Grammatical Level Research Articles

Types of stylistic errors in a translated fairy tale: the case of the book “Hans Christian Andersen. Ostuorujalar” translated by V. S. Fedorov – Sameer Basylai

The article reveals the types of stylistic errors made when translating a literary fairy tale from Russian into the Yakut language; examples are given from the translated text made by the Yakut translator V. S. Fedorov – Sameer Basylai in 1983. As the source text for the comparison, we used Russian translations made by the Hansen spouses of the fairy-tales by famous Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen: “Wild Swans”, “Flint”, “Steady Tin Soldier”, “Piggy Bank”, “Ugly Duckling”, “Snow Queen”, “Nightingale”, “Shepherd Girl and Chimney Sweep”, “Old House”, “Magic Hill”, “Flying Chest”, and “Thumbelina”. A comparative and descriptive method was used with the use of the classification of stylistic errors made in the Yakut translation. The methodological basis of this study was the work of Russian researchers I. B. Golub and G. Y. Solganika in the field of stylistics and culture of speech of the Russian language, as well as educational publications in the Yakut language by T. I. Petrova, A. A. Vasilyeva, and N. A. Efremova. The authors gave an objective assessment of the quality of the translation of the text in the Yakut language, based on the analysis, the following types of stylistic errors in the translated text were identified: 1) at the lexical level (confusion in the meaning of the word, redundancy, insufficiency of the word, violation of the usual and literary norms, distortion of phraseological units, interspersed with clericalisms); 2) at the grammatical level (adding inappropriate affixes); 3) at the syntactic level (violation of the order of words in a sentence).

A Stylistic Analysis into the Art of Deviation as Stylistic Features of Dickinson’s Poem “I Heard a Fly Buzz -When I Died”

Emily Dickinson is one of the most outstanding and influential American poets of the 19th century. Her poem “I Heard a Fly Buzz -When I Died” is told from a perspective of narrator who is near her death. As a typical modernist poet, Dickinson’s poems have prominent modernist characteristics. Her poetry language deviates from the norm, not limited to the language norms, forming a unique foregrounding effect from different levels such as phonetic level (the repetition of diphthong, flow, nasal, and iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter), graphological level (the frequent use of capital words and dashes), rhetorical level (enjambment, contrast, synesthesia, oxymoron), semantic level (lexical meaning transference) and grammatical level (juxtaposition and ellipsis). Exploring the stylistic characteristics of Dickinson’s poetry based on the theory of deviation from the functional stylistics is helpful to excavating the implicated theme meaning and unique aesthetic value of Dickinson’s poetry.

Ways to Neutralize Gender Attribution of Phraseological Units (Based on Media Texts)

The article is devoted to the analysis of cases of neutralization of gender attribution of phraseological units in their live use in modern media speech. Russian Russian phraseology The aim of the work is to study the dynamics of ideas about the masculine and feminine gender in Russian phraseology based on the identification of forms of neutralization of gender attribution, their classification and analysis of the noted transformations when using stable combinations in newspaper texts of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The following research methods are used in the work: continuous sampling method, observation of language material, lexicographic, lexico-semantic and contextual analysis, classification, analysis, generalization. Three ways of neutralization of gender attribution of phraseological units are considered: neutralization of gender at the level of dictionary definitions (indication of kinship with a person as a whole, without gender differentiation: Ivan, who does not remember kinship), neutralization at the grammatical level (compatibility with the object of the opposite grammatical gender: sleeping beauty), the use of phraseological turnover in relation to the person of the opposite pola (free Cossack). It is shown that, despite the strength of gender stereotypes in the linguistic consciousness, they are not frozen: gender representations change in the process of social development, which is expressed in the transformation of semantics and the compatibility of gender-marked phraseological units, rethinking their one-line connection with masculinity / femininity.The identification of ways to neutralize the gender attribution of phraseological units contributes to the study of gender manifestations in phraseology. The description of modern phraseological usage is important from the point of view of ascertaining the constancy in the linguistic consciousness of established gender stereotypes and shifts in their perception, as well as the accumulation of data on the mechanisms of functioning of idiomatics and the development of phraseological meaning.

Dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction

The article deals with the study of dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction. The main aim of the study is to identify, analyze and characterize the significance of dialect and colloquial elements in modern fiction. The author studies the following terms “dialect”, “dialect words”, “colloquial words”. In the article dialect-colloquial elements are defined as speech units that characterize a certain dialect and are accompanied by some colloquial elements. The examples of dialect-colloquial elements are taken from the following works: “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1911), “When Marnie Was There” by Joan G. Robinson (1967), “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” by J. K. Rowling (1999). The analysis of the works demonstrates that the functioning of dialect-colloquial elements is observed at different language levels: phonetic, grammatical and lexical. Reduction of sounds, devoicing or voicing of sounds, incorrect reading of the ending ‘ing’ are used at the phonetic level. The lexical level is characterized by the usage of obsolete forms of parts of speech and colloquial words. On the grammatical level a violation of the traditional grammar norms (no ending in the plural, the use of double negation, etc.) is found. The research proves that dialect-colloquial elements help to depict the characters vividly, convey the individuality of their speech, and sometimes serve as a means of satire.

Stylistic Analysis Of William Wordsworth Poem “Three Years She Grew In Sun And Shower”

The aim of this paper is to analyze William Wordsworth poem “Three years she grew in sun and shower”. This stylistic analysis focused on four levels of languages which are phonological level, graphological level, lexical level and grammatical level covering the sounds, rhyming scheme, literary devices and use of grammar. The phonological features employed in the poem were alliteration, assonance, metaphor, simile, personification, imagery and free repetition.The graphological features were use of capitalization and use of punctuation. This analysis found that Wordsworth positioned nature as essential part of life. As nature has power to educate better than all the wise. Nature was placed as a character in this poem nature is communicating with Lucy. In order to find the tools, tone, and all the other features of the poem the researcher apply the stylistic analysis method offered by Leech and Short in their works named “A linguistic guide to English poetry” in Longman (1969). This research is helpful to analyze the structure and style of Wordsworth’s poetry and his themes, views and treatment of nature.

Identification Linguistic Markers of Alarmism in Mediadiscourse

This article is devoted to the linguistic study of the phenomenon of alarmism in the media discourse. The influencing, informing and entertaining functions of the mass media determine that the modern news environment largely makes people to read and consume negative news (the phenomenon of mind scrolling). The objectives of the research include clarifying the concept of «alarmism», the study of techniques, and linguistic means of actualizing panic. We analyzed the articles of online publications «Gazeta.Ru», «Kommersant», «Parliamentary Newspaper» using the continuous sampling method. The study found the connection between alarmism and the emotions of anxiety and panic, as well as the fact that these concepts are included in the circle of oppositions of the rational-logical mode of information perception. The authors relied on the existing scientific research illustrating the linguistic possibilities in the transmission of the semantics of anxiety and fear. These include the category of intensity of language units, which is implemented at the lexical and grammatical levels. Conclusions about the speech-acting potential of tropes and figures of speech were taken into account, which can be analyzed within the framework of expressive syntax. The conducted research made it possible to identify linguistic markers of alarmism in the form of lexemes related to a certain thematic area of alarmist agendas. The most frequent are environmental, economic, pandemic topics, as well as lexemes belonging to these topics, explicating fear, threats, impending disasters. Markers at the syntactic level are represented by figures of speech in the form of antithesis and hyperbole.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ АНГЛОМОВНОГО ІНТЕРНЕТ-ДИСКУРСУ

The thesis is devoted to the study of the linguistic features of Internet discourse at the lexical, graphic, and grammatical levels. The changes that caused the active spread of social networks and websites in English are analyzed in detail. A well-grounded analysis of lexical-semantic and graphic means of online communication made it possible to understand the trends of popular social networks in more detail. The English language has been directly and powerfully influenced by online communication. Social consolidation factors have determined the main influence of the English language on the Internet in general. Being the territorial native language of the founders of famous websites and social networks, it is used most actively. English-speaking users were among the first to have access to virtual communication and laid the foundation for the creation, development and spread of the Internet language. This explains the special attention of linguists to English-language platforms. The general features of the Internet English language, which is characterized by changes at the lexical, grammatical or graphic levels, have been studied. The conducted linguistic analysis of posts on popular social networks revealed the following patterns of English-language Internet discourse, namely: 1) the use of a large number of neologisms (formed by affixation and word formation); 2) frequent use of acronyms and abbreviations; 3) pseudonyms (or nicknames) are an important feature of communication on the Internet or chat; 4) special cases of using punctuation marks, lowercase and uppercase letters, emoticons (smilies) and non-alphabetic graphic signs; 5) capitalization, hyphenation, various types of memes and gifs were detected; creolized memes are the most common; 6) at the grammatical level, frequent omission of punctuation and violation of grammatical norms of the English language. Interaction on the Internet often replaces real communication needs. Internet English reflects the general tendency to economize language and illustrates the creativity and originality of Internet users.

Cümlədə konversiyanin sintaktik funksiyasi

The article is devoted to one of the actual problems of grammer. Not only in Azerbaijani and Russian, but also, in linguistics in general, asymmetry at the grammatical level has a more complex character. It is manifested both in the system as a whole and in the structure of grammatical units and their functionality. The article talks about the transition of words from one part of speech to another part of speech, which is one of the forms of existence of grammatical asymmetry. In the transition process, no changes are made in the layer and cover of the word, the forms overlap. Basically, the functional character of the relations between these forms is revealed, as well as different paradigms are clarified. In substantivization, the syntactic function appears in the background. Any morphological category that is substantiated acts in the role of subject and object, and this manifests itself as a regularity.

Developing Foreign Language Communicative Competence of Senior Students on Basis of Web-quests Technology at the Pedagogical University

The article deals with the problem of developing communicative competence in a foreign language in a pedagogical university for undergraduate students. The stages of work on a web quest are analyzed from the point of view of communicative interaction of students in the context of digitalization of the educational process. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of the educational technology of web quests in the educational process in order to form a foreign language communicative competence of student teachers in the senior courses of a pedagogical university. Methodology and research methods. The study was carried out as part of the introduction of a project-based learning system into the program of the discipline “Foreign Language” / “Practice of Oral and Written Speech” at the senior courses of the Institute of Childhood and the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University in order to expand interactive methods for the formation and improvement of the communicative competence of students. The methods used were the analysis of methodological, psychological-pedagogical and special scientific/professional literature on the research problem, pedagogical observation of the students’ communicative activity, analysis of experimental data obtained during the survey. Research results. The article describes the communicative actions of students in a foreign language in stages in accordance with the logic of building a web quest. They are also correlated with the “ideal pattern”– the teacher’s communicative culture. Some features of foreign language communication of students– future teachers– the use of high tones at the phonetic level are named. The predominance of imperative speech at the grammatical level. At the lexical level– the exploitation of the same language clichés in various communicative situations instead of various language formulas. A number of web quests on the topic “Man and the Environment” were developed and tested at the Faculty of Foreign Languages and the Institute of Childhood for specialties with a specialized foreign language. Conclusion. The problem of developing foreign language communicative competence is one of the key ones for teachers teaching a foreign language. In the context of the digitalization of education, higher education teachers are turning to methods of teaching a foreign language, combining the intensive development of language competence and the use of the Internet. Such a synthesis allows them to achieve high results in the involvement of students in communicative activities and, as a result, the development of foreign language communicative competence.

Ценностные доминанты южнокорейской лингвокультуры и их языковая репрезентация

The paper addresses the problem of considering values as an integral condition for the existence of language, the cultural context in which language operates and manifests itself. Language, which is inextricably linked with culture and, accordingly, with the values shared by its speakers, is the most important culture-forming element recording the significance of spiritual and material objects of the world for an individual native speaker and for society as a whole. The research aims to identify the linguistic means of verbalisation of the values of South Korean linguoculture in the Korean language system (at the lexico-grammatical level). The paper is novel in that it is the first to carry out a linguistic study that addresses the lexical and grammatical means of activating the values of linguoculture in line with the axiological approach; moreover, it is the first time that such a study has been carried out using the material of the Korean language. There are still a number of unresolved issues in linguistics related to the nature and essence of values, which indicates the lack of a unified methodological basis for the study of the phenomenon of values. The paper is important in terms of trying to fill in this gap and identify markers that allow Korean language learners to “see” the language through the lens of the values underlying communication in Korean. As a result, the main value dominants of South Korean culture, which are reflected in the language system at the lexical and grammatical levels (realia, specific personal addresses and pronouns; softened expression of an actor, passive constructions, unique specificity of the stylistic execution of an utterance depending on communication conditions), have been identified.

George Kiraz and Sabine Schmidtke, eds. Scribal Habits in Near Eastern Manuscript Traditions

George Kiraz and Sabine Schmidtke, eds. <i>Scribal Habits in Near Eastern Manuscript Traditions</i>

TEKS ADIPARWA DALAM KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK: KONTAK BAHASA SANSKERTA DALAM BAHASA JAWA KUNA

The adjustment of the grammar system as a result of language contact can be seen in the literature in Old Javanese, namely the Adiparwa book. The Adiparwa book is a literary work in prose that is unique by using two languages, namely Old Javanese and Sanskrit sloka quotes. sociolinguistics and linguistics have the same research methods, both are always based on empirically collected results that are applied to data, and conclusions are drawn inductively. Language contact occurs at the grammatical level, where only the syntactic field includes the presence of phrases with a pattern of Sanskrit structures. d) vocabulary field found 363 types of use of Sanskrit vocabulary in the Adiparwa text. e) the semantic field includes cultural absorption (semantic expansive), the formation of new meanings (semantic additives), and changes in meaning values ​​(semantic replasive). The factors causing the integration of Sanskrit into Old Javanese in the Adiparwa text are two intralingual factors and extra lingual factors.

PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMING ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED COMPETENCE OF FUTURE DOCTORS THROUGH THE PRISM OF COMMUNICATIVE EXERCISES

Abstract. The article covers the issues of the practical use of English language communicative exercises as a constituent of medical students’ professional competence. The core of foreign language competence as an integral part of the professional competence of health care specialist is identified. The development of a medical student’s foreign language competence is an essential concept of the professional education in higher educational medical establishments and is implemented through mastering the specifics of language competence at its phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels of study. The emphasis is placed on the need of educational communicative exercises analysis as a core component of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The issues of special subject contents within the course of ESP, choice of teaching materials, advance of students’ communicative component in the mastering of the English language skills are reviewed. The main elements of the medical students’ communicative competence are defined; science-based classification system of exercises for the formation of communicative competence is regarded; the necessity of lexical mastering for adequate opinion formation is emphasized. Both theoretical and methodological aspects of testing students’ foreign language professional competence in the process of studying professionally oriented English are highlighted. It has been found that the practical use of the communicative exercises makes it possible to develop speech skills and abilities, thus providing an opportunity to evaluate, express own opinions and promote self-development and self-actualization of medical students.

A Study of Pragmatic Stylistic Features of Reading Comprehension Texts in College English Test Band-4: Taking the Texts in December 2021 as an Example

As one important test of English proficiency during college in China, CET-4 has long focused on examining students’ reading ability since it started. To probe a nerve of it, this paper is lighted by the framework of pragmatic stylistics, combining ways of Black’s signposts and Read’s stylistic list. From the perspective of structure, vocabulary, and grammar, the pragmatic stylistic features of reading comprehension texts in CET-4 in December 2021 are thus analyzed. The results show that argumentative essays are structured on the author’s opinion while expository essays are on the knowledge; at the vocabulary level, expository essays prefer to employ more diversely while argumentative essays tend to be more balanced in difficulty; at the grammatical level, these two types of texts both use object and adverbial clauses, and they choose simple present and past simple tenses. Also, their sentences are favored active voice.

ВОПРОСЫ ПЕРЕВОДА СТРУКТУРНЫХ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЕЙ В ДИСКУРСИВНЫХ ТЕКСТАХ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article deals with the main ways of studying the problem of translation of structural relationships of discursive texts and subspecies of special discourse in the field of information technology, each of which has an author, recipient, purpose and is implemented in different genres of special discourse. Translation of structural relationships is the final level of translation of the entire information technology discourse text, from the source English language into the translating Kyrgyz language, or into the translating Russian language. In this case, the translator aims to transfer the entire structure and semantics of the translated units of lexical and grammatical level in such a way that all of them together would form a complete picture of the discourse text in the translating language, if possible, adequate to that in the source text. The difficulties encountered by translators in dealing with scientific and technical texts in the field of information technology (press releases, instructions, website and user's guide) are identified.

MEANS OF GENERATING A LANGUAGE GAME IN THE FRENCH ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

Problem statement. The study of the means of creating a language game in a certain discourse, which gives expressiveness and pragmatic potential to speech, is very relevant for the development of language theory. The study of linguistic means, the use of which is effective for generating a language game in advertising discourse, in particular French, is of particular importance, because knowledge of such means and the ability to apply them in advertising texts is very important not only for the development of language theory, but also for the development of marketing, trade and many other spheres of social life. The importance of the place of advertising in various areas of social life, as well as the interdisciplinary status of the language game implemented in the advertising discourse, determine the high degree of relevance of this article. The results of the study. In the course of research within the framework of the French advertising discourse of numerous texts, the object of which is a certain product (product, service, etc.), the language levels at which the language game is implemented, as well as linguistic means through the use of which the language game is generated, are revealed. It is established that it is implemented at all language levels – phonetic, lexical, grammatical. The paradigm of linguistic means is defined, the use of which allows the author of the advertising text to actualize the language game at each level of the language. It is revealed that in one advertising text it is possible to use both one path or one figure, and several different paths or figures. Moreover, the implementation of only one path or one figure in the advertising text is much more frequent. Conclusion. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the language game is a very productive phenomenon in the French advertising discourse. At the phonetic level, it is generated through the use of puns, associative consonances; at the lexical level – through metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, antithesis; at the grammatical level – with the help of adjectives in the degree of comparison, repetitive lexical units, constructions with syntactic parallelism. The language game allows you to use the advertising text not only to inform the recipient, but also to convince and encourage him to purchase the advertised product.

FINDING EQUIVALENCE LEVEL BETWEEN SOURCE LANGUAGE AND TARGET LANGUAGE

This research study aims to investigate and identify the equivalence level of translation from textbooks using a qualitative approach with content analysis. As qualitative research, this study presented an analysis of the strategy made by the translator on how English text (Pretext for Mass Murder) was translated into Indonesian. The research study was started through observation of the source language that involved reading, identifying, classifying and evaluating the data. The collected data were analyzed descriptively under four main headings of equivalence level proposed by Mona Baker, namely in word level, above word level, grammatical level, and textual level equivalence. The sampling data of this research study is 150 sentences taken randomly, which are classified as word level (N=58, 39%), above word level (N=45, 30%), grammatical level (N=35, 30%), and textual level (N=12,8%). The findings demonstrated that the translator used different strategies creatively to find out the closest meaning of translation between the source language and the target language. In addition, word level equivalence was found to be the most dominant data compared to others. Keywords: translation, equivalence, the source language and target language.

FORMATION OF ENGLISH PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE DOCTORS’ FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCE

The article deals with substantiation of developing medical students’ English language professional communication. The core of foreign language communication as an essential concept of future Health Care worker profile is revealed. Formation of medical students’ foreign language communication is emphasized to be an integral aspect of the professional training in higher education medical establishments and is realized by mastering the peculiarities of language competence at its phonetic, lexical, and grammatical level. The attention is focused on the necessity of developing medical students’ English language professional communication as a core component of the English Language and English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The issues of ESP substantive content, selection of teaching materials, and development of students’ communicative component in mastering English language professional skills are considered. Basic training peculiarities of a competent English-speaking specialist are described; evidence-based pedagogical conditions necessary for the formation of communicative competence are considered; the need for lexical mastering in order to speak properly is emphasized. A list of pedagogical principles for the implementation of professional speech activities of medical students is suggested. The use of authentic texts and different exercises has been found to develop professional speech skills and abilities, thus making possible to evaluate and to express one’s opinion, as well as to promote self-development and self-actualization of medical students.

Stylistic features of the Chinese-language artistic and scientific Internet discourse

The article examines stylistic features of Chinese-language fiction and scientific Internet discourse. It considers the concept of "internet discourse", as well as the concepts of "fiction discourse" and "scientific discourse", gives an explanation of certain lexical and grammatical features of the Chinese language. Their manifestation in the considered types of Internet discourse is analyzed. It is noted that the vocabulary of fiction Internet discourse tends to simplification, abbreviations, the use of idioms and catchphrases for greater concentration of information. The authors also use onomatopoeia to imitate the sounds of the surrounding reality by phonetic means of speech. It is shown on examples how, in contrast to popular science texts, the authors of fiction works use reduplication much more often, thereby creating a language more favorable for communication. It is explained why there are quite a lot of slang words in the artistic works of online discourses, which decorate and distinguish the work of the authors. This phenomenon reflects the existence of many dialects and changes in the language, the use of slang words depends on the origin of the author, as well as the emotional color that the author wants to reproduce. The use of linguistic stylistic means is highlighted on the examples of popular scientific and fiction texts. The lexical and grammatical means of expressiveness of the Chinese language of the texts published on the Internet are analyzed. It is indicated that an important feature of Internet works is the use of emoticons and various signs in the texts (smiley of tears, emoticon of shyness, etc.). The functioning of linguistic and stylistic means in the scientific and artistic type of Internet discourse is shown in the comparison. At the grammatical level, fiction and popular science texts are almost the same, there is the use of exclamation points for greater unity between the author and the reader, but in popular science texts they are more restrained and occur only when the author quotes his clients. There is a significant difference between popular science text and fiction. It is noted that the authors of the fiction discourse try to have more contact with the readers, conditionally involve them in the creation of the finale of the fiction work.

Sports live text commentary as a hybrid register

Aim: To present and analyze features of live text commen-tary (LTC) as a recent register of the English language using examples from the coverage of UEFA Euro 2020. The paper explores the influence of spoken language and sports an-nouncer talk (SAT) on the register. It focuses on the differ-ences and similarities between LTC and SAT and presents an overview of features unique to LTC.Methods: LTC was examined as a text variety following Chovanec’s (2018) analysis and using the register perspec-tive proposed by Biber and Conrad (2009). Examples from fourteen LTCs reporting on the UEFA Euro 2020 competition held in June/July 2021 were analyzed, including their typ-ical situational and linguistic characteristics and some of their functions.Results: LTC is a hybrid register that exemplifies today’s convergence of different media. LTCs take the context of production from live blogs, while their language is main-ly reminiscent of SAT, including tense usage and adoption of certain forms. Spoken language, in general, is also an in-fluence, especially on the syntactic and grammatical levels. Distinct LTC features include the internal structure, icons, and interactiveness of the text. The analyzed commentaries feature clearly outlined sections (e.g., opening and closing posts) that serve specific discursive purposes. Icons have a particular function in LTC; their meaning is well-estab-lished, and they sometimes function as utterances. Another remarkable characteristic is the intertextuality derived from text contributions provided by various spectators of the sports event, including fans. This interaction is, at times, simulated. Conclusion: The paper confirmed LTC as a hybrid format with avenues for further hybridization. In LTC, we see an intertwining of different elements, which, taken together, produce a new whole in a process typical of the conver-gence seen in the media today. The most innovative aspects of LTC, the intertextuality, interactiveness, and co-produc-tion of a text, are limited.