Legitimate Power Research Articles

POWER AND MANIPULATION DEPICTED BY MILES BRON IN GLASS ONION (2022)

<p><span>This study is aimed to uncover the types of power and investigate how far power can lead to manipulate others in a movie entitled Glass Onion (2022), written and directed by Rian Johnson. The director portrays Miles Bron's exercise of power as if he had invited his friends to play a murder mystery game on his private island in Greece, yet Blanc solves it promptly. Miles is giving his friends a genuine opportunity to kill him since he is disgruntled; in fact, Duke died of a poisoned drink in moments. Due to the disruption caused by Miles' murder mystery game, this study focuses on studying the power wielded by the main character, Miles Bron. The researchers employed qualitative approach by using content analysis method to analyze the movie. Therefore, the data will be displayed in the form of word, phrase, sentence, and utterance produced by all movie’s characters. The findings suggest that Miles has used four types of power bases to control his friends; reward power, coercive power, referent power, and legitimate power. Furthermore, Miles was able to control his friends by disrupting their psychological awareness in chaotic situations such as the disappearance of Duke's gun and cellphone to manipulate the situation as well as the reason of Duke’s death.</span></p>

PENGARUH OTORITAS PEMIMPIN DAN UNCERTAINTY ENVIRONTMENT TERHADAP BUDGETARY SLACK

Budgetary slack is the tendency of management to intentionally lower revenues or higher costs. Budget slack can cause losses for the company because the company's performance is less than optimal in determining the targets to be achieved. This action is influenced by various factors such as the authority of the leader and the uncertainty of the environment. This research is an experimental study to examine the influence of the leader's authority and uncertainty environment on the occurrence of budgetary slack. The object of this research is the undergraduate students majoring in Accounting at Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya as many as 64 participants, using a 2x2 experimental design. Participants were divided into 4 different cells which were given different treatments. The ANOVA test tool is used to test the results of the data that has been collected in order to test the predetermined hypothesis. Before carrying out the ANOVA test, a Levene test will be carried out to determine the level of homogeneity of the data that has been collected, if the data is not homogeneous then the data cannot be used to continue the test. The results of this test prove that leaders who use coercive power encourage subordinate behavior to do budgetary slack compared to leaders who use legitimate power. For environmental uncertainty variables, subordinates who are in low environmental uncertainty tend to do budgetary slack compared to subordinates who are in high environmental uncertainty.

ELECTIONS AS A WAY OF LEGITIMATING POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN CONDITIONS OF INSTABILITY

The article examines the phenomenon of the legitimacy of political power, its signs and factors that can influence it. The election process as an element of political activity is considered in detail, the contribution of elections to democratic governance is analyzed. Examples of how elections work and how this affects the legitimation of power in unstable societies and the role of international actors in this process are presented, it is about elections as one of the most widespread systems of power legitimation. In today's world, many countries face various forms of political instability, such as mass protests, economic crises, wars and conflicts, corruption and political violence. In these conditions, elections become an important means of legitimizing political power, as they allow citizens to choose their representatives and determine the direction of the country's development. Elections are also a mechanism for changing power and developing democracy in the country. In addition, elections in conditions of instability can become the object of manipulation and abuse by political forces, which can undermine citizens' trust in the electoral process and the legitimacy of political power. Elections can be viewed as a struggle of ideologies, as a process of replacing structural elements, and as a communication process. Participation in elections can have a positive effect on voters' self-esteem and self-esteem, as well as satisfy their need for a sense of belonging to a political community. Regardless of the voting results, participation in elections is a manifestation of the human desire for personal fulfillment. Voting is a mechanism that allows the people to delegate their powers to elected officials who govern the country within the framework of their political agenda. In general, elections can be an effective way of legitimizing political power in conditions of instability, but only on the condition that they take place in accordance with the principles of democracy and transparency, and are not subject to manipulation by the interests of individual political groups.

Geographic proximity to socially dominant partners and firms' innovation outcomes: Empirical evidence from the medical device industry

AbstractSocially dominant partners offer key innovation resources as actors with socially legitimate power, and firms can utilise the geographic proximity to such partners to increase partnership benefits. We examine the impact of geographic proximity to socially dominant partners on firms' innovation outcomes when firms collaborate with partners under varying partnership conditions (i.e., partners' capabilities, partner portfolio size and the presence of local intermediaries) using the Korean implantable medical device industry as a case study. The study found that firms' innovation outcomes increase when teaming up with nearby socially dominant partners if firms collaborate with strongly capable partners and many of them. In contrast, if firms collaborate with less‐capable partners and only a few of them, firms' innovation outcomes increase when partnering with distant socially dominant partners. Moreover, such outcomes also increase when they collaborate with distant socially dominant partners and intermediaries are present in the firms' regions. The study offers theoretical contributions to the extant literature on power imbalance and economic geography regarding inter‐organisational relations.

Доверие, недоверие и фейковые новости в процессе политической легитимизации

The article examines influence of factors of trust, distrust, and fake news on the level of legitimacy of state power and decisions taken. The position of the authors who establish a clear correlation between the level of legitimacy of the government and the level of development of its democratic institutions is disputed. The legitimacy of power is based on the assessment of the conformity of the position of authority and decisions made to the image of power formed in the civil consciousness and shared ideological positions. The dual nature of legitimacy is noted: in accordance with the definition of D. Easton, diffuse and specific types of legitimacy are distinguished. The types of legitimacy differ in terms of the dynamics of changes in their level, plasticity, principles of formation and strengthening. Diffuse legitimacy is based on the concept of trust. Actualization of positions and assessments of participants in the political process takes place through political communications. Changes in the communication sphere of politics, dictated by the revolutionary development of the Internet technologies, necessitate a qualitative reassessment of the role of factors of trust and distrust in the process of communication between the government and society. Trust and distrust should be considered as autonomous political phenomena that have both a positive and negative impact on the level of legitimacy. Fake news is becoming an irremediable «tax» on political communications between the government and society. The specifics of their formation and dissemination, as well as the goals pursued by the authors of fake news, go beyond the scope of political regulation, therefore, the main work to combat their negative effects should be focused not on refuting or blocking news, but on the formation of universal media literacy.

Pancasila Education in Indonesia: The debate on Pancasila in the post reform era between legitimation, recognition, and institutionalization during 2000-2021

Pancasila is mentioned as the basis of the philosophy of the State. Understanding the narrow and limited meaning of Pancasila has resulted in polemics in the life of the nation and state, especially in Pancasila education. This study aims to analyze the debate and dynamics of Pancasila education from the aspects of legitimacy, recognition, and institutionalization. This research is philosophical research, using qualitative research methods through literature review. The analysis in this study used critical discourse analysis. The research process includes data inventory, data categorization, and data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the debate about Pancasila education since the post occurred from the framework of the legitimacy of power, there has been a dualism of legitimacy between the executive and the legislature. Based on the recognition aspect, Pancasila education has not yet received adequate recognition from the state and educational institutions. From the institutional aspect, efforts to institutionalize the values of Pancasila from the educational aspect still encounter problems because there is no certainty in placing Pancasila under what kind of institution.

War and Power Politics in the Service of Higher Ends

At the start of Early Modernity, the notion of raison d’état (reason of state) became a central issue in European politics. By means of that notion politicians and intellectuals reflected upon the legitimacy of violent and unethical means in the service of higher ends. Due, among others, to the nature of modern warfare, the role of the state acquired new significance in human affairs. Therefore, many philosophers and politicians argued that politics might be fundamentally different from other human activities and might require a special rationality and morality. Also, thus my hypothesis, the discourse and history of the raison d’état is throughout history characterized by some recurring themes, such as the consolidation of governmental power. In this study, I want to explore how the raison d’état, in various strengths, has been instrumentalised in the political doctrine of Richelieu and Louis XIII as well in the political ideas of Putin and his ideological right-hand Dugin. It will be discussed how in both political systems; sovereignty is considered to be an undifferentiated body of legitimate power with a firm basis in Christian-Stoic natural law. The stoic ideal of indifference (apatheia) is an important reference in the reason of state rhetoric since the individual is supposed to be prepared to sacrifice his life for the preservation of the State. The common good should be the objective of each person in the society. I will analyse to what extent Putin and Dugin, in defending their war politics, use similar arguments as cardinal Richelieu. By reflecting on the intellectual discourse about the nature and purposes of the State itself, and the element of justice and higher values in the public discourse, it can be analysed how the raison d’état operates in a political doctrine.

MEDIATING EFFECT OF THE E-COMMERCE ENTREPRENEUR VOLUNTARY TAX COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOUR: SPSS PROCESS MACRO

The digital economy, including e-commerce, is expanding in modern life, making it possible for anybody to commence an online business and engage in tax evasion and non-compliance. However, IRBM consistently encourages taxpayers to voluntarily comply with tax laws, improves their access to tax services and provides improvements for tax declaration, tax computation, and tax payment. The purpose of this study is to look into the effects of the tax service and tax complexity on e-commerce entrepreneur voluntary tax compliance behaviour. Apart from that, this study also examines the mediating effect between these two determinants due to the legitimate power (of) and trust (in) the tax authority on e-commerce entrepreneur voluntary tax compliance behaviour. Approximately 146 Malaysian e-commerce entrepreneurs responded to the survey. The findings indicate that tax service affects e-commerce entrepreneur voluntary tax compliance behaviour but not tax complexity. However, analysis using a simple mediation model in SPSS Process Macro reveals that legitimate power and trust mediate tax complexity negatively but not tax service. The findings indicate that low tax complexity combined with legitimate power and trust increase voluntary tax compliance behaviour. E-commerce entrepreneurs are satisfied with the services provided, but as future improvements, IRBM must enrich their roles as tax service providers through improved trust such as efficient staff, good servicing, and supportive behaviour.

The Power of Constitutional Court to Settle Disputes on Local Election Results

Constitutional Court Decision No. 85/PUU-XX/2022 abolished the proposal to establish a special court that have the power to resolve disputes on local election. As a result, that power shifted to Constitutional Court. This, de facto, is not the power designed to be exercised by the Court. Back tracked on historical trajectory of holding direct local elections, there has been a tug-of-war between judicial bodies on who have the legitimate power to settle the disputes on local elections results. This study aims to examine the power of Constitutional Court to adjudicate disputes on local election results. To achieve the research objective, this research framework will look at the historical context to have an overview of the dynamics of transposition of judicial bodies to settle the disputes. In addition, this also assess Constitutional Court decisions which provide interpretations as the basis for the legitimacy of the Court's power to adjudicate local election disputes.

Managers’ Power and Its Sources in Managing People in Multicultural Teams: The Results of Interviews with Czech, Portuguese, and French Managers

The aims of the article are to describe how Czech, Portuguese, and French managers define the concept of “power,” to identify the sources of power they use, and to demonstrate the impact of their power on managing their culturally diverse teams. The research problem focuses on finding the answers to the questions: How do Czech, Portuguese, and French managers understand the term “power”? What sources of power and ways of exercising it do they use in practice? What areas of people management are affected by managers’ power? The research methods consist of a literature review and individual in-depth interviews with managers conducted in 2022. The theoretical part defines the term “power,” and describes the sources of managers’ power and their ways of exercising it. The research part reports the results of the interviews with the managers. The study demonstrates the importance of managers’ power and its impact on people management in multicultural workplaces. The results of the interviews reveal that the managers accurately define the term “power” and frequently use its most common sources: legitimate and reward power. According to the managers, in workplaces with culturally diverse employees their power exerts a significant impact on people management.

Suggestions for the City from Examining Impacts of Non-Economic Factors Affecting Voluntary tax Compliance – Case of Vietnam Businesses

Purpose: This paper aimed to examine the impacts of non-economic factors including: Social Norms, Tax Education, Coercive Power of Tax Authority, Legitimate Power of Tax Authority, Tax Information, Service Quality of Tax Authority, and Quality - Public Governance on the voluntary tax compliance of businesses in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Theoretical framework: Findings of Cialdini and Trost, in 1998 in related to standards of effect of non-economic factors in voluntary tax compliance was reported in details, but it will including and not limit to rules constructed and standards (social norms so called) in psychological aspects. This makes a background for presnt study to completing non-economic factor. Design/Methodology: The study used questionnaires to collect date from survey subjects who are accountants, chief accountants and financial directors of businesses in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts. The first section included an introduction to the business and participants answering the questionnaire. Part 2 included content related to voluntary tax compliance and factors affecting voluntary tax compliance. With 501 valid responses from the survey subjects, the author test the hypotheses in the research model (Structural). Findings: The research results found that all 7 factors had a significant impact on voluntary tax of businesses in HCM City, Vietnam. Government, tax authorities, and universities basing on this research can come up with more appropriate solutions to enhance the tax compliance (voluntary) behavior of businesses. Research, Practical & Social implication: this study only analyzed the factors of internal enterprise characteristics affecting the high and low level of non-compliance with corporate income tax, but not yet included in the research model to analyze other factors as important as those outside the business, etc. It is really necessary to come up with more appropriate solutions to strengthen the voluntary tax compliance behavior of businesses, increase revenue for the budget, and contribute to the development of the country and society. Originality/ value: suggestions for solutions should be taken to increase the tax revenues for the city is stated in present work. Via our study (testing non econ variables), findings tell us that all 7 factors tested had a positive impact on voluntary tax compliance. They included social norms, legal power of tax authorities, coercive power of tax authorities, tax education, service quality of tax authorities, tax information quality public administration; in which, tax education had the most influence, while coercive power of tax authorities had the least influence.

The migration of the indigenous Miskito population in Costa Rica from the identity and construction of “the other”

In the following article, the social imaginary about migration is analyzed, as well as the myths and stereotypes that the Costa Rican population has in relation to the Nicaraguan immigrant population. The perception and discourse that exist about the construction of the other is identified from the myths and reproduction of stereotypes, the identity and individual or survival strategies of indigenous migrants, especially the Miskito population. For this purpose, some textual and discursive manifestations that Costa Ricans produce and reproduce about immigrant persons are analyzed, in terms of images, as well as perception of this population. All this to demonstrate the mechanisms of naturalization, legitimation and reproduction of power that exist and that help to promote social inequalities, preventing understanding the meaning of migration in Costa Rican society.

Investigation of University Students’ Opinions on the Power Exercised by Teachers in EFL Classes: The Case of Türkiye

The aim of this study is to examine the students’ opinions on the power exercised by their teachers in the EFL classes in Türkiye. The participants of the study, which was designed as a survey method, consisted of 243 university students. To collect the data, the “Teacher Power Use Scale” was developed. The scale was developed in three stages. The results obtained supported a five-factor structure consisting of 36 items. The factors were named as “expert power”, “reward power”, “referent power”, “coercive power” and “legitimate power”, respectively. Descriptive statistics were computed to display the students’ overall responses to the Teacher Power Use Scale. T-test was conducted to determine whether there were any significant differences in gender variable. One-way ANOVA was conducted to investigate whether there were any differences in the opinions of students on the teacher power exercises in terms of attending office hours, and accessibility of EFL teachers variables. It was obtained that teachers exercised expert power, referent power at high level while they exercised reward power, coercive power and legitimate power at moderate level. There was a significant difference in the coercive power dimension in terms of students’ opinions on the power exercises in the classroom in favor of male students. Attending office hour was not a significant variable in terms of students’ opinions on the power exercised by their teachers. Finally, the scores obtained from the scale differed significantly in the dimensions of the scale except for the coercive power and legitimate power according to the accessibility level of EFL teachers.

Situla Art: An Iron Age Artisanal Tradition Found Between the Apennines and the Eastern Alps and Its Identity Valencies

Situla Art is an Iron Age artisanal tradition dated to c. 660/650–275 BC, corresponding to the Hallstatt C2 to the La Tène B2 phases. It is characterised by striking sheet-bronze objects with embossed and/or incised decoration in Orientalising taste with animals, plants and/or human figures generally distributed in friezes. Situla Art is documented between the Apennines and the eastern Alps, and Este is suggested as its key centre. This paper provides a long overdue literature review, a working definition for Situla Art and an updated catalogue with 306 objects. It also (re-)investigates the influences which may have led to the emergence of Situla Art, its development and decline. Hats and earrings depicted in Situla Art are investigated to highlight their identity valencies, and to provide socio-political insights on the Iron Age elite who used Situla Art as a non-linguistic symbol-based system to acquire, exhibit and legitimate power over time in the area of its distribution.

Of Ants and Men

Of Ants and Men

The Politics of Relics: The Charisma of Rulers and Martyrs in the Middle Ages

Among the symbols used for representing power in the Middle Ages were the relics of saints and martyrs. When it came to political power, relics were one of the most cherished symbolic instruments to achieve legitimation of political power. However, no texts from the Middle Ages can be found that reflect the practice of associating relics with power. Rather, we have to assume or derive that reflection indirectly through narratives and stories around the relics present in the culture and religion of the time. This article reflects on the symbolic use of relics from a theological–political perspective: What kind of power acts through relics? What meaning of power is embodied in their political use of them? The thesis that the article will defend is that reflection on the politics of relics leads to a resignification of the idea of power in the Middle Ages, which is closely connected to the idea of charisma originating in the writings of the Apostle Paul.

From Speech Acts to Extraordinary Measures - Securitization and Hybrid Warfare in Iran-Israel Relations

The purpose of this article is to investigate Iranian-Israeli relations, which are based on hate speech and hybrid warfare, but can actually be reduced to a struggle for power and domination. In order to legitimize their military actions against an enemy state, both Iran and Israel must securitize the threat, which means they must convince the public that the opposing state poses an existential threat. Hate speech and aggressive rhetoric are used by both countries and represent a subjective perception of a threat, as well as a legitimizing tool to justify extraordinary measures to counter the threats. Appealing to fears and threats and the method of creating an enemy are well-known political strategies that ensure the legitimacy of power.

American individualist anarchists’ critique of the democratic state

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to investigate major premisses of American individualist anarchist movement as the critique toward the constitutional democratic state.
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Paper analyses premises that led individualist anarchists to formulate their thesis about supreme character of individual rights and individual sovereignty. Consequently, this brought them to conclusion that such defined sovereignty is irreconcilable with any form of government, including constitutional democracy.
 THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After taking preliminary considerations, reconstructing development of individualist anarchist theory paper examines the shortcomings of constitutional democratic state pointed out by anarchists.
 RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of the study is to clarify the Individualist Anarchists critique of the state, including the constitutional democratic state. Also, to elaborate why classical elements like judicial control, constitution, legal protection of individual rights was not perceived by individualist anarchist as sufficient to legitimise the political authority as such.
 CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Adopting anarchists’ perspective and introducing into discourse stateless order as the possible alternative allows to introduce more critical voices about original shortages in legitimization of state power.

Bureaucracy and the everyday practices of contested state diplomacy: The paradigmatic case of Kosovo

AbstractThe representatives of contested states – that is, territories whose claim to sovereign statehood is not, or is not fully, recognised by the international society of states – often make significant efforts to engage in diplomacy. Two literatures have recently begun to explore these diplomatic activities, one focusing on the ‘rebel diplomacy’ of insurgents and secessionist movements, the other on ‘liminal actors’ in global politics. However, these two literatures have defined the phenomenon in very different ways, namely, as either instrumental action or cultural performance, and study it largely without regard to each other's insights. My argument in this article is that contested state diplomacy can be better understood if we appreciate the nature of modern diplomacy as a set of bureaucratic practices. As a routinised process within a bureaucratic organisation, modern diplomacy both gives rise to specific decisions and sustains the reality of the state as the locus of legitimate power. The representatives of contested states therefore have strong reasons to set up more or less rudimentary bureaucracies for their diplomacy. I use the history of Kosovo's foreign policy institutions as a paradigmatic case to demonstrate how everyday bureaucratic practices fuse instrumental action and cultural performance and further theorise the interplay of ‘political’ and ‘technical’ conduct in contested state diplomacy.

Personification of Religious Elite, Political Behavior and Identity Politics: A Profile of Regional Elections in Indonesia

The religious elite's role is significant in Indonesia's regional head elections. The political behavior of the religious elite; The role of the religious elite has legitimacy as a symbolic representation of the highest religious authority in society. The politicization of Identity at the local level has strengthened along with the presence of elite groups that participate in proclaiming the superiority of Identity, the spirit of communalism, feudalism, and regional issues in political events. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the role and behavior of religious elites and identity politics in regional elections in the realm of politics at the local level. Based on the results of interviews, observations, and analysis of qualitative research data revealed: First, the dynamics of direct regional elections in Situbondo, Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, and Jember; second, the legitimacy of power and the political behavior of religious elites in regional elections; third, the current role of the elite mobilizes the masses and political campaigns and forth, the use of Identity Politics in regional elections. This paper suggests that the government and election organizers increase consistency in keeping the public sphere from being dominated by specific identity political forces by commodifying the politicization of religion; whatever form of identity politics in the name of religion does not cause a commotion that has the potential to undermine the disintegration of nation and state.