Maxillary Length Research Articles

Growth of teeth and bones in adult subjects with congenital untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency

ObjectiveTo understand the growth of teeth and mandibular and maxillary bones in subjects with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD). Material and methodsMesiodistal tooth width of 28 maxillary and mandibular dental models of 14 adult IGHD subjects (9 men) were digitalized and compared to 40 models of 20 normal-statured controls (11 men). The mean SDS of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were compared with height, cephalic perimeter, total anterior facial height, total maxillary and mandibular length, and maxillary and mandibular arches. ResultsAll average mesiodistal dimensions in absolute values of the 14 dental pairs were reduced in the IGHD group. Eight of 28 (28.6%) mesiodistal dimensions in IGHD subjects of both sexes had an average SDS below −2, thirteen of them (46.4%) had mean SDS between −1 and − 2, and seven of them (25.0%) had SDS above −1. The highest SDS values were the upper lateral incisor (−0.32 in women), and the upper canine (−0.91 in men). The lowest SDS values were the 2nd upper molar (−3.51 in men), and the 2nd upper premolar (−2.64 in women). The ascending order of the mean SDS was height, total maxillary length, total mandibular length, total anterior height of the face, cephalic perimeter, the maxillary arches width, the mesiodistal width of the mandibular teeth, the mesiodistal width of the maxillary teeth and the mandibular arches width. ConclusionsReduction in mesiodistal width is present in untreated IGHD adults with magnitude of tooth size reduction being lower than height, cephalic perimeter, total anterior facial height, and most jaw measurements. IGHD abolishes the sexual dimorphism in mesiodistal dental measures.

Genetic Interaction of Thm2 and Thm1 Shapes Postnatal Craniofacial Bone.

Ciliopathies are genetic syndromes that link skeletal dysplasias to the dysfunction of primary cilia. Primary cilia are sensory organelles synthesized by intraflagellar transport (IFT)—A and B complexes, which traffic protein cargo along a microtubular core. We have reported that the deletion of the IFT-A gene, Thm2, together with a null allele of its paralog, Thm1, causes a small skeleton with a small mandible or micrognathia in juvenile mice. Using micro-computed tomography, here we quantify the craniofacial defects of Thm2−/−; Thm1aln/+ triple allele mutant mice. At postnatal day 14, triple allele mutant mice exhibited micrognathia, midface hypoplasia, and a decreased facial angle due to shortened upper jaw length, premaxilla, and nasal bones, reflecting altered development of facial anterior-posterior elements. Mutant mice also showed increased palatal width, while other aspects of the facial transverse, as well as vertical dimensions, remained intact. As such, other ciliopathy-related craniofacial defects, such as cleft lip and/or palate, hypo-/hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, craniosynostosis, and facial asymmetry, were not observed. Calvarial-derived osteoblasts of triple allele mutant mice showed reduced bone formation in vitro that was ameliorated by Hedgehog agonist, SAG. Together, these data indicate that Thm2 and Thm1 genetically interact to regulate bone formation and sculpting of the postnatal face. The triple allele mutant mice present a novel model to study craniofacial bone development.

Descriptive and comparative osteology of five cyprinid fishes from Southern Iraq

Descriptive and comparison osteology was conducted in the present research for five species of cyprinid fishes during the period from June to September 2016 of some paired head bones for premaxilla, maxilla, lower Jaw and opercular. A total of 111 specimens were collected by electrofishing from Huwaza and Chybiyesh marshes Southern Iraq include: Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Cyprinus carpio, Leuciscus vorax and Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi. Results showed the significant differences (P<0.05) among bones of species which were described and compared in both intergeneric and interspecific. Statistical analysis was done for all bones. Coefficient of determination (r2) showed a strength correlation of the linear association between standard length and length of premaxilla, maxilla, dentary, angloluarticular and opercular of L. vorax (0.973, 0.89, 0.976, 0.95 and 0.986) respectively. The present study revealed new information about the phylogeny of cyprinids by evident the differences among species in the shape and design of bones, which was rise to isolate it in different genera, but there was convergence in general shape to join it in one family

Evaluation of maxillary and mandibular growth patterns with cephalometric analysis based on cervical vertebral maturation: A Japanese cross-sectional study.

BackgroundAppropriate maxillofacial growth and development evaluation is important for effective orthodontic treatment. Growth evaluation is based on physiological age determined by individual development, but not chronological age. One strategy for determining physiological age is using the cervical vertebral bone age.ObjectivesThis study aimed to clarify the standard size of the upper and lower jawbones in Japanese patients using the cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMS) as an index and clarify the growth pattern. And to use the cervical spine age as a diagnostic aid in orthodontic treatment.Material and methodsRandom sampling was performed from the outpatients who visited the Orthodontics department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Dental Hospital, and 400 patients were enrolled before treatment. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained to measure the height and length of the mandible and the maxilla length with cephalometric analysis. Standard values were calculated for each cervical-spine-age group to analyze changes during mandibular and maxillary growth. Furthermore, we compared the differences between males and females. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare cervical-spine-age groups, and the Steel–Dwass test was used for multiple comparisons. The reliability of CVMS was confirmed by calculating the weighted kappa coefficient (κ).Resultsκ for the degree of intra-evaluator agreement and the degree of the inter-evaluator agreement were calculated, and both indicated almost perfect agreement. We found that the distance between the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and posterior nasal spine (PNS) (i.e., ANS–PNS) increased significantly between CVMS II and CVMS III in males. The distance between Articulare (Ar) and Gonion (Go) (i.e., Ar–Go) and the distance between Go and Pogonion (Pog) (i.e., Go–Pog) increased significantly between CVMS III and CVMS IV in males.ConclusionThe findings suggested that CVMS is a reliable indicator of the growth stage of the maxilla and mandible.

Cranial osteology of Hypoptophis (Aparallactinae: Atractaspididae: Caenophidia), with a discussion on the evolution of its fossorial adaptations.

Fossoriality evolved early in snakes, and has left its signature on the cranial morphology of many extinct Mesozoic and early Caenozoic forms. Knowledge of the cranial osteology of extant snakes is indispensable for associating the crania of extinct lineages with a particular mode of life; this applies to fossorial taxa as well. In the present work, we provide a detailed description of the cranium of Hypoptophis wilsonii, a member of the subfamily Aparallactinae, using micro‐computed tomography (CT). This is also the first thorough micro‐CT‐based description of any snake assigned to this African subfamily of predominantly mildly venomous, fossorial, and elusive snakes. The cranium of Hypoptophis is adapted for a fossorial lifestyle, with increased consolidation of skull bones. Aparallactines show a tendency toward reduction of maxillary length by bringing the rear fangs forward. This development attains its pinnacle in the sister subfamily Atractaspidinae, in which the rear fang has become the “front fang” by a loss of the part of the maxilla lying ahead of the fang. These dentitional changes likely reflect adaptation to subdue prey in snug burrows. An endocast of the inner ear of Hypoptophis shows that this genus has the inner ear typical of fossorial snakes, with a large, globular sacculus. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphology recovers Hypoptophis as a sister taxon to Aparallactus. We also discuss the implications of our observations on the burrowing origin hypothesis of snakes.

Investigating the effect of bruxism on maxillary arch length and width in children using three-dimensional digital model analysis

BackgroundBruxism is defined as repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by the grinding and clenching of teeth. The prevalence of bruxism in children is extensive, and it can cause irregularities in dental arches. The study aimed to investigate the presence of any effects of bruxism on maxillary arch length and width in children using three-dimensional (3D) digital model analysis.MethodThis study evaluated 30 children with bruxism. For every child with bruxism, a case control without bruxism was selected and matched for gender, age, and dentition. Digital models of the patients’ maxilla were obtained with a 3D intraoral scanner, and width and length measurements between the reference points on the maxilla were obtained on the digital models.ResultsThe mean age of the study group was 9.13 ± 1.27. Insıgnificance differences were found between females and males within and between groups in terms of maxillary width and length. Insignificant difference was found between the control and study groups when the lengths of 3R-3L, 4R-4L, 5R-5L, 6R-6L, and IP-M were compared (p > 0.05).ConclusionBased on the study results, there were no differences in the maxillary arch length and width in patients with bruxism and patients without bruxism.

Evaluation of Relationship between Pharyngeal Airway Space and Varying Dimensions of Maxilla and Mandible

Aim: Craniofacial abnormalities such as maxillary retrusion, mandibular retrognathism, short mandibular body, and downward and backward rotation of the mandible in hyperdivergent patients are considered to be the most important risk factor for upper airway obstruction. The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of maxillary and mandibular morphology on pharyngeal length. Materials and Methods: The study sample includes 146 pretreatment lateral cephalographs of both male and female patients aged between 18 and 30 years. The study sample was divided into three groups: Group I – Class I skeletal relationship, Group II – Class II, and Group III – Class III. Each group is further divided into three subgroups according to the growth pattern (A – horizontal, B – average, and C – vertical). The lateral cephalograms were traced both manually and digitally using FACAD imaging software. Results: Comparison of mean maxillary, mandibular, and airway dimensions done using one-way analysis of variance proclaims that the means of all the parameters of the study are statistically significant with P < 0.05 except the upper pharyngeal space. Pearson correlation test reveals a statistically significant positive correlation between the height of the ramus and the lower pharyngeal space. Conclusion: The upper pharyngeal space is reduced in Class III, and the lower pharyngeal space is reduced in Class II and Class III malocclusions. The airway dimension decreased in vertical growth pattern in all the skeletal malocclusion groups. Upper and lower pharyngeal space has a negative correlation with ANS-PNS (maxillary length) and length of the body of the mandible, respectively.

Craniofacial and Oral Manifestations of Non-Syndromic Hypodontia: A Review

AbstractPatients with hypodontia appear to have a different craniofacial morphology as compared with controls. They tend to have more class III skeletal pattern and retroclined upper and lower soft tissue lips as a consequence of retroclined upper and lower incisors. These features are more pronounced as the severity of the hypodontia increases. In addition to changes in craniofacial and soft tissue morphology, various dental anomalies are commonly associated with hypodontia such as microdontia of the remaining dentition, anomalies in tooth shape, particularly peg-shaped upper lateral incisors, smaller root dimensions of some of the permanent teeth, and decreased maxillary and mandibular dental arch widths and lengths measurements. Other dental anomalies which are seen in association with hypodontia are taurodontism of molars, retained deciduous molars, delayed development of the permanent teeth, distoangulation of the mandibular second premolar, and infraocclusion of the deciduous molars.

Association between Crowding and the Effective Maxillary and Mandibular Length among Orthodontic Patients of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Background: During orthodontic consultation, the most frequent major complaint of the patients is dental crowding, which is caused by a disparity between the arch length and tooth size. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between crowding and the effective maxillary and mandibular length in Nepalese orthodontic patients.Methods: The orthodontic records of 390 people (from January 2018 to December 2020) were randomly selected and classified into three skeletal malocclusions based on the ANB angle (Angle formed by point A and point B at the nasion). Subjects with skeletal malocclusions were subdivided into two groups depending on the degree of crowding in the mandibular arch: Group 1 had crowding of < 3mm, and Group 2 had crowding of >3mm. On pretreatment casts, digital vernier calipers (Digimatic, Precise, India) were used to assess dental arch crowding, whereas, on a pretreatment lateral cephalogram, digital cephalometric analysis (Vistadent OC 1.1, USA) was done to quantify effective maxillary and mandibular length. Inter-group comparisons were assessed using a one-way analysis of variance. The correlation was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p≤0.05).Results: There was a statistically significant difference in effective maxillary and mandibular length among skeletal malocclusions (p<0.05). Skeletal Class II malocclusion had the greatest mandibular crowding, while skeletal Class III malocclusion had the least. The effective maxillary and mandibular lengths and dental crowding had a significant but weak inverse correlation, whereas a strong but moderate positive correlation existed between the maxillary and mandibular effective lengths (r=0.674) and also between maxillary and mandibular crowding (r=0.631).Conclusion: Effective maxillary length was highest in skeletal class II malocclusion whereas effective mandibular length was highest in skeletal class III malocclusion. The shorter effective maxillary and mandibular lengths showed a weak association with dental crowding.

Integrative taxonomy-based discovery of Dussumieria modakandai sp. nov. from India.

This study is based on integrative taxonomy and reports a new fish species Dussumieria modakandai sp. nov. from India. The new species differs from three valid species within the genus by a combination of characters such as longer maxilla (9.1%-9.9% standard length vs. 8.7% in Dussumieria elopsoides, 6.3%-8.5% in Dussumieria acuta) and one or two rows of small conical teeth on palatine (vs. several rows in D. elopsoides and Dussumieria albulina). It also differs by the absence of longitudinal striae on the posterior side of body scales (vs. presence in D. acuta and D. albulina) and the absence of parasphenoid teeth (vs. presence in D. acuta). The maxilla length of D. modakandai sp. nov. is greater than snout length, which distinguishes it from other congeners. The multivariate analysis of morphometric characters using PCA differentiated the new species from D. elopsoides and D. acuta samples collected in this study. The molecular analysis, based on cytochrome c oxidase I, distinguished the new species from D. acuta, D. albulina and D. elopsoides with a high genetic distance of 13.73%, 12.22% and 12.74%, respectively. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree and automatic barcode gap discovery analysis showed the existence of six putative species in Dussumieria. Even the exhaustive sub-clade formation within species and high intra-species genetic distance in D. acuta (1.59) and D. modakandai (1.95) indicate the possibility of a few more cryptic species. This warrants comprehensive sample collection across the distribution range and integrative taxonomic study of the genus Dussumieria.

Identification of polymorphic loci in the deiodinase 2 gene and their associations with head dimensions in geese.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to clone and compare the molecular characteristics of the deiodinase 2 (DIO2) gene between Sichuan White geese and Landes geese, and to analyze the association between polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and head dimensions in Tianfu meat geese.MethodsThe coding sequence of the DIO2 gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction and vector ligation and aligned by DNAMAN software. A total of 350 Tianfu meat geese were used to genotype the polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and measure the head dimensions. Association analysis between the polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and head dimensions was carried out.ResultsAn 840-bp coding sequence of the DIO2 gene was obtained and comparison analysis identified four polymorphic loci between Sichuan White geese and Landes geese. Further analysis showed that the dominant alleles for the four polymorphic loci were G, G, A, and T and the frequency of the heterozygous genotype was higher than that of the homozygous genotype in Tianfu meat geese. Compared to that in the population of non-knob geese of Tianfu meat geese, the head dimensions in the population of knob geese were significantly higher except for nostril height. However, in the non-knob geese, beak width 1, beak width 2, nostril length, cranial width 1, and maxillary length had significant differences among different genotypes or haplotypes/diplotypes.ConclusionThese results suggested that polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene could be considered molecular markers to select larger heads of geese in the population of non-knob geese.

The Relation among Teeth and Maxillary Dental Arch Dimensions with Anterior Teeth Angulation and Inclination.

Objectives This study aimed at finding out whether anterior teeth angulation and inclination have a relationship with the maxillary teeth and dental arch dimensions. Methods Fifty study models with normal occlusion were selected from the archive of the Department of Orthodontics at Baghdad Dental Faculty. Maxillary dental arch width and length at different points were determined in addition to measuring anterior teeth angulation, inclination, crown thickness, overjet, overbite, and Bolton's ratios. The unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were used for data analysis. Results No statistical gender differences were reported in all measurements except the dental arch widths and length where males had significantly higher mean values. Only the maxillary incisor's inclination showed a direct weak significant correlation with the total arch length. Conclusions The inclination of upper incisors had a minimal effect on increasing dental arch length.

Three-Dimensional Measurement of the Zygomatic–Maxillary Complex in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients With Maxillary Retrusion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical features of the zygomatic-maxillary complex in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients with maxillary retrusion. Individuals were grouped and craniofacial measurements were carried out for 34 individuals in the UCLP with maxillary retrusion group (UMRG) and 50 from a control group (CG). The authors measured the length, width, and height of the maxilla and zygoma and also measured predetermined regions on the midface in each group. Independent sample group t tests were performed to determine differences between groups (with significance set at P < 0.05). Multiple points on the midface (the most posterior point on the contour of the maxillary alveolar process, lowest point of the zygomaticomaxillary suture, furthest point to the zygomatic self-base plane, superior point in the infraorbital foramen, and lowest point of the inferior margin of the orbit) to the coronal plane were smaller in the UMRG than in the CG (all results P < 0.05). In addition, the maxillary length was significantly reduced in the UMRG than in the CG (P < 0.05). In summary, for the UCLP patients with maxillary retrusion, the deficiency in the midface gradually reduced going upward, with the deficiency in the maxillary alveolar level the most serious. The zygoma was influenced to a lesser extent.

Dentoskeletal comparison of miniscrew-anchored maxillary protraction with hybrid and conventional hyrax expanders: A randomized clinical trial

This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the skeletal and dental effects of miniscrew-anchored maxillary protraction (MAMP) using hybrid hyrax (HH) and conventional hyrax (CH) expanders in growing patients with Class III malocclusion. This was a randomized, parallel, controlled trial. Forty growing patients with Class III malocclusion and maxillary deficiency (Wits appraisal of less than -1mm) were randomized into 2 groups. Patients were recruited at the Orthodontic Clinic of Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. The HH group was composed of patients with Class III malocclusions in the late mixed or early permanent dentition treated with a HH expander with 2 miniscrews in the maxilla and 2 miniscrews in the anterior region of the mandible. Class III elastics were used from the maxillary first molars to the mandibular miniscrews placed between permanent canines and first premolars. The CH group was composed of patients treated with a similar protocol except for the use of a CH expander in the maxilla. The primary outcomes included the frequency of overjet correction and sagittal skeletal effects produced with treatment. Allocation was performed with a simple randomization process. Blinding was performed only during assessments. Data were analyzed blindly on an intention-to-treat basis. Intergroup comparison was performed using analysis of covariance. Mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for all variables. The final sample for the HH group was 20 subjects (8 female, 12 male; initial age of 10.7years), whereas the final sample for the CH group was 15 subjects (6 female, 9 male; initial age of 11.5years). The frequency of overjet correction observed in the HH and CH groups was 94.4% and 71.4% (risk ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.93-1.88), respectively. Both groups presented similar skeletal sagittal and vertical outcomes after maxillary protraction. The maxillary length (CoA) showed a similar increase in both groups (MD, 1.12mm; 95% CI, -0.03 to 2.27). The CH group demonstrated a greater mesial displacement of maxillary first molars after treatment than the HH group (MD, 1.22mm; 95% CI, 0.33-2.11). HH and CH groups produced 2.88 and 1.97 overjet corrections (MD, 0.53mm; 95% CI, -0.52 to 1.59), respectively. MAMP using HH and CH expanders produced a frequency of overjet correction of 94.4% and 71.4%, respectively. Similar skeletal effects were observed between MAMP using HH and CH expanders. Greater control of the mesial displacement of maxillary first molar during maxillary protraction using hybrid expanders was observed. The trial was registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov, under the identifier NCT03712007. This trial protocol was not published. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, and by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) - Grants nos. 2017/04141-9, 2017/24115-2, and 2019/03175-2.

Maxillary Sinus Dimensions of Different Human Age Groups by CT Scan Imaging

Background: The maxillary sinus is an air-filled space, situated in maxillary bones and may be recognized with different shapes and sizes, its walls are obviously thin, and its apex can extend to zygomatic processes of these bones and can occupy most of zygomatic bone. Materials and methods: A prospective study of 330 healthy human individuals who attending to radiology section during the period from December 2018 to October 2019 to do CT scans for maxillary sinuses. Various CT images were taken to calculate the three dimensions of the maxillary sinuses. Results: The mean value for right maxillary human sinus anteroposterior length, width, and height for males were 40.2 ± 4.2mm, 25.2 ± 4.2mm, and 45.0 ± 5.1mm respectively; while for the left was 39.2 ± 3.9mm, 24.5 ± 4.5mm, and 47.2 ± 4.5mm respectively. Whereas, the mean value for right maxillary human sinus length, width, and height in females were 38.7 ± 4.0mm, 24.3 ± 4.0mm, and 42.6 ± 5.0mm respectively; while for the left was 38.3 ± 4.0mm, 23.6 ± 4.2mm, and 44.1 ± 4.7mm respectively. High significant differences (p≤0.05) recorded among age groups for length of both sides of both genders, width in left sinus of both genders, height of right side of both genders, and finally height of left side in females. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus dimensions measured by CT scans revealed a precise recognition of 3D configuration for the sinus that may be useful as a specific identification feature of any human individual.

Orbitofacial morphology changes with different suture synostoses in Crouzon syndrome

This study aims to investigate the influence of different cranial vault suture synostoses on orbital and periorbital morphological development in Crouzon syndrome. Computed tomography (CT) scans of Crouzon syndrome patients who had not undergone operation were subgrouped as follows: type I: bicoronal synostosis; type II: sagittal synostosis; type III: pansynostosis; type IV: perpendicular combinations of suture synostoses; and type V: bilateral squamosal synostosis. CT scans were measured using Materialise software. CT scans of 80 Crouzon syndrome patients and 72 normal controls were included. Orbital bony cavity volume was reduced in all subgroups (16-24%), including type V bilateral squamosal synostosis (16%, p=0.003), although the reduction in type II sagittal synostosis Crouzon patients failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.071). Globe volume was reduced only in type I bicoronal synostosis (9%, p=0.018), while the retrobulbar soft tissue volume decreased in type III pansynostosis group by 11% (p=0.005). Globe volume projection beyond the orbital rim was increased in all groups (p<0.001), with the greatest increase in type IV perpendicular combination of sutures synostoses, by 100% (p<0.001). The anteroposterior length of maxilla was significantly shortened in type I (10%, p=0.028) and type III (9%, p=0.022) but developed normally in other groups, although the maxilla was posteriorly displaced in all groups (all p≤0.026). The influence of squamosal synostosis on craniofacial malformation is not equivalent to that of a major vault suture. Therefore, subtype suture fusion individualized surgical interventions, after initial occipital expansion, likely provide additional benefits in mitigating oculo-orbital disproportion.

Three-dimensional comparative evaluation of customized bone-anchored vs tooth-borne maxillary protraction in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the 3-dimensional skeletal and dental effects induced by a new maxillary protraction approach using customized miniplates for anchorage compared with a control group of traditional tooth-borne maxillary protraction. Forty-one growing patients at prepubescent stage with skeletal Class III malocclusion participated in this study. These patients were randomly split into 2 groups. In group 1 (n=20), patients underwent maxillary protraction anchored with customized miniplates. The miniplates were individually designed and inserted using the surgical templates. In group 2 (n=21), patients underwent tooth-borne maxillary protraction. Pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography scans were obtained, and 30 measurements of cone-beam computed tomography images were acquired and calculated. The changes after treatment and the comparison of the 2 groups were assessed. After maxillary protraction, group 1 showed a greater forward movement of the maxilla than group 2. The maxilla length increased more in group 1 than in group 2. The rotations of the palatal and mandibular planes in group 1 were less than those in group 2. In group 1, the maxillary incisors proclined less, the mandibular incisors retroclined less, and the maxillary first molars extruded less. Compared with tooth-borne maxillary protraction, customized miniplates anchored maxillary protraction produced more maxillary growth, fewer dental changes, and less maxillary and mandibular plane rotation.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Tongue Volume in Different Dentoskeletal Patterns - A Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Study.

Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate tongue volume using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and its correlation to different growth patterns in patients.Materials and Methods:Sixty preorthodontic records of CBCT scans of subjects ranging from 14 to 25 age group from retrospective data of department were selected for the study. Patients were classified into three groups based on angle FMA; Group I (n = 20) with average growth pattern (FMA 22°–28°); Group II (n = 20) vertical growth pattern (FMA >28°); Group III (n = 25) horizontal growth pattern (FMA <20°). Tongue volume evaluation was done using Myrian® Software. Dentoskeletal features and parameters related to archform such as palatal vault depth, interpremolar, and intermolar distance were evaluated in all the subjects. ANOVA test was used for intergroup comparison of tongue volume and dentoskeletal parameters in all three groups. Correlation of the tongue volume to dentoskeletal parameters was done using Pearson's correlation test.Results:Mean tongue volume in Group I was 66.10 cm3, Group II, 66.04 cm3 and Group III was 66.72 cm3. There was a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.5) of tongue volume with palatal vault width, maxillary length, and mandibular interpremolar and intermolar distance among dentoskeletal parameters.Conclusion:Tongue volume was found equal in all groups despite the variation in growth patterns. Skeletal differences leading to different growth patterns were found to be related to mandibular morphology. The results indicate the indirect role of the tongue in causing malocclusion in orthodontic patients.

Value of Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment for the Management of Sleep Disordered Breathing: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Background: The paediatric population has a high incidence of sleepdisordered breathing (SDB). One notable risk factor for SDB is the presence of craniofacial abnormalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SDB by means of questionnaires in patients who received interceptive treatment, to determine whether there is a relationship between the nature and duration of treatment and the prevalence of SDB, and to correlate cephalometric changes with the type of orthopaedic treatment received and questionnaire results. Materials and Methods: Prospective study of 203 patients who required interceptive treatment. Two sleep questionnaires (the Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC)) were used which were completed by the parents at baseline (T1) and after completion of interceptive treatment (T2). The results of the questionnaires were analysed, grouped according to the type of treatment received and related to 12 cephalometric variables on cephalometric radiography at T1 and T2. Results: The prevalence of SDB at T1 was 21.2% according to PSQ and 33% according to SDSC. The mean age at T1 was 8.5 years and the mean duration of treatment was 13.8 months. Between 10.8% (PSQ) and 17.2% (SDSC) of patients showed improvement in SDB after interceptive treatment (p&lt;0.05). Treatment led to statistically significant cephalometric changes in the variables of mandibular length, maxillary length and overbite, with no significant differences between treatment groups or in relation to questionnaire results. Conclusion: Interceptive treatment achieves significant improvements in SDB. The type and duration of treatment do not affect the prevalence of SDB, although RPE is associated with a higher rate of improvement. The improvement in SDB is independent from the type of treatment and the cephalometric changes effected.

Orbital Volumetric Analysis in Patients With Unicoronal Craniosynostosis: A Comparison Between Distraction Osteogenesis and Fronto-Orbital Advancement.

Unicoronal craniosynostosis is associated with orbital restriction and asymmetry. Surgical treatment aims to both correct the aesthetic deformity and prevent the development of ocular dysfunction. We used orbital quadrant and hemispheric volumetric analysis to assess orbital restriction and compare the effectiveness of distraction osteogenesis with anterior rotational cranial flap (DO) and bilateral fronto-orbital advancement and cranial vault remodeling (FOAR) with respect to the correction of orbital restriction in patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis. A retrospective review of all patients with a diagnosis of unicoronal craniosynostosis and treated with either DO or FOAR from 2000 to 2019 was performed. Preoperative and postoperative total orbital volumes, as well as quadrant and hemispheric volume ratios, were calculated from 3-dimensional head computed tomography scans. Selected preoperative and postoperative orbital measurements, including the maxillary length of the orbit (MLO; zygomaticofrontal suture to the top of zygomatic arch) and the sphenoid length of the orbit (SLO; the top of sphenoid suture to the top of zygomatic arch), were also obtained. Data were available for 28 patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis. Mean preoperative total orbital volume was significantly smaller on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side (10.94 vs 12.20 cm3, P = 0.04). Preoperative MLO and SLO were significantly longer on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side (MLO: 20.26 vs 17.75 mm, P < 0.001; SLO: 26.91 vs 24.93 mm, P = 0.01). Distraction osteogenesis and FOAR produced significantly different changes in orbital quadrant and/or hemispheric volume ratios on the nonsynostotic side but not on the synostotic side. Before correction, patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis have significantly smaller total orbital volumes on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side and significantly greater MLO and SLO on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side. There is no significant difference between DO and FOAR with regard to correcting the observed orbital restriction in these patients.