Level Of Globalization Research Articles

Тенденції розвитку міжнародного науково-технічного співробітництва

In recent decades, there has been an intensification of international scientific and technological cooperation (ISTC), which takes place in various forms. The publication is aimed at generalizing the methodological bases of research and examining the main tendencies in the development of modern ISTC. The essence of ISTC and its objective predeterminence are defined, its importance as a factor of a world-wide development on the basis of the global spread of the achievements of science is specified. The peculiarities of ISTC progress at both macro- and micro-levels, which covers all stages of knowledge acquisition and takes place in an intensive manner in the field of both fundamental and applied research, are explained. The main elements of the methodology of the ISTC research are: principles, conditions of development, types, forms, directions, mechanisms and main effects. It is substantiated that the most important precondition for the development of ISTC is its institutionalization. International business became one of the leading forces in the ISTC. The main structural tendencies in the development of ISTC (increasing the degree of institutionalization, geographical diversification, diversification of the directions of cooperation, wide application of information and communication technologies (ICT), international scientific associations, etc.) are allocated. The peculiarities of participation in the ISCT of both developed and developing countries, as well as spatial changes (increasing the level of globalization, intensification of cooperation at the level of cities, universities, innovation zones; development of spatial and network structures of production, organization and use of knowledge; intensification of global mobility of highly qualified personnel, transfer of technologies) are explained. Attention is drawn to the formation of global innovation networks; development of intensive knowledge communities; expanding participation of universities in the ISTC; increasing the number of information platforms as the basis of ISTC; expanding the role of international scientometric databases, repositories, archives, libraries on the Internet. Measures are proposed to intensify and improve the ISTC system at both the global and the regional levels, especially the multilateral mechanisms to support developing countries. Attention is focused on the need to use a noosphere approach.

Is globalization linked to low corruption in OECD countries?

The current study examines the combinational effects of globalization, wealth, democracy, political stability, and legal efficiency on the perception of state corruption within 34 members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the OECD) countries. Seminal academic literature clearly shows that all these factors can influence corruption within nations and this study focuses on the pathways through which globalization is mediated by unique combinations of other factors that work in tandem through the use of Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The analysis of conditions reveals that a high level of globalization is neither sufficient nor necessary condition on its own for low corruption but combines with other conditions in distinct pathways to be sufficient for either high corruption or low corruption among the research cases. Other internal factors appear more clearly associated with corruption, with low legal efficiency as a necessary condition for high corruption, while high democracy and high legal efficiency serving as important necessary conditions for low corruption.”

Globalization and Modern Slavery

This article presents a cross-national comparative analysis of the relationship between different dimensions of globalization and modern slavery. It argues that both the economic and political dimensions of globalization are strongly associated with lower levels of slavery prevalence. Recent estimates suggest there are more than 40 million people in some form of slavery and the United Nations has committed the world to ending this problem by 2030. Some argue that a race to the bottom, and the structure of economic incentives associated with globalization have contributed to the problem of modern slavery. Others argue that increased openness and the diffusion of values, the spread of democratic forms of rule, and the advance of human rights that come with globalization limit modern slavery. This article presents a preliminary empirical analysis of these arguments using data on slavery prevalence across more than 60 countries and various measures of economic and political globalization. The analysis shows that economic measures of globalization and higher levels of democracy are significantly related to lower levels of slavery prevalence, even after controlling for armed conflict and regional differentiation. In order to support these findings, the article examines the international law on slavery, definitions and conceptions of modern slavery, and comparative data on slavery prevalence modeled across indicators of economic and political globalization. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the trade-offs between globalization and modern slavery.

The impacts of globalization on city environments in developing countries: A case study of 21 cities in Guangdong Province, China

Abstract This study aims to investigate whether globalization has a negative impact on city environments and how globalization impacts the environments of cities in developing countries. Therefore, it initiates a preliminary inquiry into the causality between environmental change and level of globalization employing a panel vector auto-regression model (VAR). Using calculations of environmental quality and globalization level of 21 cities in Guangdong Province, China, from 1990 to 2015, this study examines the effects of environmental change under globalization among the cities. The results of a long-term analysis show that there is a “U”-shaped relationship between globalization and the environment. As cities begin participating in globalization, they have the capability of transforming the environmental impact from negative to positive. Notably, the effect of globalization on city environments cannot be defined as purely positive or negative in developing countries. Additionally, the composite effects of economic globalization, governments' globalization processes, and international communications lead to environmental changes, especially the first two dimensions. Our analyses contribute to the understanding of the relationship between globalization and city environments and have policy implications for global sustainable urban development in developing countries.

GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM IN EAST EUROPE AND THE SUCCESSOR STATES OF THE SOVIET UNION

Globalization has often been suggested as a phenomenon that leads to terrorism due to the disruptions it causes. In the case of the former centrally planned economies of East Europe and Eurasia, however, greater levels of globalization have led to less terrorist incidents and casualties rather than more. Further, the terrorist attacks that did occur did not deter foreign direct investment in the region.

ANTALYA + X = BARSELONA: HANGİ İKTİSAT POLİTİKALARI (X) UYGULANMALI?

Bu çalışmanın konusu ve amacı, Avrupa’nın en büyük turizm merkezlerinden olan Antalya’yı Barselona bağlamında incelemektir. Barselona’nın çıta olarak ele alınmasının nedeni, onun Antalya gibi Afro-Avrasya coğrafyasında bir köprü olması ve post-modern İpek Yolu’nda yer almasıdır. Barselona, İspanya’nın en zengin ikinci ve özerk Katalonya bölgesinin birinci şehri olarak dünyanın en gelişmiş şehirlerinden biri iken, Antalya ise sadece Türkiye’nin yerel sosyo-ekonomik ölçütlerine göre en gelişmiş beşinci şehridir. Ayrıca Barselona, küreselleşme ve finansallaşma düzeyine göre bir “alfa şehir” iken, Antalya ise henüz “beta” ya da “gama şehir” özelliğinde bile değildir. “3-T” (turizm-tarım-ticaret) ekonomisinden oluşan Antalya’nın Barselona gibi küresel bir alfa şehir olabilmesi ve Türkiye’de de sürdürülebilir şehircilikte model olabilmesi için üretim, ulaştırma, enerji, turizm gibi yaşamsal sektörlerde bazı radikal iktisadi politikaları (X) geliştirmeli ve ivedilikle uygulamalıdır. Örneğin: X1: “Biyoteknoloji” gibi yeni istihdam ve gelir alanları yaratılarak ve toplumsal cinsiyet adaleti duyarlılığı gösterilerek genç işsizlik oranı azaltılmalı. X2: Verimli tarımsal topraklar korunmalı ve turizmde katma değeri arttıracak şekilde “çiftlik turizmi” yaygınlaştırılmalıdır. X3: Güneş arzının bol olduğu şehirde elektrik enerjisi çeşitliliği ve verimliliğini arttırmak için çok sayıda ve büyük ölçekli “güneş santralleri” kurulmalıdır. X4: Turist akışı aşırı olduğu için şehirde ve bölgede karayolu güvenliğine ve hava trafiğine katkıda bulunmak amacıyla “hızlı tren” projesine geçilmelidir. X5: İç göçü ve çarpık inşaatçılığı sınırlandırmak ve kötü izlerini yok etmek üzere Avrupa-Akdeniz karma mimarisine dayalı “kentsel dönüşüm” proğramı hızlandırılmalıdır. Sözkonusu yerel iktisat politikaların uygulanmasından küresel değerler elde edecek ve bunları gelecek kuşağa miras bırakacak Antalya ile, dünyanın en yaşanabilir ve en yenilikçi şehirlerinden Barselona arasında “kardeş şehir” ilişkisi kurulmalıdır. Bu, ortak Akdeniz uygarlığına ve antik kentlere ev sahipliği yapmanın doğal bir gereğidir. Antalya açısından, yukarıdaki bilinmeyen X’leri “bilinir-görünür yapabilmek için toplumun ısrarlı talebi ve şehir yöneticilerinin de güçlü kararlılığı şarttır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Antalya Ekonomisi, Barselona, X İktisat PolitikalarıJEL Kodları: R58, R59, Z59

Pooled Mean Group Approach to Test the Determinants of Financial Integration: Evidence From OECD and G20 Countries

This study investigates the role of financial liberalization, trade integration, economic growth and global financial crisis on financial integration level of selected OECD and G20 countries during the period of 2000-2016. PMG technique has been implemented to estimate the ARDL model. Regression results suggest a statistically significant long run co-integration relationship between financial integration and independent variables. Analysis also concludes that there are both long run and short run positive impact of trade integration level on financial integration level. The study also concludes that the global financial crisis has had a negative influence on global financial integration both in the short run and long run. But according to the regression results the impact of financial liberalization on the actual financial integration level of the countries only appears in the long run. Results also indicate that positive impact of economic growth on financial globalization level appears only in the long run.

Three Stages of Trust Building of International Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

In a globalized world, more and more firms inevitably have to deal with other businesses from a far distance that they perhaps have never met and thus hardly know each other. The escalating level of globalization of business has brought with it the increased importance of trust in international business. Various studies have confirmed the importance of trust as one of the key elements for a successful business partnership. However, less is known about how international small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) develop and maintain trust. This research investigates the characteristics of trusted business partners and how trust is built and maintained over time. In-depth interviews were conducted with the management of 20 international SMEs in Thailand. The essences of trust, namely competency and professionalism, honesty and integrity, empathy and caring and three-stage model of trust building and maintaining in international business are proposed.

Nonlinear globalization threshold effect of energy intensity convergence in Belt and Road countries

This paper investigates the role of globalization, especially so-called threshold effect, in convergence of energy intensity along the Belt and Road countries during the period 1992–2016. Different from the previous studies, which primarily consider the linear effect and neglect the cross-sectional dependence of convergences, we construct a panel smooth transition regression model in this work, simultaneously taking dynamics, heterogeneity, non-linear and cross-sectional dependence characteristics into account. The results show that there exists a non-linear globalization threshold effect on the unconditional beta convergence, conditional beta convergence and club convergence of energy intensity, and the convergence becomes faster when the globalization level is above the threshold. These findings imply that a rise in the level of globalization contributes to the convergence of energy intensity in the Belt and Road countries; thus, governments in such countries could reduce energy intensity through increasing the level of globalization, which may in turn be achieved by deep cross-national cooperation in economic, social and political areas.

Back to the future: A retrospective assessment of model‐based scenarios for the management of the shrimp fishery in French Guiana facing global change

AbstractWhile the number of models dedicated to predicting the consequences of alternative resource management strategies has increased, instances in which authors look back at past predictions to learn from discrepancies between these and observed developments are scarce. In the past decades, the French Guiana shrimp fishery has experienced shrimp market globalization and decreasing levels of shrimp recruitment due to environmental changes. In 2006, a bio‐economic model of this fishery was developed to simulate its possible responses to economic and environmental scenarios up to 2016. Here, we compare here these predictions to the observed trajectories. While the number of active vessels corresponds to that which was predicted, the estimated shrimp stock does not. Important driving factors had not been anticipated, including a general strike, natural disasters, and the end of the global financial crisis. These results show the importance of participative approaches involving stakeholders in the co‐construction and shared representation of scenarios.Recommendations for resource managers Effective fisheries resources management and a fortiori, the capacity of the fisheries to adapt to global change, requires understanding of both ecological and economics dynamics. The temporal trajectory of the trawling shrimp fisheries has been well monitored, and the decline of both stock and fleet is understood regarding ecological and economic changes: Changes in the environmental conditions of shrimp recruitment, and oil price increase and selling price decrease. However, our bio‐economic modeling work showed that, even with a good understanding of the dynamics explaining past trajectories, unpredictable events (strike, natural disasters…) have acted as other key driving factors altering the capacity of the model to represent possible futures. These results led us to recommend a better integration of the expertise of social and political scientists in developing models of bio‐economic systems to increase the quality of scenario predictions, and to argue for more participative approaches involving the stakeholders.

Formation of Value-Added Reproduction Chains in the Industry Based on Business Audit

The subject of the research is the reproduction of added value in industry.The relevance of the problem under study is caused, on the one hand, by the low efficiency of the existing value-added reproduction chains characterized by a significant level of cooperation and globalization and, on the other hand, by the influence on their formation of information and communication technologies as a driver of the transition to a new technological paradigm.The purposes of the research were to identify the reserves for the value-added growth and determine ways to improve the organizational and functional structure of the value-added reproduction chain. The business process audit is proposed as a tool to reveal value-added growth reserves. The analysis of the existing value-added reproduction chains in the Russian industry indicates their localization in integrated structures (corporations).It is concluded that the state should establish an institutional basis for the formation of the most effective value-added reproduction chains in the industry, in particular, shape government policies encouraging the creation of integrated structures of the full technological cycle in priority sectors of the national economy and their development programs; formulate an inter-sectoral modernization policy as the basis of neo-industrialization; establish a single database of all business processes and corporations at the national level; conduct audits of competences of the parties to the chain and their certification with the government participation; develop an array of scientific and technological innovations at the national level, etc.

Competitive development of the globalization of Сentral and Eastern Europe's economies

The article is devoted to the investigation of the specific models of the countries` of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) globalization, formed after the "great expansion to the East" in 2004. The analysis was based on the general indicator of the globalization level of certain countries - the KOF index and its specially synthesized components. It was decided that, on the whole, European integration contributed to the positive dynamics of globalization in the group of analyzed countries. However, a more detailed analysis revealed a different level of dependence between globalization and GDP for different countries over the analyzed period, which points to the unequal benefits of European integration for general global economic expansion and increasement of real production in the case of diverse CEE national economies. By distinguishing the intermediate indicators of the general economic situation, political environment, sociocultural conditions, information development and trade activity in the KOF index, it became possible to take into consideration the current competitive differences of globalization models within CEE and to distinguish three main models, as well as to study the level of lagging from the European indicators. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe are the EU's geostrategic resource, the so-called second EU border. At the same time, they are in geographical, mental and economic proximity to Ukraine, as well as undergoing the process of their economic model’s transformation in the context of market relations internationalization. Thus, by analyzing the global competitiveness’ of Central and Eastern Europe countries models and using the obtained data in accordance with national peculiarities of Ukraine, it is possible to form an optimal development model for it. The article uses general scientific methods inherent in economic research in a global context: analysis of literary sources and statistical materials provided by international and national profile institutions or organizations, econometric analysis methods, in particular, correlation and cluster analysis.

Pengaruh Globalisasi Ekonomi terhadap Inflasi: Pendekatan Data Panel

There are similarities in views from economic researchers that globalization can have an impact on the behavior of domestic inflation. So that the characteristics of inflation which was initially only associated with domestic factors, became interesting to observe its relationship with economic globalization. Romer (1993) states that a more open country in the economy will have a lower inflation rate. This study aims to test the Romer hypothesis by analyzing the effect of the level of economic globalization on inflation in 102 countries during 1993 - 2013. The model specification test shows that the best method for this research data is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results of the study concluded that there is a significant negative relationship between economic globalization and inflation

Investigation and Exploration of ‘Student-Centered and Teacher-Led’ Teaching Model in English Medium Instruction (EMI) Calculus Course

The internationalization of higher education in China is constantly improving with an increasing level of diversification and globalization of education. High-level international English Medium Instruction (EMI) course is crucial to the cultivation of innovative international talents. Taking the Calculus course as an example, this article first demonstrates the importance and connotation of ‘know thy enemy and know yourself’ in the construction of EMI courses. Then it elaborates on the construction methods and significance of the ‘Leaning Community’, ‘Teaching Community’, and ‘Teaching-Learning Community’ through studies of the relationship between ‘teaching’ and ‘learning’ form the student-centered aspect. Such research provides a useful reference for the teaching model reform, especially the effective construction of EMI courses in non-native English-speaking countries.

One Bad Turn Deserves Another: How Terrorism Sustains the Addiction to Capital Flight in Africa

This inquiry assesses if terrorism sustains the capital flight trap and whether the relationship is affected by varying the levels of governance and globalisation. The empirical evidence is based on interactive generalised method of moments with data from 37 African countries for the period 1996–2010. The following are established: (1) Evidence of a capital flight trap is apparent because past values of capital flight have a positive effect on future values of capital flight. (2) Terrorism sustains the positive effect of the capital flight trap on capital flight. (3) For the most part (especially with regard to political governance), terrorism sustains the addiction to capital flight in above-median governance sub-samples. Policy implications are discussed.

One Bad Turn Deserves Another: How Terrorism Sustains the Addiction to Capital Flight in Africa

This inquiry assesses if terrorism sustains the capital flight trap and whether the relationship is affected by varying the levels of governance and globalisation. The empirical evidence is based on interactive Generalised Method of Moments with data from 37 African countries for the period 1996-2010. The followings are established. (1) Evidence of a capital flight trap is apparent because past values of capital flight have a positive effect on future values of capital flight. (2) Terrorism sustains the positive effect of the capital flight trap on capital flight. (3) For the most part (especially with regard to political governance), terrorism sustains the addiction to capital flight in above-median governance sub-samples. Policy implications are discussed.

Economic sanctions and globalization: Assessing the impact of the globalization level of target state on sanctions efficacy

Purpose - When do states resist the threat of sanctions or comply with the demands of the political unit imposing sanctions? This article argues that if the target has a high globalization index, it conforms to the demands of the sender. Therefore, the article examines the impact of target’s globalization level on the initiation and success of economic sanctions as a frequently used foreign policy tool. Methodology - In combination of two datasets, (for sanctions cases, Hufbauer et al, 2007; and for globalization index Raab et al, 2007), this article, uses 72 sanctions cases from Hufbauer et al. (2007) dataset to examine some indicators of sanctions efficacy. A probit model is used to analyze the hypotheses. Findings - The findings of the empirical models presented in the article, reveal a positive relationship between the efficacy of economic sanctions and the high level of globalization in target state. Thus, as targets become globalized, the efficacy of sanctions increases. Empirical evidence has been found in the models as the relationship between sanctions success and globalization has been indicated, since cultural globalization index is used as an indicator of regime type and, most importantly, due to the presumed relationship between winning coalitions and cultural globalization. Conclusion - It has been found that cultural globalization leads to political change that causes transitional political systems to emerge for such states. Referring to the selectorate theory, it is claimed that the winning coalition is possibly wider and the scope of this coalition can be determined without identifying a regime type for the target. In addition, cultural globalization leads to social change that may affect public opinion. As such the audience costs are higher in culturally globalized targets because it requires a publicly accepted foreign policy behavior.

The Determinants of ICT ODA Allocation in Korea: Focused on Bilateral Grants

본 연구는 한국의 ICT ODA의 결정요인을 공여국의 이해, 수원국의 필요, 그리고 국제규범의 측면에서 분석하고, 어떠한 요인들이 ICT ODA의 배분에 영향을 미치고 있는지를 규명하고자 한다. 이에 따라 한국의 경제적 이해, 수원국의 정보격차와 경제발전수준, 국제 ODA 지원 규범과 세계화 수준을 통해 한국의 ICT ODA 배분 동기를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석대상은 2006년부터 2016년까지 한국이 ICT ODA를 제공한 127개의 개발도상국을 대상으로 선정하였다. 패널분석 결과, ICT 제품 수출 규모가 증가할수록, 전력소비량과 휴대전화가입자 수가 적고 ICT 제품수입비중이 증가할수록, 1인당 국민소득이 낮을수록, 경제적 세계화 수준이 높을수록 ICT ODA 규모가 확대되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전자정부 수준이 높고 정부부채가 적고, 1인당 지원받는 ODA 규모가 작은 국가에게 더 많은 ICT ODA를 배분하는 것으로 나타나, ICT ODA 배분 과정에서 수원국의 정보격차와 경제 수준에 따른 필요성이 부분적으로 간과되고 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 2015년에 채택된 인도적인 ODA 전략 실행을 위해서는 ICT ODA의 배분 과정에서 수원국의 정보격차, 경제적 수준, 기타 공여국들이 공유하는 규범을 충분히 고려 할 필요가 있다.This study analyzes the determinants of ICT ODA in Korea in terms of donor countries interest, the needs of recipient countries, and international norms, and analyzes what factors are affecting the distribution of ICT ODA. Therefore, we empirically analyzed motivations of Korean ICT ODA distribution through Korea s economic understanding, digital gap and economic development level of the recipient country, international ODA support norms, and economic globalization level. The analysis targeted 127 developing countries which received ICT ODA from South Korea between 2006 to 2016. The results show that size of ICT ODA increases as export volume of ICT products increases. Moreover, the smaller the consumption of electricity and the number of mobile phone users, the higher the proportion of imports of ICT products, the larger the ICT ODA size. Further, low per capita income and high levels of economic globalization have been associated with ICT ODA size. In addition, more ICT ODA distributed to countries with high e-government levels, low government debt, and low ODA per capita, suggests that in the ICT ODA allocation process, the needs of beneficiary countries such as the information gap and economic development levels have been partially ignored. Therefore, in order to implement the humanitarian ODA strategy adopted in 2015, it is necessary to fully consider the digital gap, economic level, and norms shared by donor countries in the distribution process of ICT ODA.

The nexus between globalization and ethnic identity: A view from below

While some studies have examined the impact of globalization on national identity ‘from below’, their findings are inconclusive, some arguing that national identity is less important for people in more globalized countries, others finding evidence to the contrary. Addressing and resolving some of the previous studies limitations, this article investigates the relationship between globalization and national identity with four cross-national surveys, using 149 national samples across 74 countries, inspecting whether country level of globalization impacts ethnic identity and whether globalization moderates between patriotism and ethnic identity. The findings indicate that although ethnic identity levels are lower in the more globalized than the less globalized countries, globalization has no differential effect on the strong and positive link between patriotism and ethnic identity.

To risk or derisk the soul of the university? The peril in educational globalization

ABSTRACTEducational globalization is taking place amid the competing narratives of hyperglobalization and deglobalization. This article shows that these narratives fail to capture what is really happening. Aggregate empirical data for the period since the 2008 financial crisis evidence neither an appreciable rise nor a substantial decline in the overall level of globalization. Against this backdrop, a grid of risks that market-based university reforms pose to the soul of the university can be garnered from five scholars’ comments on the author of this article’s book Implausible Dream: The World-Class University and Repurposing Higher Education. The risk factors are bracketed under the following headings: control mechanisms and diminishing reflexivity, misrule, numerical governance, the ethos of competitiveness, and the conventional organization of knowledge. This calculus of risks has important implications for crafting strategies for derisking the core purposes of higher education institutions. They revolve around a central motif: strengthening the democratic tradition at universities.