Level Of Oil Production Research Articles

Forecast of areas of distribution of gas hydrogat deposits on geophysical data in the Gulf of Guinea

The article displays information about the Gulf of Guinea and presents the results of gravity anomalies calculations for the forecast of the probable discovery of gas hydrate deposits on the shelf of Cote d’Ivoire by analogy with the shelf of Brazil. Similar features of the geological structure and geophysical anomalies on the shelf sections on different sides of the Atlantic Ocean are shown. The main problem in organizing the search for gas hydrates on the shelf of the Gulf of Guinea is political instability, as well as the lack of funds for research in the Ivorian shelf. And because of the complexity of the extraction of oil resources, all major deposits in the country are conducted by international firms. Despite the low level of oil and gas production, Cote d’Ivoire retains prospects in the future to be an exporter of oil and gas (including gas hydrates), since the country’s sedimentary basin is still very little studied. The coverage of this issue is relevant due to the lack of such information in Russian, and the information available in English and French does not allow to form a general picture of the oil industry complex of the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire. In this article, the forecast of new sites, promising to detect gas hydrate deposits on the shelf of Cote d’Ivoire, and can be used in the allocation of promising areas for new geological studies.

Вовлечение в разработку ранее не дренируемых эффективных толщин перфорационными методами с целью оперативного увеличения текущих уровней добычи нефти

Вовлечение в разработку ранее не дренируемых эффективных толщин перфорационными методами с целью оперативного увеличения текущих уровней добычи нефти

The birth and development of the oil and gas industry in the Northern Carpathians (up until 1939)

Abstract The northern segments of the Carpathians, stretching between Limanowa (Poland) and Kosów (Ukraine), belonged to the most prolific hydrocarbon province in the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The earliest written accounts of natural occurrences of hydrocarbons in the Carpathians date back to the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Rzączyński, Kluk, Hacquest and Staszic provided accounts on methods of practical use related to oil. Staszic's geological map shows numerous oil seeps and different rock types containing hydrocarbons. The development of the oil industry was triggered by Łukasiewicz's discovery of an oil-distillation process and the construction of a kerosene lamp. Following this, the oil industry flourished in the Northern Carpathians. Oil production peaked at 2 Mt (million tons) of crude oil in 1910. In subsequent years, the level of oil production steadily decreased due to a turbulent economy. Exploration for oil, gas and ozokerite resulted in the development of modern micropalaeontology and geological mapping, with a prime example being the regional coverage of almost the entire Northern Carpathians provided by the Atlas Geologiczny Galicyi ( Geological Atlas of Galicia ), which consisted of 99 high-quality geological maps at a scale of 1:75 000. Geophysical surveying techniques were applied to subsurface mapping, and higher educational institutions were established in order to support exploration efforts.

Comparative Analysis of Methods for Assessing the Effectiveness of Geological and Engineering Operations

The paper presents a comparison of the methods for assessing the baseline oil production level based on the use of nonparametric statistics, integral and differential models, and neural network algorithms.

Co-Liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite with Manure Biomass; Part 1. Effect of Catalyst Concentration

The hydrogenation of coal by molecular hydrogen has not been appreciable unless a catalyst has been used, especially at temperatures below 500 °C. Conversion under these conditions is essentially the result of the pyrolysis of coal, although hydrogen increases the yield of conversion due to the stabilization of radicals and other reactive species. Curtis and his co-workers has shown that highly effective and accessible catalyst are required to achieve high levels of oil production from the coprocessing of coal and heavy residua. In their work, powdered hydrotreating catalyst at high loadings an oil-soluble metal salts of organic acids as catalyst precursors achieved the highest levels of activity for coal conversion and oil production. Red mud which is iron-based catalysed has been used in several co-processing studies. It was used as an inexpensive sulphur sink for the H2S evolved to convert Fe into pyrrohotite during coal liquefaction. In this study, Elbistan Lignite (EL) processed with manure using red mud as a catalyst with the range of concentration from 3% to 12%. The main point of using red mud catalyst is to enhance oil products yield of coal liquefaction, which deals with its catalytic activity. On the other hand, red mud acts on EL liquefaction with manure as a catalyst and represents an environmental option to produce lower sulphur content oil products as well.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS-BOUNDARY SPILL RESPONSE COOPERATION ACROSS WEST, CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

IOSC 2017 Abstract: 2017-269 Abstract The picture today is one of intense oil and gas activity across West, Central and Southern Africa. This is illustrated by the significant increases in crude oil exports over the past fifteen years. This high level of activity has also coincided with, and contributed to, a large increase in the level of shipping in the region. Such level of oil exploration, production, and transportation, means that there exists a threat of oil spills occurring. In response to this risk, the Global Initiative for West, Central, and Southern Africa (GI WACAF) was launched in 2006, with the objective of raising standards of oil spill preparedness and response capability across the region. This paper will describe how the GI WACAF Project cooperates with local stakeholders in order to develop trans-boundary cooperation, and will detail what are the challenges lying ahead in order to make cross-border cooperation fully operational. The analysis of the trans-boundary exercises organised under the umbrella of the GI WACAF Project between Cameroon and Nigeria (2015) on the one hand, and between Gabon and Congo (2015) on the other hand, emphasises the needs in terms of international cooperation, improved communications, integration of response capabilities at the national and regional levels, and the development of effective incident management structures. This paper will show that significant steps have been taken to develop National Oil Spill Contingency Plans across the GI WACAF region and that advances in this area have meant countries are now looking beyond their borders and seeking to integrate national contingency plans with their closest neighbours. Information will be presented concerning the 2015 exercises, the key lessons learned and potential developments of trans-boundary cooperation in the future.

Modelling Oil-Sector Dependency of Tax Revenues in a Resource Rich Country: Evidence from Azerbaijan

Forecasting tax revenues is an important issue in budget planning. As a resource rich country, Azerbaijan’s budget revenues is severely depend on oil price and production levels. This study investigates oil sector dependency of state budget tax revenues in case of Azerbaijan by employing FMOLS, DOLS and CCR cointegration methods for the period of 2000Q1 – 2015Q2. Empirical results indicate statistically and economically significant positive long‑run impact of both oil related factors on tax revenues. Considering current fiscal challenges in the country, research findings are very useful for policy purposes and fills the gap in the literature by drawing mechanism of the association and estimating the relationship empirically.

Effects of Socio-Economic Variables on the Profitability of Groundnut Processing in Taraba State, Nigeria.

This paper examined the effects of socio-economic variables on the profitability of groundnut processing in Taraba State, Nigeria. A purposive and three-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 170 groundnut processors for the study. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that age, household size, processing experience and income of groundnut processors have positive effect on profit. While marital status, sex and level of education were not determinants of profit earned from groundnut processing. The result also shows that the major constraints faced by groundnut processors in the study area were: unavailability of high oil yielding groundnut variety, seasonality of groundnut production and lack of capital for expansion. It was recommended that effort should be made by the government to encourage groundnut processors to form Cooperative Societies in order to enable them acquire equipment and financial support from bank and government to increase the capital base needed to boost the level of groundnut oil and groundnut cake production.

Childhood hematologic cancer and residential proximity to oil and gas development.

BackgroundOil and gas development emits known hematological carcinogens, such as benzene, and increasingly occurs in residential areas. We explored whether residential proximity to oil and gas development was associated with risk for hematologic cancers using a registry-based case-control study design.MethodsParticipants were 0–24 years old, living in rural Colorado, and diagnosed with cancer between 2001–2013. For each child in our study, we calculated inverse distance weighted (IDW) oil and gas well counts within a 16.1-kilometer radius of residence at cancer diagnosis for each year in a 10 year latency period to estimate density of oil and gas development. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, race, gender, income, and elevation was used to estimate associations across IDW well count tertiles for 87 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases and 50 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases, compared to 528 controls with non-hematologic cancers.FindingsOverall, ALL cases 0–24 years old were more likely to live in the highest IDW well count tertiles compared to controls, but findings differed substantially by age. For ages 5–24, ALL cases were 4.3 times as likely to live in the highest tertile, compared to controls (95% CI: 1.1 to 16), with a monotonic increase in risk across tertiles (trend p-value = 0.035). Further adjustment for year of diagnosis increased the association. No association was found between ALL for children aged 0–4 years or NHL and IDW well counts. While our study benefited from the ability to select cases and controls from the same population, use of cancer-controls, the limited number of ALL and NHL cases, and aggregation of ages into five year ranges, may have biased our associations toward the null. In addition, absence of information on O&G well activities, meteorology, and topography likely reduced temporal and spatial specificity in IDW well counts.ConclusionBecause oil and gas development has potential to expose a large population to known hematologic carcinogens, further study is clearly needed to substantiate both our positive and negative findings. Future studies should incorporate information on oil and gas development activities and production levels, as well as levels of specific pollutants of interest (e.g. benzene) near homes, schools, and day care centers; provide age-specific residential histories; compare cases to controls without cancer; and address other potential confounders, and environmental stressors.

The dynamic relationship between tanker freight rates and crude oil production: evidence from causality analysis

This paper studies the dynamics between tanker freight rate and crude oil production levels. Making use of the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure, it is tested for the (non-)existence of Granger (1969) causal relationships between the two variables. Over the sample period from 1998 to 2014, the results suggest that past information of crude oil production levels uni-directionally helps to predict current tanker freight rate levels. This holds both for aggregated global data and for specific trading routes. Moreover, making use of breakpoint analysis, it is found that this causal relationship is only valid until 2009, since when the global tanker shipping market suffers strongly from excess tonnage capacity. During periods of low earnings in the tanker market, freight rate levels are not impacted by changes in crude oil production. At the practical level, the findings imply that, depending on the state of the freight market, ship owners and operators may improve chartering decision-making by monitoring physical crude oil production volumes.

Increased fatty acid accumulation following overexpression of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and suppression of β‐oxidation in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina

Mortierella alpina is an industrial oleaginous fungus. Although its fatty acid synthesis pathways have been thoroughly examined, the mechanism for fatty acid accumulation is still not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G3P) supply and β‐oxidation suppression during fatty acid accumulation. The NAD+‐dependent glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase coding gene was cloned from M. alpina ATCC 32222 and overexpressed in this organism. Lipid analysis via GC‐MS revealed that overexpression of G3PD1 resulted in a 50% increase in fatty acid content, whereas G3PD2 exerted a less significant effect and G3PD3 had no effect. Simultaneous supplementation with carnitine O‐acetyltransferase inhibitor, R‐etomoxir, further improved fatty acid accumulation up to 49.4% of dry cell weight.Practical applications: Our results suggest that G3PD1 plays an important role during fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina. Suppression of β‐oxidation can significantly increase fatty acid accumulation. These findings have obvious implications for biotechnological strategies to increase the overall level of oil production. Simultaneously, overexpressing G3PD1 and inhibiting genes involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation may be a step forward to achieving further improvements in fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina.G3PD1, catalyzing G3P to DHAP conversion, plays the most important role during fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina compared to G3PD2 and G3PD3.

Developing a mathematical model for optimizing oil production Using Gas-Lift Technology

This article is an attempt to presents a mathematical model to optimize oil production from wells which are set to produce oil in accordance with gas lift system. This process is carried out by determining the economic level of oil production of wells and also reduction of production costs by minimizing the rate of gas used for oil production at an optimum level. Therefore, the information on the characteristics of wells are collected and used as input data of the PIPESIM software application. The performance curve of each of the wells was prepared using this application. In the following section, the non-linear multi-objective programming model of oil production optimization has been developed. The validity of the optimum solution depends on the validity of the presented nonlinear mathematical programming model, therefore, the model components and the relationships between them were described. In order to test the validity of the wells’ performance charts in the gas-lift system, the obtained data were compared to the real data obtained from one of the wells through a T paired comparison test and their validity was confirmed at a significance level of 5%. The point which is of more considerable importance in the results of this study is if the wells under study undergo the production at maximum level, the maximum production would be 24,326 BPD which would require 34.702 MMScf/D of gas to be injected into the wells. Now if the level of consumed gas would reduce to 14/835 MMScf/D. Decreases in oil production only 5.7%, if the saved gas is for example used in the gas lift system for a number of wells comparable to the number of wells in this study, an increase of over 100% will be achieved in oil production. This would simultaneously reduce the rate of injected gas and increase the oil production.

Targeted reflection-waveform inversion of experimental ground-penetrating radar data for quantification of oil spills under sea ice

Rapid spill detection and mapping are needed with increasing levels of oil exploration and production in the Arctic. Previous work has found that ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is effective for qualitative identification of oil spills under, and encapsulated within, sea ice. Quantifying the spill distribution will aid effective spill response. To this end, we have developed a targeted GPR reflection-waveform inversion algorithm to quantify the geometry of oil spills under and within sea ice. With known electric properties of the ice and oil, we have inverted for oil thickness and variations in ice thickness. We have tested the algorithm with data collected during a controlled spill experiment using 500-MHz radar reflection data. The algorithm simultaneously recovered the thickness of a 5-cm-thick oil layer at the base of the ice to within 8% of the control value, estimated the thickness of a 1-cm-thick oil layer encapsulated within the ice to within 30% of the control value, and accurately mapped centimeter-scale variations in ice thickness.

Unconventional Rock Defies Old Rules, but New Rules are Far From Being Ready

Conference review - 2015 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference The label unconventional oil and gas stubbornly hangs on because these formations cannot be understood using the rules of conventional petroleum engineering. To illustrate what makes it so different, Erdal Ozkan, a professor of petroleum engineering at Colorado School of Mines, pointed out that shale is often so tight that “you do not want to count the zeros” needed to measure the infinitesimally small permeability rate, and the pressure needed to force oil out sounds unattainably high. The obvious conclusion is “you cannot produce any of this. How could you with this permeability? What are you doing, day dreaming? We are actually producing from these formations,” he said. Ozkan used that observation to introduce a session at the 2015 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference in San Antonio, Texas, on the need to think “outside the conventional reservoir engineering perceptions.” That is a starting point to getting significantly more out of unconventional formations. The four panel members focused on the need for a better understanding of the physics and chemistry of nanoscale pore spaces. Among their concerns is the major impact that miniscule pore throats can have on how much oil and gas is produced and what sort of hydrocarbons come out. These passages perform like a membrane, allowing natural gas liquids and gas dissolved in oil to get out, while trapping heavier oil molecules and perhaps free natural gas adhering on the pore walls, he said. Beyond 10% The message was that years of research will be needed to understand the rock and find ways to extract the oil and gas trapped inside. Research laboratories are still seeking ways to simulate reservoir conditions in ways that can be observed using delicate laboratory equipment. Low oil prices have apparently pushed thoughts of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) out of the minds of oil industry decision makers. Sustaining high levels of unconventional oil production in future decades will require producers to push ultimate recoveries past 10% of the oil in these formations. “You better start working on this pretty soon because it will take a while to figure this out,” said Paul Leonard, manager of reservoir technology for Pioneer Natural Resources, before asking if production could be enhanced using chemicals. The answer was that EOR using chemicals is being tested in research laboratories with some success. But what is known has to be adapted to formations that are poorly described by the current vocabulary for rock properties. A few surfactants have proved promising in tests, said Mohammad Piri, a distinguished associate professor of petroleum engineering at the University of Wyoming. Those tests, which will be detailed in an upcoming paper, are an outgrowth of fundamental work on whether shale is prone to attract water or oil, which would mean it is either water-wet or oil-wet. The answer has been both. When a tiny sample, which has been cleaned using air, is exposed to brine and then oil, the salty water adheres to certain sections of the rock and the oil to others. For Piri, the challenge has been to find a chemical that allows the rock to release the oil in the oil-wet area, without changing the valuable water-wet properties. While he said there have been some promising surfactants identified, it is early work.

Impact of policies and subsidies in agribusiness: The case of oil palm and biofuels in Colombia

We analyze the economic impacts of policies supporting biodiesel production in Colombia, such as subsidies and mandates for compulsory fuel mixtures. In the major biodiesel source being palm oil, we seek to establish the impact of these policies on oil palm producer incomes, prices and production levels of crude palm oil (CPO) and biodiesel, as well as the impacts on demand for land for oil palm plantation expansion.We also calculate the so-called “deadweight costs”, to account for the social costs derived from the inefficiencies of government interventions in the biodiesel markets. The analysis is done using a partial equilibrium models for the two interrelated sectors, the production of palm oil and biodiesel, and the demand for new land needed to cope with the additional palm oil needed. The model was calibrated for 2009 to simulate for the 2010–2020 period.The results of the simulations reveal that the subsidies alone are themselves not effective tools to achieve the government objectives defined in the Biofuels Program in Colombia.Subsidies need to be complemented by increased blending mandates to ensure that palm cultivation and production of biodiesel investments are profitable enough that producers would bet on such business. Additionally, we find that producers of palm oil benefit most from subsidies in the short term; however, in the long-term it is the biodiesel entrepreneurs who will appropriate the larger share of growth revenue of the entire production chain. The social costs of the Biofuels Program are small in the short term, and represent only between 0.2% and 0.7% of the tax expenditure. However, in the long term they would become significant, and would account for around 4.1% to 6.1% of the tax payers' expense.

Bazhen Fm matured reservoir evaluation (West Siberia, Russia)

The depletion of the traditional sources of hydrocarbons leads to the situation when the biggest players of the oil and gas production market turn to unconventional reserves. Commercial shale oil and gas production levels in the USA have largely determined world prospects for oil and gas industry development. Russia takes one of the leading place in the world in terms of shale oil resources. The main source rock of the West Siberia, the biggest oil and gas basin in Russia under development, the Bazhen Fm and its stratigraphic and lithologic analogs, is located in the territory of over 1,000,000 square kilometers. Provided it has similar key properties (organic carbon content, porosity, permeability) with the deposits of the Bakken Fm and Green River Fm, USA, it is still extremely poorly described with laboratory methods. We have performed the laboratory analysis of core samples from a well drilled in Bazhen Fm deposits with matured organic matter (Tmax>435 °C). It was demonstrated the applicability of the improved steady-state gas flow method to evaluate the permeability of nanopermeable rocks. The role of natural fracturing in forming voids was determided that allows regarding potential Bazhen Fm reservoirs as systems with dual porosity and dual permeability.

Detection System Design of Subsea Tree Controller

To meet the requirements of the detection system of underwater controller of subsea tree, this paper adopts the data acquisition and control mode of “HMI+ SIEMENS PLC+SQL .Using the configuration software, completed the development and design of production tree detection system to monitor, control and data communication. The monitoring function has realized the process simulation of oil tree, the control function has realized the remote control of oil tree, and database SQL has realized the management and analysis of data in oil well, achieving real-time tracking, rapid response, improve speed , quality and reporting level of oil production engineering design .At the same time the design center can make full use of the database to complete the design of required query, statistical analysis and the output function of related form .

A practical approach to oil wealth management: Application to the case of Kazakhstan

This study presents a practical approach to oil wealth management by bringing together various dimensions (oil production and sustainability of oil reserves, impact on the economy and the balance of trade, and the impact on the fiscal balance, government debt, and the national oil fund) within a long-term planning framework. The study provides a quantitative depiction of the above dimensions to 2050 for the case of Kazakhstan where the country's oil output has grown from about 0.6million barrels/day (mb/d) in the late 1990s to 1.8 (mb/d) in 2013, and it is expected to reach a peak of 3.5mb/d by 2035. The analysis of this study indicates that within the limits of proven oil reserves, Kazakhstan's oil production capacity would collapse to negligible amounts after the peak period of 2035. This envisaged scenario will have undesirable impacts on the economy, balance of trade and fiscal balance both prior and after 2035. To avoid these erratic impacts, the study examines an alternative “conservative” production scenario that would enable the country to maintain its level of oil production until 2050, and to manage better the transition to a non-oil economy.

Application of Flow Methods for Material and Financial Resources Management to Forecast Oil Production in Russia

The paper considers the impact of flow methods on long-term development of oil extracting industry, the impactbeing associated with mineral resources production tax variation. Six oil production scenarios for Russia havebeen considered, comparative analysis of these scenarios is presented. By the end of the calculation period, thescenario that provides for 5% decrease of tax burden closely approximates the scenario of oil production undereffective taxation system In terms of budget receipts volumes. The scenario with mineral resources productiontax rate increase is the worst in terms of oil industry growth leading to the industry collapse. According to thisscenario, an operating company’s tax burden increases to 78%. So far, the world practice has not witnessedeconomic growth under conditions of taxes as high as this; furthermore, taxation history testifies that too hightaxes have not been paid. In terms of oil industry growth, the scenario that provides for 5% decrease of taxburden is the most credible and promising, provided the released flows are invested in production. The samelevel of tax burden decrease (5%) is required to attain oil production levels in Russia in 2018-2020s according tothe 2030 Development Strategy.

On the economic determinants of oil production: Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence for small exporting countries

In this paper, decisions regarding production in oil exporting countries are studied by means of theoretical analysis and empirical investigation. In particular, we aim at describing the relationship between oil production levels and changes in the world oil demand and prices.Intertemporal production decisions by a representative oil producer are modeled by means of a partial equilibrium model. In this theoretical model, oil producers are subject to exogenous shocks in world oil consumption and prices. Oil companies can change output levels only by incurring a fixed cost. Results from the simulation of this model show a strong relationship between oil production and changes in world oil consumption. On the contrary, the effects of changes in real oil prices on oil production decisions seem to be much lower.Results from the simulation of the theoretical model are then empirically investigated using time-series econometric techniques. The empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that oil producing countries are characterized by different responses to changes in world oil demand and in real oil prices. For many countries, production rapidly adjusts to changes in consumption whereas responses of oil production to innovations in real oil prices are found to be not statistically significant. In addition, when non-linearities in the relationship between world oil demand, prices and output levels are allowed for, evidence of asymmetric effects of shocks to exogenous variables on output levels is found for some countries.