Level Of Globalization Research Articles

Renewable energy consumption and robust globalization(s) in OECD countries: Do oil, carbon emissions and economic activity matter?

This study examines the impact of globalization(s) on renewable energy consumption in OECD countries by endogenizing per capita GDP, oil prices and per capita carbon emissions. We use robust globalization(s) as measured by the “classic”, “reconstructed” and “revisited” globalization indexes. The novel method of Machado and Silva Panel quantile regression (2019) approach is used to obtain robust findings for the renewable energy consumption-globalization nexus. The results confirm the presence of a long-run association between renewable energy consumption with globalization(s), per capita GDP, oil prices and per capita carbon emissions. The empirical results also describe that there are positive effects for per capita income, the real price of oil and carbon emissions per capita on the renewable energy consumption. In addition, a higher level of (overall, economics, social and political) classic globalization promotes renewable energy consumption, while the “reconstructed” and “revisited” economic globalization reduces the use of renewable energy consumption, and this finding is also robust to different measures of economic globalization. Moreover, the panel quantile regression reveals that renewable energy consumption increases the domestic economy in the middle (0.50) quantile group of the population through importing more advanced technology and positive spilling over markets, while the lower quantile group and the higher quantile group of the population are using non-renewable (coal, wood) energy because of the livelihood practice that is based on coal and wood (for the lower quantiles group of the population) and for the sake of speedy growth (for the higher quantiles group of the population) that worsens the environmental quality without caring for the contents of globalization.

Can innovation improve income inequality? Evidence from panel data

Income inequality is a source of social instability and armed conflict, which in turn are detrimental to economic development. This study examines the role of innovation in income inequality in twenty-three developed countries, using a panel mean group estimator that takes cross-sectional dependence into consideration. Three income inequality indicators are used: the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID), the University of Texas Inequality Project (UTIP), and the Estimated Household Income Inequality (EHII). The innovation indicators are patent applications and patents granted. The empirical results based on the common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) reveal that innovation widens income inequality. We also investigate whether the innovation–income inequality nexus is subject to a country’s level of globalization and financial development. The findings suggest that the interaction terms between innovation with these two variables have positive effects on income inequality, whereas innovation failed to reduce income inequality. Globalization and financial development are found to drive income inequality. The empirical results are robust to different income inequality and innovation measures as well as estimation techniques.

Endogenous Growth in a Spatial Economy: The Impact of Globalization on Innovations and Convergence

In this article we explore the claim that spatial interactions among cities are significant drivers of their growth. We assert that reallocation of ideas among cities is a source of improved allocation of resources. We propose a closed economy, agent-based model that is in constant flux. It is populated by autonomous agents that compete and adjust constantly their behavior in reaction to the conditions they perceive. The economy is a dynamic, self-organizing system. We focus on the intensity of globalization as the critical economic process that explains differences in convergence and divergence in the system. The means by which the extent of globalization affects the long-run performance of economies is the geographic reach of new ideas and their conversion into innovations. The question that plays out in our model is the relative influence of globalization and the localized entrepreneurial ecology on innovation. When the globalization is weak, new firms are limited by the market value of their own city. As the globalization strengthens, more and more new firms belong to the global playground. We demonstrate that in line with empirical literature, the gross domestic product of our urban system increases greatly with the increase in globalization level.

Economic Impact Analysis of China’s Logistics Industry by Input-Output Table

본 연구의 목적은 중국 산업연관표를 이용하여 중국 물류산업의 경제적 파급효과의 분석결과를 통해 물류산업에 대한 미래 발 전의 시사점을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 중국 통계청의 2012, 2017년 산업연관표의 139개, 149개 산업 중 물류산 업과 직접 연관된 육상운송, 수상운송 등 5개 부문을 중국 물류산업으로 분류하였다. 분석결과 물류산업은 생산유발계수의 열 합 계는 2012년 3.6276에서 2017년 2.7666로, 행 합계는 2012년 5.7127에서 2017년 4.5200으로 감소하였다. 감응도계수는 2012년 1.7250에서 2017년 1.5581로, 영향력계수는 2012년 1.0954에서 2017년 0.9538로 다소 감소하였다. 부가가치유발계수는 2012년 1.261, 2017년 1.1578로 나타났다. 노동유발계수는 2012년 0.0589에서 2017년 0.0433로 감소하였다. 따라서 물류산업은 국민경제에 대한 이끌어 갈 수 있는 능력이 재고하기 위해 첫째, 물류산업의 전체 시스템화와 종합성을 강화해야 하고 산업 구조를 전환에 대한 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 운송구조를 조정하여 우세를 가지고 있는 운송방식을 중점으로서 발전시키는 정책이 필요하다. 셋째, 물류산업의 국제화 수준을 높이기 위해서 정부 지원이 필요하다. 마지막으로, 기술기반의 자본집약형 산업으로 전환하기 위해 새 로운 기술과 정보 네트워크 기술을 적용함으로써 물류산업의 업그레이드를 추진한 정책이 필요하다.By analyzing how China’s logistics industry affect the national economy, this thesis hopes to suggest future strategies for logistics industry. In order to analyze the logistics industry effects on national economy, among the 139 industries, 149 industries in China’s 2012 and 2017 input-output table of the Chinese National Statistical Office, choosing overland transportation, water transportation, air transportation, multimodal transportation, and logistics support service were classified as Chinese logistics industries. As a result of the analysis, the total column of production inducement coefficient by the logistics industry decreased from 3.6276 in 2012 to 2.7666 in 2017, and the total row decreased from 5.7127 in 2012 to 4.5200 in 2017. The coefficient of sensitivity decreased slightly from 1.7250 in 2012 to 1.5581 in 2017 and the influence coefficient from 1.0954 in 2012 to 0.9538 in 2017. The value-added inducement coefficient was 1.261 in 2012 and 1.1578 in 2017. The labor inducement coefficient decreased from 0.0589 in 2012 to 0.0433 in 2017. There are four implications pointed out regarding to China’s logistics industry. First, the logistics industry needs to be a total systemization and generalization and make efforts to transform the industrial structure. Second, there needs a policy to focus on developing transportation methods that have an advantage. Third, logistics industry needs support from the government in order to reach its globalization level. Finally, for it to transform into a technology-capital-based industry, there needs to be a policy that expediate the upgrade of logistics industry, making it apply new technology and information network skills.

The role of globalisation, de jure and de facto, on environmental performance: evidence from developing and developed countries

In the context of globalisation, is a country’s level of development an obstacle to its environmental performance? The main objective of this research is to identify the role played in the environmental performance of countries with different levels of development, globalisation, and environmental regulation, by the three dimensions and two new measures of globalisation, de jure and de facto. This analysis was accomplished by assessing the environmental curve which relates economic growth to environmental degradation, known as the environmental Kuznets curve, for a sample of 32 developed and 26 developing economies from 1995 to 2017. It was found that developed countries produced an inverted U-shaped curve and that globalisation had a mostly beneficial effect on the environment. In contrast, developing economies produced a U-shaped curve and globalisation was generally harmful. Globalisation caused reductions of 0.88% and 0.85% in the environmental degradation of developed countries, and increases of 0.20% and 0.52% in developing ones. Political globalisation produced different effects for each measure in developed countries and had no effect in developing countries. Economic globalisation suggests the relocation of polluting industries from developed to developing countries. As there is currently very little literature on the new measures of globalisation, this study provides fresh insights for policymakers devising appropriate measures to achieve sustainability in both developed and developing countries.

Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization

In an era of globalization, climate change is considered a huge threat to humanity. With this in mind, and while countries continue to seek economic growth, the question arises: what are the repercussions of globalization on the environment? Through an analysis of the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation, assessing the Environmental Kuznets Curve using the economic, social, and political dimensions, and the de jure and de facto measures of globalization, this study provides evidence for the influence of expanding globalization on environmental performance for 20 of the highest carbon-dioxide-emitting countries within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The countries were divided into high-globalized countries and low-globalized countries, according to their ranking of overall globalization. In order to provide robust results, the Driscoll-Kraay estimator was performed from 1990 to 2016. The results reveal evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for the high-globalized group, but not for the low-globalized group. Political globalization is shown to be a tool for mitigating environmental degradation, while economic globalization is harmful for it. Furthermore, there is evidence of different effects of de jure and de facto globalization.

Implicit and explicit state attachment among single and dual American citizens

ABSTRACT With increasing levels of globalization and changing patterns of migration, there is a growing interest in the nature of citizenship. Dual citizenship is of particular interest because it is a category that connotes symmetrical ties between an individual and two states, but few studies have examined state attachment among dual citizens. We address this question by comparing American dual citizens’ attitudes and behaviors toward the US in two ways: by comparing US single and dual citizens and by comparing dual citizens’ attitudes and behaviors regarding their two countries of citizenship. Comparisons are made using both self-report measures and implicit measures. By using the implicit association test (IAT), we capture implicit self-state associations while largely circumventing the issue of social desirability. Results indicate that single citizens are more attached to the US compared to dual citizens. Dual citizens showed symmetrical attachment toward their two countries of citizenship, but participated more in US politics than in their other country. The findings provide a better understanding of the attitudes and behaviors of dual citizens and suggest new directions for research on the relationship between individuals and the state.

Characterizing Transnational Internet Performance and the Great Bottleneck of China

Transnational Internet performance is an important indication of a country's level of infrastructure investment, globalization, and openness. We conduct a large-scale measurement study of transnational Internet performance in and out of 29 countries and regions, and find six countries that have surprisingly low performance. Five of them are African countries and the last is mainland China, a significant outlier with major discrepancies between downstream and upstream performance. We then conduct a comprehensive investigation of the unusual transnational Internet performance of mainland China, which we refer to as the "Great Bottleneck of China". Our results show that this bottleneck is widespread, affecting 79% of the receiver-sender pairs we measured. More than 70% of the pairs suffer from extremely slow speed (less than 1 Mbps) for more than 5 hours every day. In most tests the bottleneck appeared to be located deep inside China, suggesting poor network infrastructure to handle transnational traffic. The phenomenon has far-reaching implications for Chinese users' browsing habits as well as for the ability of foreign Internet services to reach Chinese customers.

ФРАНЧАЙЗИНГ: СУТНІСТЬ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНИЙ ПОРЯДОК ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ ПАРТНЕРСЬКИХ ВІДНОСИН

Стаття присвячена проблемам і перспективам розвитку франчайзингу в Україні. Світова економіка характеризується високим ступенем глобалі-зації та інтеграції, тому постає необхідність активізації інноваційної діяль-ності, а налагодження тісного торговельного, інвестиційного та коопера-ційного співробітництва сприятиме включенню в процес формування но-вих моделей економічного розвитку, основою яких стане оновлення еко-номічних систем на основі технологічної модернізації. Актуальність здо-бувають нетрадиційні методи фінансування інноваційної діяльності, до числа яких належить франчайзинг. У статті розкрито сутність франчайзингових відносин, досліджено розвиток франчайзингу в Україні, а також механізм здійснення франчайзингових відносин. Визначено переваги та недоліки для основних суб’єктів франчайзингових відносин. Обґрунтовано необхідність та значення організації бізнесу на умовах франчайзингу.

Globalization, Democratic Institutions and The Fairness of the Elections

A central normative argument of liberal democracy is that elections as instruments of democracy need to be free, fair and neutral to reflect peoples’ opinions. In many parts of the world, particularly democracies in developing countries of South Asia and Africa, governments are formed by elections that are sometimes considered 'flawed' by the people and international observers. This raises a critical question with far-reaching implications for democracy: What affects the fairness of the elections? Is there any significant direct effect of globalization on elections? If not, under what circumstances does globalization influence the quality of elections? Do effective political institutions condition the effect of globalization on the fairness of the elections? I empirically assess these questions from 2006 to 2010 for 100 countries in a time-series cross-sectional statistical model using the 2015 Quality of Government (QoG) dataset. The results suggest that greater levels of globalization significantly increase the fairness of the elections in countries where effective political institutions exist. The results furthermore demonstrate that in the absence of viable democratic institutions, an increased level of globalization may not always correspond to free, fair and neutral elections.

Impact of Globalization on Coal Consumption in Vietnam: An Empirical Analysis

The study investigates the impact of globalization on coal consumption in Vietnam. This study employs an autoregressed distributed lag approach on time series data for the period of 1990 to 2017. The study tests the stationary, cointegration of time series data and utilizes autoregressed distributed lag modeling technique to determine the short-run and long-run relationship among coal consumption, globalization, income, population, and CO2 emissions. The results show that globalization increases coal consumption in Vietnam in the long run. The results also show that rapid economic growth promotes more coal consumption in the short run as well as in the long run. Moreover, higher population reduces coal consumption, and CO2 emissions decrease coal consumption both in the short run and the long run. The findings of the study suggest that globalization increases coal consumption in Vietnam in the long run. This result suggests that the increase in globalization level in Vietnam increases coal consumption. An interesting finding is that higher population reduces coal consumption, and population is an important factor towards the lessening in coal consumption. The findings confirm that environmental pollution decreases coal consumption in the short run and the long run. This implies that coal consumption may be green consumption in Vietnam.

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): Empirically Examined Long Run Association Between Globalization, Financial Development and CO2 Emission for ASEAN Countries

This study mainly inspects the effect of globalization and financial expansion on CO2 emissions in the existence of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) framework for ASEAN economies, firstly the study employs the cross-sectional dependence econometric test. Results of CADF, CIPS unit root test, LM test, panel Kao Cointegration, Johansen Fisher test and Panel ARDL investigation revealed that (i) the hypothesis of EKC supports in ASEAN economies (ii) financial expansion and consumption of energy subsidize to the Co2 productions while urbanization has positive and globalization negative affiliation with carbon dioxide emissions (iii) the data is heterogeneous and cross-sectional dependence test confirms that there exit cross sections dependency (iv) Co-integration test confirms that variables are co-integrated, urbanization has an order of integration is I(0) and a square of GDP, economic development, globalization, financial expansion, use of energy and CO2 emission have an order of integration is I(1). Moreover, it is recommended that the authorities of ASEAN economies give some special consideration to the globalization level. Since better institutional reforms, institutional quality is vital to upsurge financial development and globalization improved financial growth.

GAIA 3.0: Effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on sustainable development and future perspectives

In the past decades, the frequency of epidemics with global importance has increased significantly. Only in the first two decades of the 21st Century, the world has witnessed the epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes, Zika virus, Ebola virus, Yellow Fever, the new COVID-19, besides the traditional influenza and other virus and bacteria. However, due to the high level of globalization, the large-scale population flow and the high reproductive rate of the virus, COVID-19 suddenly affected several countries, infecting hundreds of thousands of people and killing dozens of thousands in the fastest unprecedented crisis ever recorded, which also led to the fasted severe economic crisis on history. This perfect storm of social, economic and health catastrophes caused by the COVID-19 pandemics, directly threatens the world's livelihood and wellbeing and jeopardize the achievement of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable development is personified by Gaia's definition, implying limits for human activities and urging for a better use of technologies and resources. Although temporary, these changes in human actions set future trends for humanity, changing many aspects of our behavior, which include impacts in culture, technology, healthcare, economy, policy, education and the environment. Which may lead to a new enlightenment based on the need for global solidarity and an urge for the implementation of sustainable development pathways, finally creating a common agenda for the future of humanity as part of the Gaia, not above it.

Trend of income inequality in Asia and effects of education

This study considers how education and globalization affect income inequality in Asia, with the unbalanced panel data. The evidence supports the validity of Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis for the connection between the income level and income inequality. However, when more variables are integrated into the model, the consistency of inverse U-shaped curve becomes weaker. The empirical results suggest that educational variables are highly influential in affecting income distribution. Our analysis indicates that a higher level of education achieved by the population aged 15 and over has improved income distribution in Asia, while educational inequality, measured by the educational Gini, has a negative effect on income distribution. Higher levels of globalization are correlated with higher levels of income inequality, while freedom, either political or economic, has marginal effects on the level of inequity in income distribution.
 Key words: Education inequality, globalisation, income inequality

Characterizing Transnational Internet Performance and the Great Bottleneck of China

Transnational Internet performance is an important indication of a country's level of infrastructure investment, globalization, and openness. We conduct a large-scale measurement study of transnational Internet performance in and out of 29 countries and regions, and find six countries that have surprisingly low performance. Five of them are African countries and the last is mainland China, a significant outlier with major discrepancies between downstream and upstream performance. We then conduct a comprehensive investigation of the unusual transnational Internet performance of mainland China, which we refer to as the "Great Bottleneck of China''. Our results show that this bottleneck is widespread, affecting 79% of the receiver--sender pairs we measured. More than 70% of the pairs suffer from extremely slow speed (less than 1~Mbps) for more than 5 hours every day. In most tests the bottleneck appeared to be located deep inside China, suggesting poor network infrastructure to handle transnational traffic. The phenomenon has far-reaching implications for Chinese users' browsing habits as well as for the ability of foreign Internet services to reach Chinese customers.

Does Globalization Influence Inbound Tourism? Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis

This study explores the nonlinear impact of globalization on inbound tourism over the period 1995–2014 for 53 countries. The results reveal a nonlinear relationship between globalization and inbound tourism, suggesting that different levels of globalization for countries have varied impacts on inbound tourism development. More globalized countries are able to draw more inbound tourists, but this does not enhance their international tourism receipts (percentage of GDP) and net tourism service exports under a higher level of globalization, indicating that globalization does not necessarily benefit inbound tourism development.JEL classificationsC23, C26, F60, L83, Z32

The Causal Connection of Natural Resources and Globalization with Energy Consumption in Top Asian Countries: Evidence from a Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantile Approach

Given the significance of energy conservation as a prime objective of environmental sustainability, countries all around the world are keen to identify significant factors that lead to the augmentation of energy utilization. Considering the rising emphasis of economies in utilizing natural resources to attain higher levels of globalization, the current research was aimed at investigating how the returns of natural resources and globalization affect energy consumption in top Asian economies. In doing so, the study emphasized the nonlinear relationship among the variables and applied the novel nonparametric method of causality in quantile to identify the quantile-based causal connection of natural resources and globalization on the returns and volatility of energy utilization in selected Asian countries. Moreover, the presence of nonlinearity in the variables was tested by the Brock- Dechert-Scheinkman test (BDS test), which confirmed that all variables showed nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, the findings of quantile cointegration confirmed a nonlinear long-run relationship of natural resources and globalization with energy utilization. The prime findings of causality in quantile revealed that the returns of natural resources and globalization had a significant causal effect on the returns of energy consumption in all countries. On the other hand, the volatility in energy consumption concluded no causal association with the returns of natural resources and globalization in any of the studied Asian countries. The findings are beneficial for the policymakers to formulate policies that will help to reduce the level of energy consumption.

Investigating the non-linear effects of globalization on material consumption in the EU countries: Evidence from PSTR estimation

The efficient and sustainable use of resources has gained great importance in combating environmental threats and in keeping humanity out of resource scarcity. An effective way of monitoring and analyzing the state of ecological assets for sustainable resource policy is to understand the triggers of material consumption. To this end, this study follows a STIRPAT approach to reveal how domestic material consumption reacts to economic growth/income level, total factor productivity, human capital, population and globalization. Considering the transition effects of globalization, the study performs panel smooth transition regression on yearly data covering the 2000–2017 period for the 28 EU countries. Empirical results indicate that economic growth, total factor productivity and population increase material consumption when globalization level is below the threshold level. However, human capital decreases material usage. On the other hand, higher levels of globalization help to decrease material consumption and thus contribute to sustainable resource management.

Testing club convergence of economies by using a Broad-Based Development Index

The study of club convergence has been a major focus in the field of economic growth and development. The paper analyses the club convergence hypothesis going beyond the traditional use of GDP per capita. In this study, we attempt to analyze the convergence club of 102 countries based on augmented index for measuring development. This index consists of seven major indicator of development namely education, health, access to water and sanitation, energy use, environment, standard of living and good governance. These indicators are aggregated through weights obtained from Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Using this index of development we analyzed the club formation and transitional behavior of 102 countries over a period of 1996–2015. The study confirms four final club and shows transition during 2008. Further, to understand the determinant of the club membership we used ordered logit model. The result suggested that initial level of development and globalisation are the major drives in determining the club.

What Are the Implications of Globalization on Sustainability?—A Comprehensive Study

It is becoming more and more certain that globalization is not just purely an economical phenomenon; it is exhibiting itself on a worldwide level. Amid globalization’s observable appearances, the most obvious are the larger international mobility of goods and services, flows of finance capital, data and information and most importantly people. On top of that, there are technological progresses and more international cultural interactions, which are facilitated by the enhancement of free trade of large quantities of more differentiated goods and also through immigration and tourism. The political changes and ecological concerns play an important part in this regard. In the current study, sustainability Indices are linked with the KOF Globalization Index to understand if more globalized countries are performing better in terms of sustainable development and its dimensions, especially environmental sustainability. Sustainability indices such as Human Development Index (HDI) and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) showed a stronger relation with different levels of globalization while others (Red List Index (RLI), Environment Sustainability Index (ESI)) did not. The results reveal that globalization has a positive implication on sustainability in the overall perspective.