Development Level Of Countries Research Articles

Renewable energy policy and deployment of renewable energy technologies: The role of resource curse.

Due to the increasing emission of greenhouse gases and global warming, the development of renewable energy has become very important. The availability of fossil fuels and the low cost of their extraction compared to renewable energy projects reduce the motivation of countries, especially countries that have abundant natural resources, to develop this technology. Renewable energy deployment has become crucial in response to rising greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Policies supporting renewable energy play a significant role in this. This study examines the effect of such policies on the deployment of renewable energy technologies, considering the role of natural resources. Two groups of countries were analysed: 20 oil developed countries and 20 oil developing countries. Given the availability of data and the achievement of balanced panels to evaluate short-term and long-term relationships between variables, in current research Data from 2010 to 2020 was used, and various panel data estimators such as Feasible Generalized Least Squares and Generalized Method of Moments were employed. The Quantile estimator was also used to assess the accuracy of the results. The findings suggest that renewable energy policies consistently lead to increased deployment of renewable energy technologies, regardless of a country's group. Of course, this positive effect is different according to the level of development in countries. Due to the higher efficiency of renewable energy policy, developed oil countries have more capacity to support renewable energy projects than oil developing countries. The abundance of natural resources in oil developed countries did not negatively impact renewable energy capacity, but in oil developing countries, the "resource curse" hindered the development of installed renewable energy.

Analysis of under-five mortality by diseases in countries with different levels of development: a comparative analysis

Objectives: The right to health is critical for children because they are sensitive beings who are more susceptible to disease and health problems. It would be beneficial to compare child mortality rates in countries with different levels of development and to conduct studies to address them by taking into account their causes. This study aims to analyze the situation of developed, developing and least developed countries in terms of causes under-5 child mortality (U5CM) determined by World Health Organization and to identify the similarities or differences of under-five mortality. Methods: Child mortality rates per 1,000 live births between 2000 and 2017 years in between different age groups (0-27 days and 1-59 months) by causes (disease-specific) were obtained from World Health Organization for a total 15 countries including developed, developing and least developed countries. Regression analysis was performed to identify which causes have more impact on child mortality. In addition, the relationship between diseases was calculated using Euclidean distance, and diseases were clustered using k-means clustering algorithm for each country. Results: As a result of mathematical and statistical analysis, it was seen that causes of child mortality have a significant relation with the development level of country where a child was born. Conclusions: It has been observed that the causes of child mortality in countries with different levels of development vary depending on different factors such as geographical conditions, air quality population and access to medicine.

Culture and Economy Aspects of the Spheres of the Society

In the course of my research I conducted at the Doctoral School of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), I examined the role of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and motivations in respect of economic processes and decisions. Within this in connection with the cultural relationships of development, I looked for the answer to the following question. If the economic development level of countries (groups of countries) is different from each other, up to what extent we may consider the differences as having been determined by the cultural nature of the economy. Studying the literature and especially the work of János Kornai (1999,2022) highlighted that it is not sufficient to investigate only the area of culture for differentiating the environmental impacts, but it is also necessary to explore additional elements of the societal system (politics, economics, culture, ideology). Therefore, in our own research, we review the responses that are given by the theoretical approaches from the aspect of the spheres of the society.

Forecasting sustainable development level of selected Asian countries using M-EDAS and k-NN algorithm

This study aims to forecast the sustainable development levels of countries with the least possible parameters based on social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For this purpose, a hybrid model consisting of multi-criteria decision-making and machine learning methods is proposed. First, using the M-EDAS method, selected Asian countries were ranked based on the main goals of the Sustainable Development Report. By using ranking findings, sustainability development levels were determined for 2017–2020. Using the last two years before the relevant year as a training dataset, the sustainable development levels determined for 2019-2020 were estimated using two basic macroeconomic variables. 2020 forecast findings are not successful as 2019. Additionally, the findings obtained from the ranking analysis were evaluated using Spearman's correlation to compare the periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Interaction of inflation and corruption in developing markets in the context of technological changes

Corruption being a multi-layer phenomenon has its direct and indirect effects on the economic life in different spheres. Taking into account this circumstance, we made an attempt to reveal the existing connections and dependence between corruption and inflation. Data of 161 countries were included in the carried-out analysis on inflation, corruption perceptions index (CPI), control of corruption index (COC), as well as Freedom of Corruption Index (FFC), whereas the countries have been divided into four large groups according to per capita GDP. Modern tendencies of the given groups of countries having strong foundations of institutional control or corruption «restraints» have been studied in this context. The correlation analysis has been carried out to study the dependence of corruption and inflation according to income groups. Research of previous experiences and results of the carried out analysis indicate that implementation of the efficient policy aimed at control of manifestations of corruption presumes some high level of institutional development in countries. Results of the correlation analysis prove the inverse relationship between corruption and inflation as well as its weaknesses for all income groups in countries.

AB ÜYESİ ÜLKELERDEKİ AİLE YARDIMI UYGULAMALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

According to the ILO Convention No. 102, family benefits are a social security branch established to compensate for the increase in the expenditure of those protected due to the expenses necessary for the care of the children, they are responsible for, and to protect the level of life they have reached before the child's existence. Nevertheless, family benefits can make contributions in many such areas as increasing the fertility and population of the country, reducing poverty, preventing child poverty, extending the country's welfare level to the whole society, and raising physically and mentally healthier individuals. In this respect, countries develop various practices of family benefits depending on their social policies and welfare levels. Demographic structures and economic development levels of countries are generally taken into account in determining family benefits. Minimum standards of family benefits may be higher in economically developed countries. In this study, current practices in EU member countries are examined on the basis of minimum standards of family benefits under the Convention No. 102 and a comparative analysis of these practices is presented. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there is a child benefit application, which is a periodic payment aid, in all EU member states although there is no obligation to make periodic payments within the scope of family benefits in the Convention No. 102. In addition, it has been observed that many types of family benefits that can contribute to goals such as increasing birth rates and encouraging parents, especially women, to stay in employment are widely applied in EU member states.

Is There a Relationship Between Country Development and Citizens’ Level of Digital Skills?

This paper examines the relationship between the citizens' level of digital skills and the level of country development. Country development is measured by the Gross National Income per capita (GNI p.c.), while the level of digital skills is measured by the World Economic Forum. We gathered data from the World Bank databases for 2019 for 135 countries worldwide. For the analysis, we used correlation analysis. The correlation analysis results show a significant strong positive linear relationship between the level of digital skills and GNI p.c., i.e., the level of country development. The results highlight the important role of country development in developing an adequate level of the crucial skills of the 21st century – digital skills.

Socio-economic development of countries based on the Composite Country Development Index (CCDI)

World experience indicates the existence of significant imbalances in the development of countries. The problem of assessing the rational development of the regional and national economy is becoming urgent, since such assessments can prevent development imbalances across countries. The aim of this study is to elaborate a methodology to assess the countries’ socio-economic development by integraring 12 modern indices of socio-economic development into the Composite Country Development Index (CCDI). The methodology of this research was based on a set of key indices that described socio-economic development level in four fields (social development, digital development, economic development, and environmental security) and then these indices were integrated into the CCDI. The study further applied factor analysis and R-Studio software to define the gaps of social and economic development in 59 selected countries using the trigonometric function of the angle sine. The correlation analysis confirmed the existence of a close interrelation among the studied countries. This paper noted that due to the emergence of new priorities, it is necessary to revise the assessment methodology of socio-economic development level and expand them to cover the decisive factors. This was confirmed by the results obtained, demonstrating various combinations of the development level in the four fields and their impact on the CCDI. The scientific contribution of this research is to form a methodology (e.g., the CCDI) for evaluating the socio-economic development level of countries in the world.

Review of Structural Fire Hazards, Challenges, and Prevention Strategies

Reducing the occurrence of structural fires is the common goal of all countries. However, the development level of different countries determines the degree of perfection of local fire management regulations. Developed countries have a more rational urban layout, sufficient firefighting resources, and the ability to guarantee fire safety. In contrast, haphazardly built residential areas in developing and underdeveloped countries have more safety hazards, which increases the challenges of local fire management. This study provides an overview of the causes and impacts of fires in different countries and identifies gaps in fire safety between developed and developing countries, as well as corresponding strategies to deal with fires. It is worth mentioning that the development and evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has made it possible to predict fires, thereby greatly reducing damage and losses caused by fires. In addition, the development of new fire-resistant building materials, etc., provides more means to reduce the possibility of fire.

The Behavioral and Social Dimension of the Public Health System of European Countries: Descriptive, Canonical, and Factor Analysis.

The state and prospects of the healthcare industry of a country are among its top priorities because the quality of life and health of its citizens are indicators of its success and competitiveness. The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis and qualitative and quantitative assessments of indicators by developing an integral indicator in the context of behavioral, social, demographic, and economic factors that characterize the level of healthcare system development in European countries using multivariate statistical modeling methods. The study was implemented using Statistica 10 and Statistica Portable statistical packages. The statistical base of the study was formed using descriptive analysis; a group of 10 European countries was identified using a cluster analysis based on the application of an iterative divisive k-means method. The degree and significance of the interrelations between the components characterizing the studied groups of indicators were determined using canonical correlations by conducting a canonical analysis. Factor modeling is conducted by applying the analysis of the main components to determine the relevant indicators for assessing the level of healthcare system development to build integral indicators of the level of healthcare system development in European countries. The need to improve the level of healthcare system development in European countries was confirmed. Shortcomings and possible reserves for potential improvement of the healthcare system were identified. The results can help public authorities, officials and employees of the healthcare sector organize and conduct effective, timely, high-quality regulation and adjustment of the regulatory and legislative framework to improve healthcare system development.

Financial Development and Income Inequality: Evidence From Advanced, Emerging and Developing Economies

We investigate the effects of financial development on income inequality for a global sample of countries between 1980 and 2019. The study contributes to the current literature by first, making use of a multifaceted index of financial development that captures different aspects of financial developments over time. Second, we compare the effects of financial development on income inequality across economic classifications, namely advanced, emerging and least developed countries. Last, we investigate the non-linear effects of financial development on income inequality across these economic classifications. The findings indicate that in general, financial development reduces inequality across emerging and least developed countries, but is not statistically significant for advanced countries. However, when we disaggregate the financial development index into its sub-components (financial institutions and financial markets), we find different effects on inequality, based on the levels of development. Further investigation on the dimensions under financial institutions and financial markets (depth, access and efficiency) reveals that banking sector development under financial institutions has income inequality-reducing effects in emerging and least developed countries, while stock market development under financial markets widens inequality in least developed countries. We also find heterogeneous non-linear effects between emerging and least developed countries. The findings in our paper firstly highlight the nuances in financial development depending on the level of development in countries, and secondly that policies focused on financial inclusion of the poor can mitigate inequality.

Obstetric anaesthesia manpower and service provision issues (introduction and European perspective)

Global health is an important and far-reaching concept in which health and access to surgical and anaesthetic care is crucial. Universal access to anaesthesia is a challenge in many countries. Manpower shortages are an important cause of difficulties and each European country has found different ways of facing a lack of healthcare professionals. In obstetric anaesthesia, the availability of competent anaesthesiologists has been related to the morbidity and mortality outcomes of patients.In this narrative review, authors from different European countries explain how manpower is managed in obstetric anaesthesia in delivery suites and obstetric operating rooms in different settings. To address manpower difficulties and issues, the goals are to achieve a minimum standard of care and at the same time, to promote clinical excellence through training, delegation to younger or less experienced colleagues, direct or at-a-distance supervision, or other means.The experience of sharing knowledge about the way in which manpower and service provision are organised in other healthcare settings is a significant opportunity to develop strategies for advancing tomorrow’s obstetric anaesthesia in the world. While taking into account the level of socio-economic development in different countries, the aim is to standardise practice and workload organisation. Co-operative international projects in training and education in obstetric anaesthesia are ways in which better obstetric patient care can be achieved in the future.

ICT use for learning and students' outcomes: Does the country's development level matter?

The use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) in educational systems has become a policy priority over the last decades. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive on whether there is a positive relationship between ICT use and students' outcomes. The literature has largely ignored the role that the country context, and in particular the country's development level, may play in shaping this relationship. This paper empirically addresses whether the relationship between ICT use for learning at school and students' outcomes differs from developed to developing countries. We employ data for 236,540 students attending 10,193 schools in 44 countries, obtained from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2018). We use two alternative measures to classify the countries by their development level: The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and the Human Development Index (HDI). The estimations, based on a Hierarchical Linear Model, show a negative relationship between ICT use for learning at school and students' outcomes. This negative relationship is more intense for students from developing countries than for those from developed countries. These findings imply that policymakers should be cautious about replicating interventions and technological applications from developed to developing countries (and vice versa).

Non-formal education: The review of current studies

Introduction. Non-formal education is gaining a new impetus in the establishment of a sustainable knowledge society. The article reveals major concerns of non-formal education as an element of life-long learning and adult education policies as well as its effective implementation into the national educational mainstream.Aim. The aim of the research is to conduct a detailed overview of various current studies, exemplifying the international experience in non-formal education and the case-studies of its adoption along with the mechanisms for its validation in different countries.Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodology of comparative analysis and qualitative content analysis of official UNESCO, CEDEFOP, etc. international statistical and analytical reports, academic and empirical studies. An analytical review shows policy changes towards the development of non-formal education as well as an international and available in individual countries experience of its studying and implementation.Results. Based on the compatibility scopes principle, three levels of analysis of non-formal education (macro-level/global, meso-level/institutional, micro-level/personal) were identified so that the key issues and trends in its development could be pinpointed at every stage. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that non-formal education practices are acquiring institutional forms. The level of non-formal education development in different countries varies. However, there are general trends towards solving a number of similar social problems by means of non-formal education, such as bridging the supply and demand for competencies in the labour market, social inclusion of different segments of the population, and others.Scientific novelty and practical significance. The novelty of this study is seen in the resource capacity of non-formal education, the potential of its implementation for the vocational re-skilling, upskilling and further training of various socio-demographic groups, its global development trends and prospects. The practical significance lies in the application of mechanisms for recognising non-formal education outcomes. The highlighted trends and the best international experience can provide non-formal education integration into the educational mainstream, create experimental learning platforms and accelerate practical educational policy measures.

Clustering of Developing Countries in Terms of Logistics Market Development with Fuzzy Clustering and Discriminant Analysis

Logistics performance indicators are important in determining the market development levels of countries. Especially the logistics markets of developing countries play an active role in increasing the country's economy and trade volumes. In this research, it is aimed to cluster the developing countries according to their level of logistics market development in 2022. For this reason, fuzzy clustering and discriminant analyzes have been applied in the research. The sample area of the study consists of 50 developing countries. The data of the research have been taken from The Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index reports. The research has been carried out in two phases. In the first phase, developing countries are classified by fuzzy cluster analysis. According to the analysis findings, 2 clusters have been obtained as high and low logistics market development cluster. In the second phase, discriminant analysis has been conducted to test the cluster membership of clustered countries. According to the discriminant analysis findings, all cluster memberships have been confirmed. As a result of the research, the cluster membership status of the developing countries and cluster centers according to the variables have been determined and the obtained implications have been presented.

An Analysis of the Impact of International R&D Spillovers and Technology Innovation in China

To test the impact of international R&D spillovers on China’s technological innovation, we collect and use province-country-level data from 23 provinces from 2001 to 2020 to fill a measurement gap of international R&D spillovers, so that our measurement can avoid ‘aggregation bias’ unlike the calculation methods in previous studies. We find that imports act as an effective international R&D spillover channel for improving technological innovation. Meanwhile, international R&D spillover through inward FDI and imports positively promotes China’s innovation performance. It suggests to policymakers that continuing to open up the economy and attract high-quality inward FDI is still required. Moreover, our results confirm that the eastern region enjoys a more significant international R&D spillover effect because of a more effective innovation environment. Hence, we suggest that given the inherent short board in the central and western regions, preferential policies to make up for this short board should be proposed to improve the innovation environment in the inland regions so as to enjoy a more significant international R&D spillover effect. Finally, we also observe that different periods of economic growth and the development levels of source countries also result in heterogeneous innovation impacts of international R&D spillover effects.

Study on the Impact of Host Country ICT Development Level on China's OFDI Efficiency

The connotation of ownership advantages driving Chinese OFDI in the context of the IT revolution has changed significantly, and the level of ICT development in host countries may become a new type of locational advantage to attract foreign investment. In this paper, we investigate the impact of host country ICT advantage on Chinese OFDI and measure the efficiency of Chinese investment in 108 host countries from 2006 to 2015 with the help of the time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model, and empirically test the factors affecting investment efficiency, focusing on the impact of host country ICT development level on Chinese OFDI efficiency. It is found that overall the level of ICT development in host countries promotes the efficiency of Chinese OFDI; after distinguishing the sample into developed and developing countries, the level of ICT development in host countries has a differential impact effect on the efficiency of Chinese OFDI. This study helps us to better understand the relationship between Chinese OFDI and the ICT development level of host countries, and it has important insights for constructing new advantages in outward investment cooperation and improving the efficiency of outward FDI.

E-Administration in Polish Voivodeships Against the Background of Europe

Goal– the aim of the article is to assess the level of development of e-government services in Europe, with particular emphasis on the level of use of these services in Polish voivodships. Research methodology– the Perkal method and the analysis of the EGDI index were used to achieve the research objective. The study was conducted on the basis of the available data from the United Nations E-Government Survey and the Central Statistical Office in the area of public e-government services for citizens. Score/results – the analysis of the United Nations E-Government Survey reports showed that, since 2003, Denmark, Finland and Sweden have been occupying the highest place in the development of e-government in Europe and in the world. The research results showed that the level of the EGDI indicator increases over the years 2003–2022. The author’s own research on the use of e-government services in Polish voivodeships showed that over the years 2014–2022 the level of use of e-government services by citizens increased. Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie and Pomorskie Voivodships are characterized by the highest level of use of e-administration services, while the Świętokrzyskie, Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships are among the voivodships with the lowest use of these services. Originality/value – the introduction of various e-government solutions is becoming a very clear trend. Regional differences, on the other hand, result from the level of the state development in individual countries. The article showed that the use of e-government services in Poland by citizens is increasing, but it is still at an unsatisfactory level. Noticeable disproportions can be seen in individual voivodeships of Poland. Polish society does not take full advantage of the facilities offered by public administration, therefore it seems necessary in this situation to take decisive action that could encourage the society to use e-services. In order to enhance the increase in the use of these services, each voivodeship should develop separate actions that will contribute to greater interest of citizens in e-government services, and consequently to their use. The carried out analyses may therefore be a contribution to further in‑‑ depth research, because the issues of electronic administration are very up‑‑ to-date and knowledge in this field requires constant updating.

СУЧАСНА МІЖНАРОДНА ГУМАНІТАРНА СИСТЕМА: ДИНАМІЧНІ ЗМІНИ В УМОВАХ ПОГЛИБЛЕННЯ ГУМАНІТАРНИХ КРИЗ

The main factors contributing to the spread of humanitarian crises in the modern global economy are highlighted, including conflicts, climate change, and socio-economic instability. It is argued that conflicts are rapidly spreading and intensifying worldwide between various countries, resulting from the escalation of contradictions and the intensification of rivalry among major powers. The most dramatic manifestation of geopolitical confrontation has been the war on the European continent. It is identified that climate change, as a factor of humanitarian crises, manifests in the reinforcement of anthropogenic influence and the increase in environmental crimes, and in the proliferation of extreme weather events and natural disasters leading to numerous human casualties and material losses, as well as in the failure of climate change mitigation policies by governments and major companies. Significant influence on the deepening of humanitarian crises is provided by socio-economic instability, resulting from inequality, internal conflicts, low levels of socio-economic development in countries, etc. These factors create an extremely complex contemporary humanitarian landscape. The spread of humanitarian crises ensures a continuous increase in the demand for humanitarian assistance. The contemporary international humanitarian system is a network of entities providing responses to humanitarian crises in accordance with the principles laid down in UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182. The scale of modern humanitarian assistance is analysed based on indicators of the number of countries and the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance. It is found that the main part of the financing of international humanitarian assistance is provided from the budgets of donor countries, with the United States remaining a leader among them. It is determined that russia's war against Ukraine has caused a severe humanitarian crisis, resulting in the largest migration flows of refugees and internally displaced persons. The existing system of international humanitarian assistance has encountered certain problems in its provision, as international humanitarian organizations working in Ukraine during the early stages of the war demonstrated insufficient preparedness and ineffective planning, and as a result, were unable to provide rapid infusion of resources to strengthen and expand existing local response mechanisms. Key words: international assistance, international humanitarian system, humanitarian assistance, crisis, humanitarian crisis.

Research on the Training and Development of New-type Professional Farmers in Rural Revitalization

New-type professional farmers are the main force of rural revitalization, and their training effectiveness is related to the development level of my country's agricultural level. Its development direction needs to be consistent with the future development direction of my country's agriculture to ensure the steady implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper briefly describes the basic concepts of rural revitalization and new-type professional farmers, the important value of new-type professional farmers to rural revitalization, and the training and development strategies of new-type professional farmers in rural revitalization.