Sunnah Fasting on Blood Pressure and Oral Hygiene Level

The Monday-Thursday fasting, as one of the sunnah highly recommended by Rasulullah, can be a key to maintaining health. This research aims to determine the difference in blood pressure and oral health among the santriwati in Madrasah Mu’allimat Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta who have gotten used to doing and those who have not gotten used to doing Monday-Thursday fasting. It is an observational quantitative research using a cross-sectional design. They were 48 santriwati of 14-18 years old as subjects. Blood pressure was measured thrice with a minimum measurement interval of 15 minutes. The dental and oral hygiene level was obtained using the OHI-S measurement index. The students who habitually carried out sunnah fasting had a normal blood pressure of 20.8% (of a total of 27.1%), and all students had a good level of OHI (27.1%). Meanwhile, among students who are not accustomed to fasting, 45.8% had abnormal blood pressure (a total of 72.9%), and the good level of OHI was only 47.9%. The analysis of Mann-Whitney data showed a significant value for the blood pressure category variable of 0.015 and the OHI-S category of 0.015. The significance level of p 0.05 for each measurement variable (blood pressure and OHI-S categories) illustrated that there were differences in blood pressure and oral hygiene among the santriwati who had gotten used to doing and those who had not gotten used to doing Monday-Thursday fasting.

Impact of Orthodontic Gap Closure versus Prosthetic Replacement of Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisor on Dental Arch Relationships and Symmetry in 212 Patients with Cleft Palate: Retrospective Study.

Maxillary lateral incisors are frequently missing in patients with cleft lip and/or palate. The aim of this study was to assess how orthodontic gap closure or prosthetic rehabilitation of the missing maxillary lateral incisor affected dental arch relationships and symmetry at the end of treatment. The authors also aimed to determine the effect of the level of oral hygiene on the decision made to manage the missing maxillary lateral incisor gap. A descriptive, retrospective cohort study including all patients with cleft lip and/or palate born between 1980 and 1999 and treated at Nantes Cleft Center was performed. Patients presenting unilateral or bilateral missing maxillary lateral incisors were reviewed. Data on management of the missing incisor gap, dental arch relationships, symmetry, and level of oral hygiene were collected. A total of 486 patients with cleft lip and/or palate were reviewed, including 212 patients with unilateral or bilateral missing maxillary lateral incisors. When compared with orthodontic gap closure, prosthetic replacement of the gap was associated with better final dental arch relationships (59.8 percent versus 10.3 percent; p < 0.01) and better dental arch symmetry (88.1 percent versus 44.0 percent; p < 0.01) for patients with unilateral missing incisors but not for patients with bilateral missing incisors. A higher level of oral hygiene was associated with more cases of prosthetic replacement for patients with unilateral missing incisors ( p = 0.03) but had no effect for patients with bilateral missing incisors. Prosthetic replacement of the missing maxillary lateral incisor gap provided better functional and aesthetic results for patients with cleft lip and/or palate presenting with unilateral missing maxillary lateral incisor.

СТЕПЕНЬ ПОДАВЛЕНИЯ ГРИБКОВОЙ ФЛОРЫ РТА ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ МАСЛЯНО-ЭФИРНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ИЗ ХВОИ ПИХТЫ

The main cause of peri-implantitis is the activity of periodontal pathogens with insufficient oral hygiene, which causes disintegration of intraosseous dental implants against the background of chronic inflammation in peri-implant tissues. The correct tactics of the post-prosthetic stage in patients with dental implants is medical examination with regular professional oral hygiene, which is complicated by low patient compliance. In this regard, there are high requirements for the level of individual oral hygiene and for the effectiveness of local hygiene products, among which dental rinses occupy an important place. As rinses, it is possible to use pine-containing substances, in particular, a complex of oil-essential fir of Siberian production of the company “Solagift” (Tomsk). The purpose of the study: microbiological study of the sensitivity of periodontopathogens and C. albicans fungi to the oil-essential complex of Siberian fir of different concentrations. Material and methods: a number of periodontopathogens and C. albicans were cultured in the presence of a complex of oil-essential Siberian fir in the following proportions 1:5, 1:10, 1:15. Incubation lasting up to three days was carried out in the Reverse Spinner RTS-1 bioreactor (BioSan, Latvia) with automatic analysis of the optical density of the culture (OD) at a wavelength of λ = 850 nm. The optical density was measured in McFarland units (Mcf). The assessment of culture growth control was based on the analysis of the growth phases of periodontopathogens: adaptive (lag phase), exponential (log phase), stationary, dying. The following clinical isolates of microorganisms were used: Streptococcus constellatus; Staphylococcus aureus; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, as well as Candida albicans. Results of the study: Joint cultivation of periodontopathogens with the oil-ether complex of Siberian fir reduces the optical density of cultures of clinical isolates when breeding coniferous substance 1:15 – 1:5 by 13.7% – 27.1% (A. actinomycetemcomitans), 18.3% – 62.0% (F. nucleatum), 30.0% – 56.4% (S. aureus), 19.2% – 74.1% (S. constellatus). The studied coniferous complex suppresses the culture of C. albicans at a concentration of 1:5, reducing the optical density of the culture of fungi in the microbiological experiment by 29.8%

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ И ХАРАКТЕРА ГИПЕРЕСТЕЗИИ У ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА ВАСИЛЕОСТРОВСКОГО И ПЕТРОГРАДСКОГО РАЙОНОВ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА

Abstract. Hypersensitivity of teeth pose an ineresting question in the practice of the dentist because of its high prevalence and polyetiological nature. The aim of the work was to establish the incidence of tooth hyperesthesia among elderly residents of Vasileostrovsky and Petrogradsky districts of St. Petersburg. The study involved 117 participants of both sexes, divided into 2 age groups (55-64;65-75). 70 patients with hypersensitivity of teeth tissues were detected. In addition to establishing the fact of hyperesthesia, patients were interviewed, teeth were examined for the presence of carious and non-carious lesions, the states of oral hygiene and periodontal tissues were evaluated using dental indices. To determine the general condition of the patient's oral health we used: OHI (simplified Green-Vermillion index, (Green, Vermillion, 1964)) - to determine the level of oral hygiene, PI index (P.A. Leus, 1988) - to determine the presence of symptoms of periodontal pathology, DMF (Klein, Palmer, 1937) - to determine the degree of dental caries. Assessment of dental hyperesthesia was carried out using indices of prevalence (IPDH) and intensity (IIDH) of dental hyperesthesia. According to the results of the examination the following conclusions were made: the most susceptible to hyperesthesia were women from 55 to 64 years old (44,28% of all those examined). An unsatisfactory level of hygiene, an average degree of periodontal disease and a high degree of caries intensity were detected, a limited form of hyperesthesia was more frequent (56.81% of all cases) with a reaction to all types of stimuli(63.02% of all cases), a moderate level of tooth sensitivity efficiency was noted(56.5%). The results of the survey showed that many patients do not maintain the necessary level of oral hygiene, rarely visit the dentist and are dissatisfied with their oral health.

The Relationship between Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene of Children 7-12 Years Old at SDN Baletbaru Jember

Dental caries is the most common dental and oral health problem experienced by school-age children aged 7-12 years. Dental and oral care behavior is essential in determining individual health status, especially oral health and the level of dental caries. Since the pandemic, SDN Balletbaru never provided counseling and assistance in maintaining oral health. However, since the pandemic, there has never been any assistance regarding dental and oral health maintenance. Based on this, the researchers wanted to examine the relationship between dental caries and the level of oral hygiene of children aged 7-12 years at SDN Balletbaru Jember. This descriptive research was carried out on the students of SDN Balletbaru, Jember Regency, aged 7-12 years. This research was conducted by examining OHI-s, DMF-T, and def-t. The results showed a relationship between oral hygiene, age, sex, and dental caries (R 0.5). In conclusion, there was a relationship between dental caries and the level of oral hygiene of children aged 7-12 years at SDN Balletbaru. Therefore, improving oral hygiene is necessary to promote and prevent dental caries. In order to make this effort a success, coordination and cooperation from all parties are needed, namely the students themselves, parents, teachers, and health workers

Risk of Dental Caries and Erosive Tooth Wear in 117 Children and Adolescents' Anorexia Nervosa Population-A Case-Control Study.

IntroductionRestrictive type of anorexia nervosa (AN) is still one of the most severe eating disorders worldwide with an uncertain prognosis. Patients affected by AN should be encouraged to undertake psychiatric care and psychotherapy, but whether they should necessarily be included in careful dental care or not may still be questionable. Even though there is a constantly increasing number of AN studies, there are just a few data about the youngest group of AN children and adolescents aged < 18.MethodologyThis case-control study aimed to compare the dental health and gingival inflammation level in female adolescent inpatients affected by severe AN restrictive subtype vs. controls. Based on clinically confirmed 117 AN cases (hospitalized in years 2016–2020 in public Psychiatric Unit, BMI < 15 kg/m2, mean age 14.9 ± 1.8), the dental status has been examined regarding the occurrence of caries lesions using Decay Missing Filling Teeth (DMFT), erosive wear as Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), gingival condition as Bleeding on Probing (BOP) and plaque deposition as Plaque Control Record (PCR). The results were compared with age-matched 103 female dental patients (BMI 19.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2, age 15.0 ± 1.8, p = 0.746) treated in a public University dental clinic.ResultsAN patients were found to present a higher incidence of oral-related complications according to dental status (DMFT 3.8 ± 4.5 vs. 1.9 ± 2.1, p = 0.005), erosive tooth wear (BEWE 18.9 vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001), less efficient in controlling plaque (PCR 43.8 vs. 13.7%, p < 0.001) and gingival inflammation (BOP 20.0 vs. 3.9%, p < 0.001) compared with female adolescents. In the AN group, a significant correlation between BOP, BEWE, and duration of AN disease (p < 0.05), similarly to the number of decayed teeth D, filled teeth F and PCR were detected (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the obtained results did not reveal any severe oral status, our findings indicated impaired dental and gingival conditions in young anorexics. Considering AN's potential role in oral health, it is essential to monitor dental treatment needs and oral hygiene levels in their present status to prevent forward complications in the future.

СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ ИШЕМИЕЙ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА

The study of the dental health plays an important role, since, on the one hand, odontogenic oral infection might be an etiological factor in the development or aggravation of the course of concomitant pathology, on the other hand, systemic diseases can affect the development and course of dental pathologies. As part of an integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of combined pathology of the oral cavity and internal organs, works devoted to the study of the relationship between dental diseases and cerebrovascular pathology are becoming increasingly important. In this work, we studied the dental status of patients with a history of discirculatory encephalopathy. In total, 126 people have been examined, 63 of them are patients with discirculatory encephalopathy and 63 patients are without concomitant diseases. As a result of the examination, it can be determined that patients with discirculatory encephalopathy have such changes in the oral cavity as xerostomia, a decrease in the level of oral hygiene, extensive defects in the dentition or complete secondary edentulism.

Dental Caries Postradiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer.

Treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC) such as radiotherapy (RT) can lead to numerous acute and chronic head and neck sequelae, including dental caries. The goal of the present study was to measure 2-y changes in dental caries after radiotherapy in patients with HNC and test risk factors for caries increment. Cancer and dental disease characteristics, demographics, and oral health practices were documented before and 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo after the start of RT for 572 adult patients with HNC. Patients were eligible if they were age 18 y or older, diagnosed with HNC, and planned to receive RT for treatment of HNC. Caries prevalence was measured as decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS). The association between change in DMFS and risk factors was evaluated using linear mixed models. On average, DMFS increased from baseline to each follow-up visit: 6 mo, +1.11; 12 mo, +2.47; 18 mo, +3.43; and 24 mo, +4.29 (P < 0.0001). The increase in DMFS during follow-up was significantly smaller for the following patient characteristics: compliant with daily fluoride use (P = 0.0004) and daily oral hygiene (brushing twice daily and flossing daily; P = 0.015), dental insurance (P = 0.004), and greater than high school education (P = 0.001). DMFS change was not significantly associated with average or maximum RT dose to the parotids (P > 0.6) or salivary flow (P > 0.1). In the subset of patients who had salivary hypofunction at baseline (n = 164), lower salivary flow at follow-up visits was associated with increased DMFS. Increased caries is a complication soon after RT in HNC. Fluoride, oral hygiene, dental insurance, and education level had the strongest association with caries increment after radiotherapy to the head and neck region. Thus, intensive oral hygiene measures, including fluoride and greater accessibility of dental care, may contribute to reducing the caries burden after RT in HNC. The results of this study can be used by clinicians when deciding how to minimize oral complications related to cancer therapy for patients with head and neck cancer. Identification of modifiable factors (e.g., oral hygiene and prescription fluoride compliance) associated with increased caries risk can minimize radiation caries burden.

Appropriate Learning Methods for Autistic Children in Improving Tooth brushing Skills: a Review

Autistic children have poor oral hygiene levels higher than normal children. Dental and oral health problems that often occur in children with autism are the risk of dental caries which is higher than other dental and oral diseases. Frequent consumption of cariogenic foods and impaired coordination of the tongue muscles result in a tendency to eat food and difficulty swallowing, resulting in the formation of debris. The high value of debris causes calculus and if left further it will develop into worse tooth and gum damage. Objective: To describe appropriate learning methods for children with autism in improving their brushing skills. Methods: Search journals for 2016-2021 on Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Sciendirect databases. In the 8 journals used, 4 of them used quantitative research methods, 2 used prospective research methods, and 2 others used cross-sectional research methods. Results: The various methods obtained are the use of the PECS method; Yoga Therapy; iPads; Social Stories, TEACCH method, Puzzle Series; and Videos. Several kinds of learning methods are appropriate and can be recommended for children with autism, namely the video learning method which is considered better and can attract the attention of children with autism in improving their brushing skills.

CHANGES IN THE DENTAL STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Relevance. Periodontal disease has a close relationship with somatic diseases of various body systems. On the basis of the results of many scientific studies it has been indicated that there are common features for pathogenetic mechanisms of formation and development of generalized chronic periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, and others. Against this background, it is clear that the functions of a dentist include not only restoring or whitening teeth. The active participation of the dentist in the treatment of patients with internal diseases is essential for prevention of the progression or occurrence of complications in different somatic pathology, as well as for breaking the existing comorbid connection. The prevalence of inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases reaches 70-90%, and almost 70% of them are accompanied by the presence of somatic pathology in patients. Metabolic diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are considered to be one of the most pressing problems in the world today. NAFLD is a chronic non-communicable disease that has reached a prevalence of over 30% of personns in Western Europe and the United States over the past decade. A characteristic clinical signs of this somatic pathology is the lack of a specific clinical course, which should attract the attention of the family doctor to this organ of the digestive system. Identification of dental changes in the oral cavity in patients with NAFLD allows detect the stomatological disorders, to suspect the presence of somatic pathology, and form correct tactics for cooperative activity with the physician.&#x0D; Goal: study the character of dental complaints and their correlation with the data of objective examination of the oral cavity in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The main group has been included 258 somatic patients with NAFLD. The prevalence age of patients in this group was 49.79 ± 0.662. In the main group, the subgroup A consisted of 177 people with steatosis; subgroup B included 81 patients with steatohepatitis. The control group consisted of 25 people without somatic pathology. The prevalence patients' age of the control group was 43.04 ± 1.378. Subjective examination methods were performed; the nature of nutrition and the level of oral hygiene were taken into account. Objective dental status was assessed by determining oral-Vermilion oral hygiene, RVI bleeding, Parma PMA, KPI, Schiller-Pisarev test.&#x0D; Results. Patients in the main group had grade 1–2 obesity (body mass index – 35.20±0.49) and insulin resistance (HOMA index – 6.77±0.420). The most common complaint of patients with NAFLD was bleeding gums during brushing (58.5% of patients). Bleeding cases during eating was equal to 29.5% of patients. Dry mouth bothered more than 85.0% of patients in the main group. Bad breath (halitosis) and taste distortion (dysgeusia) were common in 86.4% and 82.6% of patients with NAFLD, respectively. Patients in the control group did not have the mentioned complaints. Correlation analysis showed a direct relationship between such complaints as bad breath and bleeding gums, and body mass index (r = 0.547 p = 0.003; r = 0.458 p = 0.014, respectively) and the degree of steatosis (r = 0.520 p = 0.000 ; r = 0.415 p = 0.001, respectively) in patients with NAFLD.&#x0D; Conclusions. Diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases in patients with NAFLD will allow the dentist to break the "vicious circle" of comorbidity and will help in the complex therapy of such patients.

Oral bacteria in infective endocarditis requiring surgery: a retrospective analysis of 134 patients

ObjectivesIt has been reported that bacteria associated with infective endocarditis originate from the oral cavity in 26–45% of cases. However, little is known on the counts and species of periodontal microbiota in infected heart valves. The aim of this study was to identify these aspects of periodontal microbiota in infective endocarditis and to potentially initiate a dental extraction concept for periodontally compromised teeth concerning patients requiring heart valve surgery.Materials and methodsThe retrospective study group consisted of tissue samples from infected heart valves of 683 patients who had undergone heart valve surgery. Before patients had undergone cardiac surgery, the following laboratory tests confirmed the occurrence of endocarditis in all patients: blood cultures, echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and electrophoresis of the serum proteins. The specimens were aseptically obtained and deep frozen immediately following surgery. Microbiological diagnosis included proof of germs (dichotomous), species of germs, and source of germs (oral versus other).ResultsMicrobiota was detected in 134 (31.2%) out of 430 enrolled patients. Oral cavity was supposed to be the source in 10.4% of cases, whereas microbiota of the skin (57.5%) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT, 24.6%) were detected considerably more frequently. Moreover, periodontal bacteria belonged mostly to the Streptococci species and the yellow complex. None of the detected bacteria belonged to the red complex.ConclusionMost frequently, the skin and GIT represented the site of origin of the microbiota. Nevertheless, the oral cavity represented the source of IE in up to 10%.Consequently, it needs to be emphasized that a good level of oral hygiene is strongly recommended in all patients undergoing heart valve surgery in order to reduce the bacterial load in the oral cavity, thereby minimizing the hematogenous spread of oral microbiota. The prerequisites for conservative dental treatment versus radical tooth extraction must always be based on the patient’s cooperation, and the clinical intraoral status on a sense of proportion in view of the overall clinical situation due to the underlying cardiac disease.Clinical relevanceThe oral cavity is a source of oral microbiota on infected heart valves. Patients requiring heart valve surgery should always undergo a critical evaluation of dental treatment affecting periodontally compromised teeth, favoring a systematic, conservative-leaning recall.

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DENTAL HYPERESTHESIA AMONG RESIDENTS OF VASILEOSTROVSKY DISTRICT OF ST. PETERSBURG

Abstract: The article aims to establish the prevalence and nature of dental hyperesthesia among residents of the Vasileostrovsky district of St. Petersburg. Increased tooth sensitivity is of great interest in the practice of a dentist due to its high prevalence and polyetiological nature. The study involved 126 people of both sexes, divided into 3 age groups (19-29; 30-44; 45-63). It was revealed that 97 of them had hypersensitivity of teeth at the moment of examination. In addition to establishing the presence of the pathology under study and counting the affected teeth, the following dental indices were used to objectify the evaluation: 1. Hygienic index -HI (simplified Green-Vermillion index OHI-S (Green, Vermillion, 1964)) - used to determine the level of oral hygiene. 2. Parodontal index-PI (P.A. Leus, 1988) - to determine the presence of symptoms of periodontal pathology. 3. Intensity of dental caries lesion was determined using the index of DMF (Klein, Palmer, 1937). 4. Assessment of dental hyperesthesia was carried out using the index of prevalence and intensity of dental hyperesthesia (G.B. Shtorina, 1986). All patients responded to the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14)-to determine the impact of hyperesthesia on quality of their life. Each tooth was checked for carious and non-carious defects to determine the most frequent causes of tooth hypersensitivity. Based on our study the following conclusions were made: 1. Among all detected cases, women aged 31 to 45 years (22.680%) were most susceptible to hyperesthesia. Less susceptible to hypersensitivity of teeth are men aged 46-63 years and older (10.309%). 2. Patients with hyperaesthesia were more likely to have poor oral hygiene (OHI-S- 1.7483 points), moderate periodontal disease (PI-2.1316 points) and high caries intensity (DMF-16.2166 points). 3. Limited form of dental hyperesthesia (66.585%) is more frequent among women aged 31-45 years (17.191%) and men aged 31-45 years (14.769%). 4. The generalized form is more frequent among women 46-63 years (8.475%) and men 46-63 years (7.748%), less frequent among women 19-30 years (2.663%). 5. Sensitivity only to temperature stimuli was registered in 47,699% of cases - more frequent among women 31-46 years (16,496%) pain during exposure to temperature and chemical stimuli - 9,685% of cases (women 31-45 years - 3,148%) and reaction to all types of stimuli was registered in 42,615% of cases (more frequent among women 31-45 years - 14,286%). 6. Of all identified teeth with hypersensitivity (413 teeth examined), wedge-shaped defect was more frequent among women 31-45 years old, and gingival recession among men in two age groups 31-45 and 46-63. 7. Patients in age group 1, 19-30, are more likely to have chips and microcracks that can cause tooth sensitivity. 8. Patients were noted to a decrease in their quality of life due to hyperesthesia and related diseases.

PERIODONTAL STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH MANDIBULAR FRACTURES

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the gingival and periodontal status of patients with maxillofacial trauma and to determine the need for periodontal treatment after removal of the intramaxillary fixation. Material and methods: The study included 36 patients with a fracture of the lower jaw. After the clinical and radiological examination of the patients, treatment was performed on a case-by-case basis. 30 days after fixation and removal of the wire ligatures of the patients, the oral-hygienic and periodontal status was assessed using the following indices: simplified oral hygiene index, gingival bleeding index, community periodontal index of treatment needs and evaluation of oral malodour. Results: The most common cause of fractures is a traffic accident, followed by domestic injuries. The level of oral hygiene immediately after removal of the wire ligatures and intermaxillary fixation varied between relatively good and poor, with a greater number of patients having poor hygiene (OHI-S ≥5). The periodontal status of the patients, measured by CPITN, also showed a statistically significant level of clinically established periodontal destruction. Halitosis was detected in all patients. Conclusions: The course of the healing process in the alveolar bone and the functional rehabilitation of patients with mandibular fractures depends not only on the type of surgical treatment for immobilization of the fragments but also on the maintenance of optimal oral hygiene.

The Relationship of Caries Risk and Oral Hygiene Level with Placement and Replacement of Dental Restorations.

To assess the caries risk and oral hygiene level that affect the placement and replacement of restorations. A practice-based study performed in private clinics. A total of 76 dentists participated. The sample consisted of 10,076 restorations of >14-year old patients collected by volunteer dentists over a period of two months. Clinicians were asked to record the details of their patients and also the state of oral hygiene and caries risk of each patient. The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20.00 software. It was considered that a P value less than 0.05 was significant. 50.9% restorations replaced were due to secondary caries with moderate oral hygiene, with no significant differences. Of Class II type, 75% were replaced in moderate oral hygiene with a significant difference. There was a significant difference between the use of amalgam and composite according to the state of oral hygiene. 47.7% of the individuals who had their restorations replaced due to secondary caries had high caries risk. According to CI II cavity type, it was shown that 70.5% of the patients had moderate and 23% of the patients had high caries risk. Most restorations were replaced due to secondary caries. There is a synergetic relationship between oral hygiene level and caries risk in patients and the possibility of secondary caries development and restoration replacement.