Side Length Research Articles

Performance of FRP-Upgraded RC One-Way Ribbed Slabs with an Opening in Flexure Zone

Reinforced concrete (RC) one-way ribbed slabs serve as a prevalent flooring solution in the Middle East. In this region, the occurrence of openings within these slabs is frequent, particularly when making modifications to existing buildings. However, these openings compromise the stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the slabs, necessitating strengthening measures. All of the available investigations were carried out on strengthening RC one- and two-way solid slabs with openings. However, a noticeable research gap exists, as none of these studies have delved into the strengthening of RC one-way ribbed slabs with openings. This gap was bridged in this study by conducting a comprehensive experimental inquiry into the effectiveness of utilizing fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to restore the flexural capacity of RC one-way ribbed slabs featuring flexure openings. The experimental program comprised four half-scale one-way ribbed slabs (having three ribs) divided into one unstrengthened specimen without openings to act as a reference, one unstrengthened specimen with a single opening located in the peak-moment region, and two FRP-strengthened slabs each having a single opening located in the peak-moment region. The dimensions of each slab were 2600 mm (length) × 825 mm (width) × 175 mm (thickness). The openings were square (side length = 400 mm), which included cutting the middle rib. The slabs were tested under four-point flexure until failure. It was revealed that strengthening slabs using FRP sheets fully restored the flexural capacity, which was even exceeded by up to 8%. However, the secant stiffness and dissipated energy were partially restored compared with the unstrengthened slab without opening, and these response parameters were reduced by up to 19% and 32%, respectively. Moreover, the displacement ductility for strengthened specimens was moderately reduced compared with the unstrengthened specimen without opening. Furthermore, an analytical procedure was suggested based on section analysis for quick and reasonable assessment of the peak load for both unstrengthened and strengthened one-way ribbed slabs with and without flexure openings.

Droplet boiling on micro-pillar array surface – Nucleate boiling regime

Despite spray cooling in the form of droplet boiling on a textured surface being a very promising phase-change heat dissipating method, the understanding of droplet/bubble two-phase dynamics in the nucleate boiling is extraordinarily limited. In this study, we report sessile droplet boiling on micro-pillar array surface in the nucleate boiling regime using a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model comprehensively. Effects of micro-pillar size on bubble behaviors inside droplet are discussed in detail, covering bubble nucleation, growth, coalescence, and rupture. For the micro-pillars with large side length or small spacing, nucleation sites are activated around micro-pillar top surface. The preferential activation location of nucleation sites is determined by temperature, confined space and fluid flow. In bubble growth stage, the variation of bubble radius with time follows the square root law, being consistent with previous experiments. Bubbles merge into a large central bubble beneath droplet for the short micro-pillars while into a vapor layer for the long micro-pillars. Emergence of large central bubble prolongs droplet lifetime but deteriorates heat transfer. In addition, increasing micro-pillar side length or decreasing micro-pillar height can delay activation of nucleation sites.

Multi-scale damage modeling and out-of-plane shear behavior of carbon/carbon honeycomb structure

In response to the demand for the ultra-high stability and light-weight optical structure in high-resolution spacecraft, the present study proposes a novel carbon/carbon (C/C) honeycomb structure which integrates the superiorities of C/C composite and honeycomb structure. The C/C honeycomb was fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) processing with continuous carbon fiber preform, and then the L- and W-direction shear experiments were conducted. A multi-scale damage model is established to describe the mechanical and damage behavior of the C/C honeycomb, which includes the damage model and constitutive model in both meso-scale and macro-scale. The effects of yarn orientation, side length, wall thickness and height of C/C honeycomb on L- and W-direction shear characteristics as well as damage modes of the novel C/C honeycomb are comprehensively researched. The results show that the C/C honeycomb has excellent shear properties when the yarn orientation is ±45° as well as the side length and wall thickness are about l=6mm and t=0.3mm, respectively. With the yarn orientation shifts from 0°/90° to ±45°, the damage region transforms from top and bottom surfaces of the C/C honeycomb structure to honeycomb walls. As the side length increases and the wall thickness decreases, the damage region is distributed obliquely along the honeycomb wall. This research contributes to the design and optimization of optical-mechanical structures in high-resolution spacecraft.

Asymptotics of Some Plancherel Averages Via Polynomiality Results

Consider Young diagrams of n boxes distributed according to the Plancherel measure. So those diagrams could be the output of the RSK algorithm, when applied to random permutations of the set {1,ldots ,n}. Here we are interested in asymptotics, as nrightarrow infty , of expectations of certain functions of random Young diagrams, such as the number of bumping steps of the RSK algorithm that leads to that diagram, the side length of its Durfee square, or the logarithm of its probability. We can express these functions in terms of hook lengths or contents of the boxes of the diagram, which opens the door for application of known polynomiality results for Plancherel averages. We thus obtain representations of expectations as binomial convolutions, that can be further analyzed with the help of Rice’s integral or Poisson generating functions. Among our results is a very explicit expression for the constant appearing in the almost equipartition property of the Plancherel measure.

XRD analysis of nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cuscuta reflexa

Plants are one of the most abundant sources of biomolecules on the planet. Researchers and academics have become more interested in the antibacterial and therapeutic characteristics of plants over the last decade. The introduction and combination of nanotechnology and phytochemistry brought up new possibilities. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles mediated by plant extracts developed quickly and has been extensively researched. In this paper, we describe the manufacture of silver nanoparticles from Cuscuta reflexa aqueous and alcoholic extracts. For characterisation, the nanoparticles were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination. XRD analysis offers concrete information about the structure and crystalline size of nanoparticles, and it can play an important role in nanoparticle characterisation. The observation includes findings for matched phases, search-match, selection criteria, peak list, crystallite size estimation, crystallinity analysis, diffraction pattern graphics, and so on. The nano size of the crystals was disclosed by XRD examination, which proved to be 38.55 nm and 66.27 nm in the case of nanoparticles synthesised using aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cuscuta reflexa, respectively. The crystal system was reported to be cubic with side length of 0.4 nm, the calculated density of silver in nanoparticles was calculated to be 10.506 g/cm3 which corresponds with the density of silver element, i.e., 10.49 g/cm3

A technique for the estimation of percolation thresholds in lattice systems: Application to a problem of granular flow through an orifice

A simple method to estimate percolation thresholds pc in lattice models is presented. The technique is based on the calculation of the probabilities RLX(p) for finding a percolating cluster of type X [X could be horizontal (H), vertical (V), average (A), intersection (I), or union (U)] on a finite lattice of side length L at concentration p of occupied sites. The functions RLX(p) are obtained by numerical simulations. Then, (1) effective percolation thresholds pcX,r(L) are estimated from the condition RLX(p)=r (where r is a parameter ranging between 0 and 1); and (2) the percolation threshold in the thermodynamic limit is determined by extrapolating the effective percolation thresholds to infinite L. The methodology presented herein contains and extends the classical scheme developed by Yonezawa, Sakamoto and Hori, offering a more complete and versatile theoretical/simulation framework to calculate percolation thresholds. The approach is validated by successfully comparing with well-known results obtained for the problem of random site percolation on square lattices. Taking advantage of the behavior of the curves of pcX,r(L) for different values of the parameter r, more general scaling relations are proposed for the effective percolation thresholds. Finally, the technique is applied to model experimental data of clogging transitions in a two-dimensional silo with a vibrated base.

Low-velocity impact resistance of all composite cylindrical shell panels with a foam filled honeycomb core: Theoretical and experimental investigation

The low-velocity impact resistance of all composite cylindrical shell panels (CCSPs) with a foam filled honeycomb core (FFCHC) is studied experimentally and theoretically. Initially, a dynamical model of the FFCHC-CCSPs is proposed, with the equivalent material properties of the core being determined by combining the Hamilton equivalence theory and the Gibson theory. By using the virtual work principle and quasi-static method, together with the von Karman's theory and the high order shear deformation shell theory, the constitutive relationship related to each damage case is derived. Also, by considering the influence of collapse of the FFCHC, the failure criteria and damage modes are modified. The impact displacement, load and impact energy absorption are solved by using the elastoplastic contact principle and energy principle. Several numerical results from the literature are employed for preliminary validation of the model. Furthermore, the FFCHC-CCSP specimens with and without polyurethane foam are fabricated and the detailed measurements associated with different impact energies are performed to provide a solid validation of the present model as well as to evaluate the structural impact resistance. Finally, the influences of the thickness of FFCHC, wall thickness and side length of honeycomb cell and density of foam on the impact resistance of the FFCHC-CCSP structures are discussed, with some useful conclusions being refined for better impact suppression design and manufacture of such advanced shells.

Parameter Optimization of Electric Pulse Deicer for Overhead Ground Wire Based on Finite Element Method

Because it is difficult to implement short-circuit deicing, overhead ground wire deicing has always been a difficult problem in power grid ice prevention and disaster reduction. In this paper, the working principle of the overhead ground wire electric pulse deicing device is introduced. Then the electric pulse force calculation model of the overhead ground wire is established. The validity of the model is verified by comparing the model-calculated values of coil inductance and resistance with the experimentally measured values. The effect of coil turns, multiplier thickness, and the side length of the multiplier on the pulse force peak and impulse are analyzed. Finally, the electric pulse deicing test of the short-size ground wire is carried out in the artificial climate chamber. The results show that with the increase in the number of turns of the coil, the peak value of the pulse force decreases gradually, the impulse increases gradually, but the growth rate slows down. With the increase of the thickness of the multiplier, the peak value and impulse of the pulse force increase almost unchanged near the skin depth. With the increase of the side length of the multiplier, the peak value and impulse of the pulse force gradually increase until the area of the multiplier is close to the area of the coil. The electric pulse deicing test shows that the deicing length increases with the increase of the number of coil turns, and the deicing efficiency of the 60-turn coil deicing device is 90%.

Mixed Land Use and Its Relationship with CO2 Emissions: A Comparative Analysis Based on Several Typical Development Zones in Shanghai

While development zones are the main locations of the urban industrial economy and sources of energy consumption, studies on the interactive relationship between mixed land use and CO2 emissions in these zones have not attracted much attention. In this paper, the development zone is selected as the research object, and a honeycomb grid with a side length of 50 meters is used as the unit to measure multiple dimensions of mixed land use. The efficiency and intensity of CO2 emissions are estimated for these units, and the coupling model is used to analyse the interactive relationship between these two factors. The results show that (1) the mixed land use degree of different types of development zones differs; the bonded zone has the highest degree, while the economic and technological development zone and the high-tech development zone have higher degrees than the industrial development zones. (2) The CO2 emissions capacities of economic and technological development zones and high-tech development zones are better than those of industrial development zones and bonded areas. (3) There is a strong interaction between the mixing degree of land use and the intensity of CO2 emissions; the relationship between the two may be diverse and complex in different development zones. (4) The coordinated development level between mixed land use and CO2 emissions in economic and technological development zones and bonded areas is better than that in high-tech development zones, which in turn is better than that in industrial development zones. Based on existing measurements of mixed land use, the index of land use intensity is introduced in this paper and the land use classification in development zones is refined to supplement the land use compatibility matrix. The results of this study have implications for the development zone to enhance mixed land use and low-carbon development.

Design of Fourier ptychographic illuminator for single full-FOV reconstruction.

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a spatial-temporal-modulation high-throughput imaging technique via a sequential angle-varied LED illumination. Therefore, the illuminator is one of the key components and the design of this illuminator is significant. However, because of the property of spherical wave, partial coherence, and aperture-induced vignetting, the acquired images must be processed in blocks first, and rely on parallel reconstruction via a graphics processing unit (GPU). The high cost makes it unappealing compared with commercial whole slide imaging system via a low-cost central processing unit (CPU). Especially, the vignetting severely destroys the space-invariant model and induces obvious artifacts in FPM, which is the most difficult problem. The conventional method is to divide the field of view (FOV) into many tiles and omit those imperfect images, which is crude and may discards low frequency information. In this paper, we reevaluated the conditions of vignetting in FPM. Through our analysis, the maximum side length of FOV is 0.759 mm for a single full-FOV reconstruction via a 4×/0.1 NA objective and a 4 mm spacing LED array in theory, while almost 1.0 mm can be achieved in practice due to the tolerance of algorithm. We found that FPM system can treat the vignetting coefficient Vf below 0.1 as brightfield images and Vf lager than 0.9 as darkfield images, respectively. We reported an optimized distribution for designing an illuminator without vignetting effect according to the off-the-shelf commercial products, which can reconstruct full FOV in one time via a CPU. By adjusting the distribution of LED units, the system could retrieve the object with the side length of FOV up to 3.8 mm for a single full-FOV reconstruction, which achieves the largest FOV that a typical 4×/0.1 NA objective with the field number of 22 mm can afford.

Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction between Singlet Oxygen and Anthracene Drives Integrative Cage Self-Sorting.

A ZnII8L6 pseudocube containing anthracene-centered ligands, a ZnII4L'4 tetrahedron with a similar side length as the cube, and a trigonal prism ZnII6L3L'2 were formed in equilibrium from a common set of subcomponents. Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with photogenerated singlet oxygen transformed the anthracene-containing "L" ligands into endoperoxide "LO" ones and ultimately drove the integrative self-sorting to form the trigonal prismatic cage ZnII6LO3L'2 exclusively. This ZnII6LO3L'2 structure lost dioxygen in a retro-Diels-Alder reaction after heating, which resulted in reversion to the initial ZnII8L6 + ZnII4L'4 ⇌ 2 × ZnII6L3L'2 equilibrating system. Whereas the ZnII8L6 pseudocube had a cavity too small for guest encapsulation, the ZnII6L3L'2 and ZnII6LO3L'2 trigonal prisms possessed peanut-shaped internal cavities with two isolated compartments divided by bulky anthracene panels. Guest binding was also observed to drive the equilibrating system toward exclusive formation of the ZnII6L3L'2 structure, even in the absence of reaction with singlet oxygen.

Design and analysis of tunable optical filter based on silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal for visible light communication

In this paper, tunable narrow bandwidth band-stop and band-pass optical filters for visible light communication (VLC) are designed and numerically investigated using a photonic crystal (PC) structure. Designing a tunable filter for visible light communication is crucial for enhancing spectral utilization and maximizing communication efficiency. A rectangular defect with optimized sides length utilized in the center of the PC structure based on the desired filtering characteristics. To obtain a favorable narrow bandwidth filter for visible light wavelengths, this defect is filled with a specific liquid crystal. In addition, an electric field is applied to the proposed structure in order to change the refractive index of the liquid crystal and achieve tunability in the desired range. The functional wavelength ranges of band-pass and band-stop filters are 550–570 nm and 565–585 nm, respectively. Applying an electric field causes a shift in the central wavelengths of the filters. It is shown that a 1.5 nm central wavelength shift for a band-stop filter and a 0.9 nm central wavelength shift for a band-pass filter can be achieved by changing the voltage source up to 1.5 V. In addition, the impact that the variation in the length of the rectangular defects’ sides has on the filtering characteristics of the proposed device is studied.

Multi-period planning of locations and capacities of public charging stations

Appropriate charging resources allocation is critical to ensure charging convenience and charging station operation efficiency. However, the temporality of electric vehicle penetration, the development of charging-related technologies, and the randomness of charging behaviors bring highly spatiotemporal dynamics to the charging demands distribution in cities. In this paper, the multi-period and multi-scenario spatiotemporal distribution of charging demands is evaluated based on real-world operation data of electric vehicles in Beijing. A three-period charging stations locations and capacities planning model is proposed to deploy charging stations reasonably based on high-resolution spatiotemporal charging demands distribution at a spatial resolution of 0.46 km side length hexagon units and time resolution of 15 min to satisfy dynamic multi-period charging demands. The model takes minimizing the total costs of charging stations and electric vehicles during all the planning periods as the optimization objective. The capacity-constrained M/M/c/N charging queuing theory combined with the sensitivity analysis and optimization of the charging arrival rate is introduced into the capacity designing process to determine the corresponding charging pile quantity reasonably. Suggestions are given on the charging stations construction locations and the corresponding configurations of types and quantities of charging piles during different planning periods, an actual case study in the Haidian district, Beijing is conducted to validate the proposed planning models.

棉花精量播种机铺膜质量监测系统设计与试验

To realize real-time monitoring of film laying process of cotton precision planter and improve intelligent level of cotton precision planter, based on advanced morphological filtering method and graphical programming of Labview software, a film laying quality monitoring system of cotton precision planter is designed. Using the Vision Assistant visual assistant, the system uses a color extraction function to convert colors to grayscale images. It uses LOOKup Table function and FFT filter function to perform grayscale transformation, binarization and advanced morphological filtering on it respectively. It then uses basic morphology to acquire various components in the plastic film image. It realizes the monitoring of parameters such as the width of the daylighting surface, the side length or seam length of the mechanical damaged part, and the width of the film edge covering soil. The performance test results of the film laying quality monitoring system showed that the system worked stably and reliably, the average monitoring accuracy of the width of the lighting surface and the width of the film edge covering soil reached more than 95%, and the average monitoring accuracy of the side length or the length of the seam at the mechanical damage part reached more than 88%. It solved the problems of difficulty in recognizing the similarity between the plastic film and the background interferer (soil, etc.) and could accurately detect the quality of the cotton film in real time. It effectively improved the operation quality and working efficiency of the cotton precision planter and met the practical requirements of film laying monitoring.

Optimal bi-planar gradient coil configurations for diamond nitrogen-vacancy based diffusion-weighted NMR experiments

IntroductionDiffusion weighting in optically detected magnetic resonance experiments involving diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers can provide valuable microstructural information. Bi-planar gradient coils employed for diffusion weighting afford excellent spatial access, essential for integrating the NV-NMR components. Nevertheless, owing to the polar tilt of roughly 55^{circ } of the diamond NV center, the primary magnetic field direction must be taken into account accordingly.MethodsTo determine the most effective bi-planar gradient coil configurations, we conducted an investigation into the impact of various factors, including the square side length, surface separation, and surface orientation. This was accomplished by generating over 500 bi-planar surface configurations using automated methods.ResultsWe successfully generated and evaluated coil layouts in terms of sensitivity and field accuracy. Interestingly, inclined bi-planar orientations close to the NV–NMR setup’s requirement, showed higher sensitivity for the transverse gradient channels than horizontal or vertical orientations. We fabricated a suitable solution as a three-channel bi-planar double-layered PCB system and experimentally validated the sensitivities at 28.7 mathrm mT/m/A and 26.8 mathrm mT/m/A for the transverse G_{x} and G_{y} gradients, and 26 mathrm mT/m/A for the G_{z} gradient.DiscussionWe found that the chosen relative bi-planar tilt of 35^{circ } represents a reasonable compromise in terms of overall performance and allows for easier coil implementation with a straight, horizontal alignment within the overall experimental setup.

A multi-timescale model predicts the spherical-to-cubic morphology crossover of magnetron-sputtered niobium nanoparticles

Sputter-based cluster beam deposition offers a solvent- and effluent-free physical method to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored characteristics. Despite the broad capabilities to control the NP architecture via multiple parameters such as magnetron power, gas pressure and flow, type of gas, etc., the technique is still far from being at hand because of insufficient understanding of the processes of NP nucleation, growth, and transport. Here, we synthesize Nb NPs of spherical (diameter 32 nm) and cubic (side length 19 nm) shape, depending on pressure, and perform a detailed structural characterization. A known analytical model of the NP growth and thermalization was modified to account for ion bombardment and non-ideal atomic sticking in the plasma. The model was enforced with ad hoc multi-timescale molecular dynamic simulations to unveil the peculiarities of the growth of Nb NPs and explain the difference in their morphology.

Morphology of Fibular Incisura is a Deciding Factor Between Posterior Malleolus Avulsion Fracture or Syndesmotic Ligament Injury in Ankle Fractures

The bone anatomy of tibiofibular syndesmosis has been a topic of interest. Fibular incisura morphology has been analyzed on cadaver specimens, plain radiographs, or CT images. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of fibula incisura features and fibula morphology in ankle injuries, especially involving posterior malleolus and posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament injuries. From 2017 through 2022, A total of 59 patients with isolated lateral malleolar fracture, Mason-Malloy type 1 posterior malleolar fracture, syndesmosis injury in those without posterior malleolar fracture, supination external rotation type 3 injuries according to Lauge-Hansen classification, and preoperative bilateral ankle computed tomography images were included in the study. Fibula morphologies and syndesmosis measurements were made from preoperative computed tomography images using axial CT images from 1 cm proximal to the tibial plafond. The diagnosis of posterior malleolar fractures was made using the CT classification system of Mason and Malloy, and the diagnosis of syndesmosis injury was made with a cotton test during surgery. Age, gender, fractured side, incisura type, incisor depth, width, anterior and posterior facet lengths, incisor version (antevert-retrovert), the angle between the anterior and posterior facets, and fibula type were recorded. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in posterior facet length and incisura width. Morphological features of fibular incisura may be the determinant of PITFL injury or PMA injury in fibular fractures caused by an external rotation mechanism.

GPU-accelerated calculation of proton microdosimetric spectra as a function of target size, proton energy, and bounding volume size

Objective. Shortcomings of dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETD), the quantity which is most commonly used to quantify proton relative biological effectiveness, have long been recognized. Microdosimetric spectra may overcome the limitations of LETD but are extremely computationally demanding to calculate. A systematic library of lineal energy spectra for monoenergetic protons could enable rapid determination of microdosimetric spectra in a clinical environment. The objective of this work was to calculate and validate such a library of lineal energy spectra. Approach. SuperTrack, a GPU-accelerated CUDA/C++ based application, was developed to superimpose tracks calculated using Geant4 onto targets of interest and to compute microdosimetric spectra. Lineal energy spectra of protons with energies from 0.1 to 100 MeV were determined in spherical targets of diameters from 1 nm to 10 μm and in bounding voxels with side lengths of 5 μm and 3 mm. Main results. Compared to an analogous Geant4-based application, SuperTrack is up to 3500 times more computationally efficient if each track is resampled 1000 times. Dose spectra of lineal energy and dose-mean lineal energy calculated with SuperTrack were consistent with values published in the literature and with comparison to a Geant4 simulation. Using SuperTrack, we developed the largest known library of proton microdosimetric spectra as a function of primary proton energy, target size, and bounding volume size. Significance. SuperTrack greatly increases the computational efficiency of the calculation of microdosimetric spectra. The elevated lineal energy observed in a 3 mm side length bounding volume suggests that lineal energy spectra determined experimentally or computed in small bounding volumes may not be representative of the lineal energy spectra in voxels of a dose calculation grid. The library of lineal energy spectra calculated in this work could be integrated with a treatment planning system for rapid determination of lineal energy spectra in patient geometries.

Synthesis and NO2 Sensing Properties of In2O3 Micro-Flowers Composed of Nanorods.

Semiconductor oxide gas sensors have important applications in environmental protection, domestic health, and other fields. Research has shown that designing the morphology of sensitive materials can effectively improve the sensing characteristics of sensors. In this paper, by controlling the solvothermal reaction time, a unique hexagonal flower-like structure of In2O3 materials consisting of cuboid nanorods with a side length of 100-300 nm was prepared. The characterization results indicated that with the increase in reaction time, the materials exhibited significant morphological evolution. When the solvent heating time is 5 h, the flower-like structure is basically composed of hexagonal nanosheets with a thickness of several hundred nanometers and a side length of several micrometers. With the increase in reaction time, the apex angles of the nano sheets gradually become obtuse, and, finally, with the Ostwald ripening process, they become cuboid nanorods with side lengths of 100-300 nanometers, forming unique micro-flowers. Among them, the material prepared with a reaction time of 20 h has good sensing performance for NO2, exhibiting low operating temperature and detection limit, good selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability, thus suggesting a good application prospect.

Boosting lithium storage performance of Co-Sn double hydroxide nanocubes in-situ grown in mesoporous hollow carbon nanospheres

Herein, facile in-situ synthesis of double hydroxide CoSn(OH)6 nanocubes within mesoporous hollow carbon nanospheres (MHCSs) has been successfully developed through solution impregnation and solid-phase molten reaction, using MHCSs as nanoreactors. Several CoSn(OH)6 nanocubes with side length of 50∼80 nm are encapsulated in every MHCS with a diameter of 300–400 nm. When CoSn(OH)6@MHCS is evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, it achieves exceptional rate capability (1684 and 626 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10 A g−1) and excellent cycle performance (1512 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 140 cycles, 1023 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 400 cycles, 512 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 500 cycles). The outstanding electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the unique “ship-in-a-bottle” encapsulation structure. The mesoporous carbon shells of MHCSs facilitate electrolyte penetration and electron transfer. The large inner cavity of MHCSs promotes full contact between CoSn(OH)6 with electrolyte, and accommodates free expansion/contraction of CoSn(OH)6. The semi-enclosed carbon shell prevents the detachment and aggregation of the inner CoSn(OH)6. These structure merits can remarkably enhance reaction kinetics and structure stability of CoSn(OH)6. The stable and high-capacity output of the full cell demonstrates the great potential of CoSn(OH)6@MHCS in practical applications.