Blood Fat Levels Research Articles

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Human Metabolism and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness in Weight Loss

Intermittent Fasting (IF), a dietary modification through time-restricted feeding, has gained significant attention in the past few years owing to its advantages in metabolic health and weight management. Available evidence suggests that IF can improve insulin sensitivity; lower the levels of blood glucose and fat; prevent body fat accumulation; and reduce the risk of obesity-related chronic disease by mitigating oxidative damage and affecting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, a number of gaps in knowledge remain regarding IF, especially its long-term safety and the generalisability of IF. This paper discussed the effects of IF on metabolism and body health through the mechanism of high-intensity, nutrient-strong IF. It mentioned that IF led to improved insulin sensitivity, lower blood lipid levels and inhibition of body fat accumulation, and was easier to stick to than daily calorie restriction. Other clinical studies with longer intervals and durations also reported significant effects of IF on weight loss and body health. Long term strict IF is unfavorable for some patients – in particular the elderly and the chronically ill – due to the potential for nutritional and metabolic problems. This study serves as an important reference for the use of IF in health and weight loss management, and offers potential directions for future research. Even though IF showed clear benefits, its safety in the long term and applicability across different populations still need to be validated. Future investigations may look into the long-term effects of IF in different populations, and its potential application in various health conditions.

한국 비당뇨 성인의 신체계측지수, 혈중 지방성분과 당화혈색소 수치 간 상관관계 연구

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic adult disease whose prevalence increases with age, with a high prevalence of 30% in people in their 70s, leading to fatal complications. Risk factors for diabetes include weight, waist circumference, BMI, weight-corrected waist circumference index (WWI), and cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which are blood fat levels. In this study, using data from the South Korean 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the average values of these risk factors by age group were investigated for men and women among 4,497 adults over 30 years of age without diabetes. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient and significance probability between the glycated hemoglobin level and each risk factor were calculated in all subjects. The investigation of average weight and waist circumference by age group showed that men's weight decreased with age and waist circumference remained constant, while women's weight decreased and waist circumference increased with age. Cholesterol levels increased and then decreased with age, showing the highest values in men in their 40s and women in their 50s. In the 40s, triglyceride levels were highest in men, and the difference between men and women was greatest. However, in men, it decreased with age, and vice versa in women, so it showed almost no difference at 70 and older. The correlation between the risk factors of the anthropometric indices and the glycated hemoglobin level was highest for WWI, with a correlation coefficient of 0.333. The correlation was in the following order from high: WWI > waist circumference > BMI > weight. The blood triglyceride level had a correlation coefficient of 0.121 with the glycated hemoglobin level, which was twice as large as the correlation coefficient with cholesterol of 0.600. All risk factors strongly correlated with the glycated hemoglobin level, with a significance probability below 10-6.

The Health and Nutritional Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables to Reduce the Risk of Obesity and High Blood Lipids

Background: Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy diet and help with growth and support body functions and physical, mental, and social well-being at all ages. They can also help prevent all forms of malnutrition, such as undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity, and overweight, and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. World Health Organization consumption of at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day, or five servings of 80 grams each, and the reasons for the sad fact that most people do not eat enough of them to maintain a healthy life for the sake of obesity treatment and weight reduction. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of increasing fruit and vegetable intake rich in antioxidants and vitamins on people at risk of obesity and high levels of blood fat and to provide education about its benefits and the amount of daily rations. Methods: This a descriptive cross-sectional study, 160 obese women underwent to Aspetar ospital in Misurata city during The period (October–December 2022) and they were divided into two groups of 80 women per group. The first group was presented with a weight-loss diet devoid of vegetables and fruits. The second group was given a weight-loss diet rich in vegetables, including cucumber, lettuce, tomato, and fruits (kiwi, apple, and orange). For three consecutive months. Results: The findings were a decrease in weight with an average of 8 kg per woman for the first group and 15 kg per woman for the second group, and the average cholesterol and triglycerides were 280 mg/100 dL of blood and 230 mg/100 dL of blood, respectively, for the women of the first group. While it was 150 mg/100 dL blood and 90 mg/100 dL blood for the women of the second group, with some daily light exercise for all women in the two groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that consumption of three to five portions/day of fruit and vegetables is highly associated with prevention and a low risk of obesity, high blood fat, cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we recommend relying on eating vegetables and fruits daily to reduce weight and blood fats, improve health, and nourish the body.

Microbiology, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of sinom kombucha

Kombucha is a traditional drink made from a fermented sweet tea with a mixed culture known as a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (or SCOBY). Although kombucha is usually made from black tea, nowadays, kombucha can be made in various variations such as sinom beverages. Sinom is a traditional Indonesian herbal drink originating from young tamarind leaves or sinom. In addition to tamarind leaves, sinom includes other ingredients such as sugar and turmeric. Turmeric contains curcumin, which is beneficial for health because it has the ability as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and lowering blood fat or cholesterol levels. Tamarind leaves contain chemical compounds of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids/triterpenoids and are included in the group of plant extracts with antioxidant activity. These chemical compounds can be increased through the kombucha fermentation process. The concentration of turmeric rhizome used in kombucha was 0.8% (w/v), while the tamarind leaves used were 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% (w/v). Sinom kombucha fermented for 7 days. The analysis performed included total microbes, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH, total sugar, total phenol, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. Coli growth. The fermentation process and various tamarind leaf concentrations have significant effects in total microbes, total LAB, total sugar, total phenol, IC50. The antibacterial activity is affected by fermentation but not by the variations in tamarind leaf concentrations. The best tamarind leaves concentration of kombucha sinom beverages was at 0.6%, which has a pH value of 3.81, total sugar content of 7,58%, and total phenol content of 240.9 µg GAE/mL, IC50 value of 159.84 ppm, total microbial count 3.37 x 107 CFU/mL, total LAB of 4.63 x 105, antibacterial activity against E. coli of 3.1 mm, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus of 3.27 mm.

Development strategy of non-GMO organism for increased hemoproteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum: a growth-acceleration-targeted evolution

Heme, found in hemoproteins, is a valuable source of iron, an essential mineral. The need for an alternative hemoprotein source has emerged due to the inherent risks of large-scale livestock farming and animal proteins. Corynebacterium glutamicum, regarded for Qualified Presumption of Safety or Generally Recognized as Safe, can biosynthesize hemoproteins. C. glutamicum single-cell protein (SCP) can be a valuable alternative hemoprotein for supplying heme iron without adversely affecting blood fat levels. We constructed the chemostat culture system to increase hemoprotein content in C. glutamicum SCP. Through adaptive evolution, hemoprotein levels could be naturally increased to address oxidative stress resulting from enhanced growth rate. In addition, we used several specific plasmids containing growth-accelerating genes and the hemA promoter to expedite the evolutionary process. Following chemostat culture for 15 days, the plasmid in selected descendants was cured. The evolved strains showed improved specific growth rates from 0.59 h−1 to 0.62 h−1, 20% enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, and increased heme concentration from 12.95 µg/g-DCW to 14.22–15.24 µg/g-DCW. Notably, the putative peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase-based evolved strain manifested the most significant increase (30%) of hemoproteins. This is the first report presenting the potential of a growth-acceleration-targeted evolution (GATE) strategy for developing non-GMO industrial strains with increased bio-product productivity.

Cacao, the origin of chocolate, can lower lipid profiles? A systematic review

Dyslipidemia is a non-communicable metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal blood fat levels, including total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Triacylglycerol (TG). Dyslipidemia can lead to life-threatening complication. One of non-pharmacological treatment for dyslipidemia patient is healthy lifestyle such as nutritional modification. Cacao is a rich source of polyphenols with various health benefits. Polyphenols, mainly consisting of flavonoids, act as potent antioxidants. They contribute to increased blood flow, lowered blood pressure, elevated HDL, protection of LDL against oxidation, reduced cardiovascular disease risk, sun protection for the skin, and improved blood flow to the brain. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cacao product such as cocoa and chocolate on patients with dyslipidemia. The research employed the systematic literature review method of Randomized Control Trial (RCT). A total of 10 journal articles from the PubMed online journal system, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect were selected based on keywords using the PICO method and specific research criteria. The variables in this study included cocoa and chocolate administration and dyslipidemia, focusing on lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG). The study results conclude that several factors influence the effect of cacao products administration on changes in lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG). These factors encompass the type of active ingredient, duration, administration dosage, age, underlying diseases, patient compliance, and additional interventions.

The Effect of Curcuma and Garcinia Peel on Rat PPARα Gene Expression Induced by High-Fat Diet

High levels of fat in the blood are a risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis liver disease. Indonesian medicinal plants that can decrease blood fat levels are turmeric and mangosteen peel. One of the mechanisms of blood fat-lowering drugs is to increase the expression of the PPARα gene. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of turmeric and mangosteen peel on the expression of the PPARα gene in the rat liver induced by a high-fat diet. This research was conducted at Maranatha Biomedical Research Laboratory in February–October 2021, using male Wistar rats that were divided into 5 groups (n=5): negative control groups (no treatment), positive control groups (high-fat diet), turmeric, mangosteen, and fenofibrate groups, that was given high-fat diet continued by ethanol extract of turmeric, ethanol extract of mangosteen peel, and fenofibrate. At the end of the study, the animals were terminated, and the liver was extracted for RNA extraction and semi-quantitative PCR. The results showed that there was an increase in PPARα gene expression in the turmeric group and fenofibrate group, which were significantly different from the positive control group that received a high-fat diet (p<0.05) and between the fenofibrate group compared to negative controls that received standard chow diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, turmeric and fenofibrate are suggested to increase the expression of the PPARα gene in the liver induced by a high-fat diet.

PENERAPAN CATATAN AKTIFITAS FISIK, DIET, ISTIRAHAT & KELOLA STRESS PADA IBU RUMAH TANGGA DI RT.2 RW.4 GAYUNGAN, SURABAYA

Introduction & Aim: This PPM activity is motivated by the high incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease. The epidemiological transition of this disease describes a tendency towards degenerative diseases which is determined by people's behavior. Based on a survey conducted in RT 2 RW 4, Gayungan, Surabaya City, most of the residents suffer from high blood pressure. High blood pressure is a type of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this activity is to provide education on healthy lifestyles to avoid the risk of contracting CHD to residents. Method of Activity: This community service is carried out by providing education about cardiovascular disease and its prevention. At the end of the education, being given a notebook of daily activities can be a motivation to continue to behave in a healthy way to manage stress. Results: This activity was carried out on Jl. Dukuh Menanggal RT 2 RW 4 Gayungan sub-district, Surabaya City. Education is provided through PowerPoint media, leaflets, and daily recording sheets to improve healthy living and manage stress. After being given counseling, the level of knowledge of residents increased. To be able to implement what they have learned, residents are provided with personal notes as a reminder to live healthily. Discussion: survey results show that the majority of residents still lack regular physical activity. Cardiovascular disease is prone to attack people who lack physical activity. Physical exercise and sports activities will increase cardiac output, redistribution of blood flow, and reduce cholesterol and blood fat levels. Eating foods with balanced nutrition, as well as fruit and vegetables can provide additional vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber that the body needs. Conclusion living a healthy lifestyle with regular physical activity and eating more fruit and vegetables can avoid degenerative diseases.

Development of biscuits from bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) rhizome flour and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) flour, and their potential as antihyperlipidemic functional foods

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (ZC) and purple sweet potato (PSP) are the potential sources of antioxidants, and play an important role in reducing blood fat levels, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products, usually in the form of biscuits. Biscuits are favoured by consumers because of their delicious and varied tastes, relatively cheap prices, and complete nutritional content. In the present work, biscuits were made with three formula variations of ZC:PSP ratios namely F1 (0.75:5.25 g), F2 (0.45:5.55 g), and F3 (0.2:5.72 g), and then tested for their physical quality based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI), and hedonic testing to get the best formula, including aroma, colour, texture, and taste. Furthermore, in vivo antihyperlipidemic testing was carried out on the best formula. The test was conducted by dividing Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups, namely normal, negative, positive (Nutrive Benecol animal, 3.6 mL/day for 28 days), and the best formula (1.944 g/day for 28 days). All groups were induced with high fat diet (HFD) for 28 days, except normal group. Results showed a decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels in the normal group with values of 99.09 mg/dL, 90.36 mg/dL, 22.66 U/I, and 39.41 U/I, respectively, as compared to the negative group with values of 195.01 mg/dL, 142.44 mg/dL, 29.05 U/I, and 77.19 U/I, respectively. There was an increase in cholesterol, triglyceride, SGOT, and SGPT levels in the positive group with values of 108.39 mg/dL, 96.12 mg/dL, 24.11 U/I, and 48.55 U/I, respectively, as compared to the normal group test. A combination of biscuits made from ZC and PSP flour could have the potential to reduce lipid levels in the blood, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products.

Metabolic syndrome in children: risk factors, diagnostic features and treatment

Introduction: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children is increasing, in parallel with the increasing trends of obesity rates and his fact requires the early diagnosis of risk factors through the use of non-invasive biomarkers. Aim of the study: Estimation of risk factors contributing to the onset of metabolic syndrome in children, as well as some particularities of diagnosis and treatment. Material and methods: The results are obtained from the research project titled «Evolutionary aspects of the metabolic syndrome in children under treatment with gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors», with code 20.80009.8007.33, within the State Program 2020-2023, carried out in the scientific laboratory of pediatric cardiology of the IMSP Institute of Cardiology, Republic of Moldova. The study included 43 children aged 10-18 years (general research group), diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MS), estimated according to the IDF 2007 criteria. The gender ratio was: 24 (55.8%) boys and 19 (44.2%) girls. The control group consisted of 50 children (normotensive and normoweight), of similar age (25 children each (50% in each age category) - 26 (52%) boys and 24 (48%) girls), without hereditary and family anamnesis aggravated by cardiovascular pathologies, obesity and type II diabetes. Depending on the treatment received in addition to the non-pharmacological treatment, the children were divided into 3 groups: group I received ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), group II - gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors (orlip), group III - ACE inhibitors and gastro lipase inhibitors -intestinal (orlip). Risk factors were assessed according to a specially developed questionnaire. Serum adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) and TNF-α were evaluated by the immunoenzymatic ELISA method, hs-CRP by the latex-immunoturbidimetry method, and serum insulin by the immunochemical method with electrochemiluminescence detection (ECLIA). The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee. Results: Most of the children were sedentary, had poor nutrition, as well as a hereditary history aggravated by hypertension and obesity. Also, in the families of these children, more harms were encountered: chronic stress (divorced parents, conflicts with parents, schoolmates, teachers, etc.), as well as exposure to passive smoking. The serum level of leptin (35,4±2,61 vs 7,9±0,23 ng/ml; p<0.001), hs – CRP (3,0±0,44 vs 0,2±0,01 mg/l; p<0.001), TNFα (9,1±0,43 vs 3,1±0,09 pg/ml; p<0.001) was higher, and adiponectin (5,1±0,38 vs 11,0±0,33 μg/ml; p<0.001) lower in children with metabolic syndrome, compared to the control group. Regardless of the medication administered, all drug combination formulas contributed to the decrease in the degree of obesity, blood pressure values, blood fat levels, as well as serum insulin values in the interval of 3 months after the initiation of the medication. Conclusion: The causes of metabolic syndrome in children are multiple and involve interactions between genetic, environmental (sedentary, high-calorie diet), hormonal and metabolic factors that ultimately lead to the appearance of the conditions that characterize this syndrome. Hypoadiponectinemia, hyperleptinemia, and increased serum PCRhs and TNFα values suggested that these adipokines/cytokines contribute to subclinical inflammation in children with MS and may also serve as biomarkers of MS. In combination with a low-calorie diet, regular exercise, and behavioral changes, treatment with gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors may help reduce the degree of obesity and hypertension, respectively.

Influencing Mechanism of Large-dose of Atorvastatin in Serum Visfatin, MMP-9, and Blood Fat Levels of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes.

The research was conducted to analyze the clinical effects and corresponding molecular mechanisms of short-term treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) by different doses of atorvastatin. In the research, a total of 90 ACS patients were included as the samples and divided into an experimental group (conventional treatment+60mg/per time/late atorvastatin), control group 1 (conventional treatment+25mg/per time/late atorvastatin), and control group 2 (25mg/per time/late atorvastatin) according to different doses of atorvastatin. After that, their blood fat and inflammatory factors before and after treatment were analyzed. Total cholesterol (TC) and high-density liptein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of the experimental group were inferior to those of control groups 1 and 2 in the 5th and 7th days (P<0.05). After treatment, visfatin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) of patients in the experimental group and control groups 1 and 2 were notably inferior to those in control groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Besides, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) of patients in the experimental group and control groups 1 and 2 were inferior to those in control groups 1 and 2 after treatment (P<0.05). Based on the above results, the short-term treatment by large-dose atorvastatin could reduce blood far and inflammatory factor levels of ACS patients more effectively than by conventional dose, and further inhibit inflammatory reactions and improve patient prognosis with safety and feasibility.

A possible new activator of PI3K-Huayu Qutan Recipe alleviates mitochondrial apoptosis in obesity rats with acute myocardial infarction.

Obesity, which has unknown pathogenesis, can increase the frequency and seriousness of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study evaluated effect of Huayu Qutan Recipe (HQR) pretreatment on myocardial apoptosis induced by AMI by regulating mitochondrial function via PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway in rats with obesity. For in vivo experiments, 60 male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham group, AMI group, AMI (obese) group, 4.5, 9.0 and 18.0 g/kg/d HQR groups. The models fed on HQR with different concentrations for 2 weeks before AMI. For in vitro experiments, the cardiomyocytes line (H9c2) was used. Cells were pretreated with palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h, then to build hypoxia model followed by HQR‐containing serum for 24 h. Related indicators were also detected. In vivo, HQR can lessen pathohistological damage and apoptosis after AMI. In addition, HQR improves blood fat levels, cardiac function, inflammatory factor, the balance of oxidation and antioxidation, as well as lessen infarction in rats with obesity after AMI. Meanwhile, HQR can diminish myocardial cell death by improving mitochondrial function via PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway activation. In vitro, HQR inhibited H9c2 cells apoptosis, improved mitochondrial function and activated the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway, but effects can be peripeteiad by LY294002. Myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction occurs following AMI and can lead to myocardial apoptosis, which can be aggravated by obesity. HQR can relieve myocardial apoptosis by improving mitochondrial function via the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway in rats with obesity.

In vitro and in vivo hypoglycemia effect of oxyberberine, a novel HO-1 agonist: A renewed evidence linking HO-1 to diabetes mellitus

BackgroundOxyberberine (OBB), an important in vivo metabolite of berberine, exerts superior hypoglycemia effect. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) holds a crucial status in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Previous research has indicated that OBB can specifically bind to hemoglobin and significantly up-regulated the HO-1 expression in diabetic rat. Based on cellular protection features of HO-1, this work aimed to probe the anti-diabetic effect of OBB and the association with the potential induction of HO-1 expression. MethodsA type 2 diabetic mellitus rat model was established. Glucolipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and in silico simulations were also performed. ResultsAdministration of OBB or HO-1 inducer hemin significantly reduced fasting blood glucose level, blood fat, and inflammatory cytokine levels, while increased antioxidant capacity of pancreas. Meanwhile, OBB treatment remarkably stimulated liver glycogenesis and inhibited gluconeogenesis. Besides, OBB improved the glucose utilizing of muscle. Noteworthily, OBB inhibited the islet cell apoptosis and improved pancreatic function. In addition, OBB effectively improved the consumption of glucose in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Moreover, OBB also reduced oxidative stress, promoted glucose-elicited insulin secretion and enhanced expression of β-cell function proteins in INS-1 cells. Nevertheless, these effects were significantly reversed by treatment with Zincprotoporphrin (ZnPP). Additionally, in silico simulations indicated that OBB exhibited superior affinity with HO-1. ConclusionOBB effectively ameliorated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, improved oral glucose tolerance, and maintained glucose metabolism homeostasis, at least in part, by promoting HO-1-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase / protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. These data eloquently suggest that OBB, as a novel HO-1 agonist, has good potential to be a promising candidate drug for the management of diabetes, and support a therapeutic role of HO-1 induction in diabetes that potentially paves the way to translational research.

Plant Profile, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Asparagus Racemosus (Shatavari): A Review

Abstract: Asparagus racemosus is one of the member of family Liliaceae and popularly called as Satavari. It is observed all over in INDIA at a low altitude. It is utilized as herbal medicine and served as food. All the parts of the plant have therapeutically importance for the treatment of the various disorders such as liver disorder, stomach ulcer, inflammation, stress related disorders, dyspepsia. It also regulates blood fat and cholesterol levels. It is found that the drug also control the symptoms of AIDS. This mini review highlights the importance and pharmacological Activity of the A. racemosus. Key points: Asparagus racemosus, morphology, Classification, phytochemicals, pharmacological Activity.

Beneficial Effects of Soybean-Derived Bioactive Peptides.

Peptides present in foods are involved in nutritional functions by supplying amino acids; sensory functions related to taste or solubility, emulsification, etc.; and bioregulatory functions in various physiological activities. In particular, peptides have a wide range of physiological functions, including as anticancer agents and in lowering blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels, enhancing immunity, and promoting calcium absorption. Soy protein can be partially hydrolyzed enzymatically to physiologically active soy (or soybean) peptides (SPs), which not only exert physiological functions but also help amino acid absorption in the body and reduce bitterness by hydrolyzing hydrophobic amino acids from the C- or N-terminus of soy proteins. They also possess significant gel-forming, emulsifying, and foaming abilities. SPs are expected to be able to prevent and treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting the reabsorption of bile acids in the digestive system, thereby reducing blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and fat levels. In addition, soy contains blood pressure-lowering peptides that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity and antithrombotic peptides that inhibit platelet aggregation, as well as anticancer, antioxidative, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, opiate-like, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activities. In animal models, neuroprotective and cognitive capacity as well as cardiovascular activity have been reported. SPs also inhibit chronic kidney disease and tumor cell growth by regulating the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, inflammation, cell cycle arrest, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, various functions of soybeans, including their physiologically active functions, have been applied to health-oriented foods, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This review introduces some current results on the role of bioactive peptides found in soybeans related to health functions.

Review of Phytochemicals and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants to Lower Blood Fat Levels

This review aims to seek information about the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of plants used traditionally to reduce blood lipid levels. The way to find information is to conduct literature studies to find sources or literature in primary data or official books and national and international journals in the last ten years (2010-2020). In doing this review, the search for data using online media with keywords is Phytochemical, Pharmacology, Lowering Blood Fat Levels. Search for the primary references used in this review article's production through trusted websites, namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, NCBI, ResearchGate, and other published and reliable journals. The results show that six herbs are used traditionally to lower blood lipid levels. The six plants contain carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, polyphenols, quercetin, terpenoids, sterol glycosides, flavonols, and formic acid. These six herbs have been shown to work as anti-hypercholesterolemic agents. Thus, it can be concluded that six plants in Indonesia can be developed into phytopharmaca as anti-hypercholesterolemic drugs.

Investigating the changes in the levels of HbA1c, blood fat and insulin sensitivity in elder patients with type II diabetes mellitus due to combined medication of pioglitazone and melbine and single-use of pioglitazone

This study was founded for the purpose investigate the differences in effects of combined medication of pioglitazone and melbine and single-use of pioglitazone on the levels of hba1c, blood fat and insulin sensitivity of elder patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), to provide clinical reference and guidance for the treatment of T2DM in elder patients. For this purpose, we selected a total of 120 elder patients with T2DM who visited the clinic or were admitted to this hospital between July 2016 and July 2017 and divided them into the observation group and the control group (n=60 for each group). For the control group, they only took pioglitazone for treatment, while those in the observation additionally took melbine for treatment. Then, we observed the levels of FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, blood fat, FINS, 2hINS and HOMA-IR. Results showed that after treatment, significant decreases were seen in levels of FPG, 2hPG and HbA1c in patients of two groups compared to the levels before treatment, and the levels in the observation group decreased more evidently than those in the control group (p&lt;0.05); besides, the levels of total glyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C were all significantly lower than those before treatment, with an elevated HDL-C, and those levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group; the level of HDL-C was higher than the control group (p&lt;0.05). Similar decreases were identified in the levels of FINS, 2hFINS and HOMA-IR after treatment (p&lt;0.05), and the levels in the observation group were also significantly lower than those in the control group (p&lt;0.05). In the observation group, the incidence rate of adverse reactions was 10% (6/60), while in the control group was 8.33% (5/60), but the difference between the two groups showed no statistical significance (p&gt;0.05). It is concluded that combined medication of pioglitazone and melbine can effectively reduce the levels of plasma glucose, blood fat and the HOMA-IR, with an elevated sensitivity to insulin, but no severe adverse reactions, manifesting a promising safety in long-term administration. It is worthy of being promoted in clinical practice.

Physicochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa L.)

Allium cepa L. (onion bulb) is a cultivated onion extensively and types of onions that are often used for various cuisines in Indonesia. The onion bulb was efficient in reducing blood fat levels and diuretics. This study aims to complete the onion monograph with determine the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Microscopic results obtained include: has fibrous roots and it’s white, and about 9.5 cm long. The stem is pseudo, and the water is whitish-green, cylindrical leaves are dark green, elongated like a pipe and hollow with a length of ± 20 cm, and the tip is tapered. Onion tubers are single layer bulbs, having a diameter of 6 mm, which is higher than onions. Microscopic results contained identification fragments, including hair covering and transporting beams with thickening stairs and spirals. From the results of research on ethanol extract, 70% Allium cepa L. shows a drying shrinkage of 9.69%, 5.16% total ash content, 0.07 % acid insoluble acid dust, 14.36% water-soluble extract, and soluble ethanol extracts 23.04%. Phytochemical screening contains flavonoids, saponins, phenols, dan triterpenoids. Total flavonoid content contained in ethanol extract of onion tubers was 1.48 ± 0.12 mg QE/g. Total phenolic concentrations obtained in onion tuber ethanol extract were 103.47 ± 3.09 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of onion tubers by the DPPH method received IC50 is 65.31 ppm.

Effects of Corn Silk (Stigma Maydis) Against Blood Glucose Levels of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

According to WHO, in 2017 there are an estimated 425 million sufferers of diabetes mellitus. Indonesia is placed in the seventh rank in the world in 2015, with an estimated 10 million sufferers. To reduce the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, improvements need to be made, such as lifestyle modification and treatment. Most anti-diabetic drugs have high side effects. Corn silk is one of the natural ingredients that contain flavonoids, which can reduce blood fat levels. The dose of corn silk of 500 mg/kg BW is the best substance against diabetic rats from excessive weight loss. Therefore, corn silk can be calculated to have an anti-diabetic effect by using lipids, eliminating free radicals, and increasing antioxidant capacity.

FEEDING LOCAL FERMENTED WITH EM-4, AMMONIUM SULFATE, AND UREA ON THE BLOOD FAT LEVEL OF MALE DUCK

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of commercial ration by the addition of ammonium sulfate and urea fermented feed ingredients on the blood fat levels of local male ducks. This study used a completely randomized design with 32 male ducks which weredivided into four groups namely R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4. Each group was given the following treatment: R0 only given commercial ration;R1 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% fermentation of EM-4 + 1.5% urea); R2 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% EM-4 + 1.5%ammonium sulfate fermentation; and R3 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% EM-4 + 1.5% urea + 1.5% ammonium sulfate. Variablesin this study were blood fat consisting of cholesterol, triglyceride, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).The data obtained were analyzed by using 5% real level and LSD. The results showed that the provision of commercial ration added withlocal feed fermented with ammonium sulfate and urea had a significant effect on cholesterol levels (P0.5), but not significant (P0.05) ontriglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels. Furthermore, the ration that gave the best effect on the blood fat levels of male ducks blood was the ration given to R3 group.