Source Of Legitimacy Research Articles

Building Legitimacy in the Global Political Economic Order: China’s Efforts and Its Legitimacy Challenges

This article conducts a discussion on the questions: how does global political economic order generate legitimacy? Of which, this article wishes to shed some lights on the mechanism of legitimacy construction at the international level and provides theoretical explanation of how newly growing powers participate in the current construction of the global political economic order and establish legitimacy of the global order they advocate. This article uses "legitimacy" and "global order" or "world order" or "international order" as the keywords and conducts search on datasets of Google Scholar, Jstor, Tylor & Francis, Elsevier to researches since 2000 onward to gain as wide scope as possible. After screening, 17 articles are included to review the source of legitimacy. This literature review thus concludes that compellence, substantial interests, and value as three sources of legitimacy. Then this article investigates "Belt and Road Initiative" as the case and the English School of International Relations theory to provide a path of building legitimacy of the global political economic order via common interests and value shared. Furthermore, by utilising the English school's perspective, common interests and common values generate legitimacy of the order, this article also finds that China's participation in constructing and shaping global order through the "Belt and Road" Initiative encounters two major legitimacy challenges: performance challenge and value challenge. This article then argues that China needs to consider the interest convergence path and value convergence path of generating legitimacy for global order China advocates.

Money Laundering: A Review

Money laundering is a major global issue, influencing the economy of pretty much every nation including India. This term has become a buzzword nowadays. Money laundering is an illegal process of concealing the origin of the money which is obtained from unlawful activities, but this is converted and is shown to be obtained from a legitimate source. Understanding the concept of money laundering and its nature is essential to combat it. There are different types and methods that money launderers use to disguise their illicit funds. This illegal activity has the simple purpose of converting black money to white money. This is done through activities like drug trafficking, corruption, or gambling. The real estate sector as a target, is the largest, most vulnerable, and easiest sector for money laundering. To deal with this worldwide issue, countries from everywhere implemented laws and regulations and are coming up with newer techniques.

"May 4th Movement" of 1919 in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders

Object of the study is the image of the May 4th Movement of 1919 in the official interpretation of history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in PRC. The goal is to trace changes in the interpretation of the Movement in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders on the occasion of its anniversary. To do this, author conducts qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the relevant speeches of 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. There are five main conceptual blocks present in every speech: attitude towards tradition, assessment of past mistakes of CCP and role of Mao Zedong, "spirit of May 4th Movement", development goals and youth policy. In the course of analysis, changes in content of these blocks are traced. Thus, ideological transformation of PRC is viewed in the context of changes in official interpretation of a significant historical event. Memory of this event in China is filled with various meanings, including themes of democracy and youth rebellion, inconvenient for the ruling Communist Party. Author comes to the conclusion that at least since late 1990s CCP has begun to rely on nationalism as a new source of legitimization of its power. In the analyzed speeches it can be seen how, with a greater emphasis on the patriotic component of the "Movement", other meanings associated with it, primarily democracy and science, have fallen by the wayside. At the same time, there has been a transition from rejection of traditional culture to its acceptance.

China's Behavior and Ambitions to Become a Norm-maker in the South China Sea Dispute

The rising tensions in the South China Sea (SCS) have mainly been affected by China's growing confidence in its ability to challenge and redefine norms that constitute the regional structure. In parallel to its continued rise, China faces inevitable pressure to either accept prevailing international norms or, if it challenges existing norms, to provide an alternative source of legitimacy for its behavior. The purpose of this article is therefore to examine China's selection process when it comes to challenging certain norms. The main argument pursued in this article states that from the Chinese perspective, when challenging norms, it is not primarily the content of the challenged norm that matters but the likelihood of successfully shaping a new norm and thus becoming the effective norm-maker in the region.

FOREIGN PÓLICY OF POST-REVOLUTIONARY IRAN: EXPEDIENCY AT THE CROSSROAD OF SUPRA-NATIONALISM AND SOVEREIGNTY

Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent formation of the Islamic Republic, the Islamization of Iran’s foreign policy has arguably become the newly established state’s primary agenda on the international arena. In accordance with Islamic thoughts on international relations, the Islamic Republic’s foreign policy was constructed on the concept of Islamic supra-nationalism - which places its emphasis on the unity of the global Muslim community (Ummah). Arguably, this supra-nationalist doctrine is incompatible with the current political world order which is based on the concept of the Westphalian nation-state. This incompatibility exists on three levels; firstly, Islam places its emphasis on ideological boundaries rather than political borders and therefore rejects the idea of nationalist states. Secondly, Islam denies current sources of legitimacy with regard to international laws and regulations, and finally, Islam calls for the elimination of cultural, ethnic and geographical boundaries among Muslims in order to unite Muslim communities in a new power bloc within the current political world order. This paper firstly identifies the differences between Islamic supra-nationalism and the doctrine of Westphalian sovereignty. Secondly, by emphasizing on the concept of maslahat (expediency) and by using several examples; this paper also provides explanations on how the foreign policy of Iran decides which path to take at the crossroad of supra-nationalism and sovereignty.

External corporate governance and assurance of corporate social responsibility reports: evidence from China

PurposeThis paper aims to verify whether the legitimate pressure of external forces on heavily polluting firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related behaviors affect firms’ assurance strategy in the Chinese context. The authors argue that, under external pressure, as a source of legitimacy, the assurance over CSR reports allows the business behaviors of heavy polluters to be recognized by society.Design/methodology/approachThis paper sampled listed heavy polluters in China from 2011 to 2018 and used the multiperiod logit model to examine the effects of external corporate governance on firms’ assurance decisions. Principal component analysis methods were used to construct a comprehensive framework of external corporate governance. The indicators were obtained from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research databases, the NERI Report and the China Urban Statistical Yearbook.FindingsThis paper confirms that external corporate governance positively affects firms’ assurance decisions, and good financial conditions, well-governed internal controls and sufficient government subsidies positively moderate this effect.Practical implicationsThe findings provide feasible ways to encourage firms’ high-quality corporate environmental information disclosure, thus providing valuable guidance for policymakers and other stakeholders to effectively supervise firms’ CSR behaviors.Social implicationsThe findings are of great importance in encouraging high-quality corporate environmental information disclosures, improving the support of capital markets among developing countries and drawing social attention to the environmental protection and social responsibility of heavy polluters.Originality/valueThe research extends the current research in the field of social environmental accounting by using legitimacy theory to explain firms’ assurance motivations. Additionally, this paper focuses on the practices of assurance services in the emerging economy and provides suggestions for developing assurance over CSR reports.

The Community Satisfaction with Village Infrastructure Development in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study aims to: (1) determine the level of community satisfaction with infrastructure development in Patong village, (2) Determine the relationship between community satisfaction and infrastructure development in Patong village. A sampling technique is a targeted sample, that is, the selection of an informant who is deemed to be aware of the problem and who is believed to be able to be used as a legitimate data source. The number of samples in this survey was 29 inhabitants spread over the villages of Tante, Labulang, and Patong Village. Data collection is carried out using questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis is performed by descriptive statistical analysis, classic tool testing, and hypothetical tests. The results of the community satisfaction survey in Patong village, Pinrang Regency, which is community satisfaction in services is good (43.7%), and community satisfaction with infrastructure is quite good (51.2%). Therefore, services in Patong village need to be improved to achieve a smooth and effective administrative process. The results of this study also show that the correlation between community satisfaction and infrastructure development by a factor of r 0.460 means that between the variables of community satisfaction and infrastructure development in Patong village, Pinrang Regency, lies in the range of 0.400–0.599 table correlation coefficients, including the middle category. The value of the interest is 0.012, which is less than 0.05, which means that the variable for community satisfaction has a significant impact on the development of the infrastructure in Patong village, Pinrang Regency; therefore, cooperation with different countries is necessary so that the development of the infrastructure is in line with the needs of the community and the construction built by the Patong village administration, Pinrang Regency, offers a level of pleasure, comfort, safety, beauty and can be described when the structure of the building has a positive effect, which is directly felt by society.
 Keywords: community satisfaction, infrastructure development, village administration

Is subversion just another version of state aversion? Notes on Herzfeld’s Subversive archaism

Is subversion just another version of state aversion? Notes on Herzfeld’s <i>Subversive archaism</i>

The mythology of ‘Big Data’ as a source of corporate power

AbstractIn this article, the author explores how companies leverage the mythology of their ‘Big Data’ as a source of power. Drawing on two case studies from the ‘gig’ economy, the author finds that the mythology of Big Data allows companies to claim a monopoly over truth about their industries, marginalizing external researchers. In doing so, companies position themselves as the only legitimate source of knowledge about labour conditions on their services, granting them influence over their regulatory environment.

Diagnosing social ills: Theorising social determinants of health as a diagnostic category.

Medicine, as an institution and discipline, has embraced social determinants of health as a key influence on clinical practice and care. Beyond simply acknowledging their importance, most recent versions of the International Classification of Diseases explicitly codify social determinants as a viable diagnostic category. This diagnostic shift is noteworthy in the United States, where 'Z-codes' were introduced to facilitate the documentation of illiteracy, unemployment, poverty and other social factors impacting health. Z-codes hold promise in addressing patients' social needs, but there are likely consequences to medicalising social determinants. In turn, this article provides a critical appraisal of Z-codes, focussing on the role of diagnoses as both constructive and counterproductive sources of legitimacy, knowledge and responsibility in our collective understanding of health. Diagnosis codes for social determinants are powerful bureaucratic tools for framing and responding to psychosocial risks commensurate with biophysiological symptoms; however, they potentially reinforce beliefs about the centrality of individuals for addressing poor health at the population level. I contend that Z-codes demonstrate the limited capacity of diagnoses to capture the complex individual and social aetiology of health, and that sociology benefits from looking further 'upstream' to identify the structural forces constraining the scope and utility of diagnoses.

EXPLAINING ELECTION AS A CURSE TO DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA: REFLECTIONS FROM SOME SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES

There is no gainsaying that lawful, peaceful and credible elections are the invaluable ingredients for democratic deepening and consolidation. It is also seen as an indispensable feature of democratic governance, a source of legitimacy enjoyed by the government and to a considerable degree it also establishes the height of political development of a given polity. And more importantly, election is also conceived as a mechanism of peace building; it serves as a medium of peaceful resolution of societal political differences and preferences while at the same time building citizen’s trust in the capacity of collective decisions and institutions to govern. However, in most African transitory and ailing democracies such as Kenya, Gabon, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Cote d’Ivoire, elections are now becoming a source of credible threat to democratic sustenance, stability and governance. Elections in these polities are devoid of democratic ingredients; they are rather fraudulent, lawless, destructive and violent in nature. This obviously cannot enthrone stable and sustainable democratic systems. Thus, this paper interrogates the dangers and damage these illegal, unsecured and undemocratic elections pose to the democratization processes and political systems in Africa. To achieve the purpose of the study, the paper mainly drew its data from secondary sources and based in inferences from selected African countries argued that if these affected countries fail to reconfigure and democratize their electoral processes and systems, elections will remain a formidable threat to the democratization process and governance process and state systems of these societies.

Automated Identification of Disaster News for Crisis Management using Machine Learning

A lot of news sources picked up on Typhoon Rai (also known locally as Typhoon Odette), along with fake news outlets. The study honed in on the issue, to create a model that can identify between legitimate and illegitimate news articles. With this in mind, we chose the following machine learning algorithms in our development: Logistic Regression, Random Forest and Multinomial Naive Bayes. Bag of Words, TF-IDF and Lemmatization were implemented in the Model. Gathering 160 datasets from legitimate and illegitimate sources, the machine learning was trained and tested. By combining all the machine learning techniques, the Combined BOW model was able to reach an accuracy of 91.07%, precision of 88.33%, recall of 94.64%, and F1 score of 91.38% and Combined TF-IDF model was able to reach an accuracy of 91.18%, precision of 86.89%, recall of 94.64%, and F1 score of 90.60%.

Making Law Possible

Making Law Possible

Understanding authority in small-group co-constructions of mathematical proof

Authority becomes shared in mathematics classrooms when perceived sources of valid mathematical knowledge extend beyond the teacher/textbook and allow both students and disciplinary modes of reasoning to hold authority. The goal of this research is to better understand classroom situations that are intended to facilitate shared authority over proof, namely small-group episodes where students are granted authority (Gerson & Bateman, 2010) to co-construct mathematical proofs. We sought to better understand the content of undergraduate students’ attention during group proving and the sources of legitimacy for students. Using Stylianides’ (2007) definition of proof as an analytical frame, we found that student discourse focused primarily upon the mode of argumentation, followed by the mode of argument representation, and then the set of accepted statements. We identified four themes with respect to the sources of authority students relied upon in their group proving: (1) the course rubric, (2) peers’ confidence, (3) form and symbols, and (4) logical structure. Implications for research and practice are presented.

Tapping foreign markets: Construction of legitimacy through market categorization in the internationalizing craft beer industry

Literature provides insights into various mechanisms for achieving legitimacy via adaptation. Yet we know little about how internationalizing firms can break away from existing legitimacy conventions and still achieve congruence. We investigate how internationalizing firms selectively reconstruct meanings of market categories as sources of legitimacy. We qualitatively examine internationalizing craft beer industry across four countries (Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, and New Zealand) and find that breweries engage in stretching, corroborating, and molding market category meanings. We extend current theorizing on legitimacy by demonstrating how actors orchestrate cultural codes of their market categories to conform to legitimacy prescriptions that matter.

Planning and Crisis, Planning in Crisis

How does a profession that prides itself on standing for the common good and working through action –not mere analysis or gesturing- demonstrate its effectiveness in a city devastated by intractable political, economic, financial, health, and social crises? In this essay, I dive into the current context of planning in Beirut (Lebanon) where I have been deeply engaged for decades. Recognizing that planning is deeply embedded in the making of the ongoing overlapping crises in the country, I propose three pathways for thinking about a possible positive role for planning in these circumstances: (i) to (re)construct a source of legitimacy for planning by reconsidering who has custody over the planning process and how the legitimacy of planning is secured; (ii) to accept a “tactical” practice in which grand schemes are replaced with tentative, experimental, and incremental micro-interventions that may succeed or not in reaching an integrated vision and, (iii) to activate the performative dimension of planning, its ability to imagine shared spaces and allow for transgressing contemporary limited realities.

Contesting legitimacy in global environmental governance - An exploration of transboundary climate risk management in the Brazilian-German coffee supply-chain

Stronger interconnections between people, ecosystems and economies in a globalized world are changing the scope and nature of global environmental governance. One area where this is becoming increasingly evident is climate change, where there is a growing recognition that climate risks can be transboundary in nature, crossing international borders as people, goods, and capital do. This suggests that a multiplicity of actors – state and non-state – have plausible claims to be engaged in or responsible for the governance of transboundary climate risks. However, it is presently unclear on what premises a global governance institution to do so might be constructed and the roles various actors may play therein. This absence of established roles and norms creates a space for political contestation with legitimacy at its center. In this paper, we unpack the contested nature of legitimacy by examining the governance of TCRs in agricultural supply-chains. Empirically, we analyze 41 semi-structured interviews across the Brazilian-German coffee supply-chain in an effort to characterize the primary modes of governance available to manage TCRs and their perceived institutional sources of legitimacy. We identify five distinct governance pathways, each underpinned by a distinct operationalization of legitimacy. These governance pathways are not necessarily mutually exclusive; it is plausible for several to co-exist, though the relative balance between their importance in a given context may vary widely. We argue that these five pathways and the role of legitimacy in navigating their differences are transferrable to other challenges in global environmental governance. Further, we argue that legitimacy is best understood as an object of political contestation, wherein actors deploy various sources of legitimacy differently in an effort to legitimize their preferred approach to TCR management, delegitimize others, and advance their own vision of appropriate global environmental governance.

Interference Alignment for Physical Layer Security in Multi-User Networks With Passive Eavesdroppers

We investigate the physical layer security (PLS) in multi-user interference networks. In particular, we consider secure transmission from a legitimate source (Alice) to a legitimate destination (Bob), coexisting with multiple passive eavesdroppers (Eves), as well as multiple legitimate transceivers. By assuming that only statistical channel state informations (CSIs) of Eves and local CSIs of legitimate users are available, we propose an artificial noise (AN) assisted interference alignment (IA) for security enhancement. Unlike traditional IA based security approaches which may result in secret signal cancellation, we design a modified alternating minimization (AM) scheme to overcome this threat, by incorporating the max-eigenmode beamforming (MEB) for secure transmission. Moreover, by partitioning the IA equation into three independent subsets and their combinations, a much tighter necessary condition for IA feasibility is established. We also provide guiding insights into the practical system designs, including useful guidelines for the selection of the dimension of AN. Furthermore, the power allocation ratio between the secret signal and the AN signal is optimized to minimize the secrecy outage probability (SOP), subject to a minimum secrecy rate constraint. Numerical results demonstrate that our design can enhance both quality and security of the secret signal, and thus is suitable and reliable for PLS in interference networks.

Exploring Social Stigma and Awareness Towards Tuberculosis in a Municipality in Southern Philippines: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: Social stigma and awareness are frequently associated with the low rate of clinical diagnosis, case detection, and successful treatment of patients with Tuberculosis (TB). In the Philippines, however, there have been few studies on TB stigma and awareness. Objective: The purpose of this study is to look into the level of social stigma and awareness about tuberculosis among patients, their relatives, and the community in a municipality in the southern Philippines. Methods: An institution-based survey was conducted among 244 participants from various Regional Health Units (RHU) to assess social stigma and awareness of the deadly disease. Participants were divided into three groups: patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), family members of the patients, and community members. The researcher used an exploratory sequential mixed method design to get a deep understanding of the statistical relationships between the variables and their context, collecting quantitative data first and then qualitative data. Results: The findings revealed that the patient and the patient's relatives were more aware of the causes, clinical presentation, treatment, and mode of treatment of tuberculosis than members of the community, with a general mean of 1.60. This is attributed to the family's role as the primary caregiver, as well as a lack of general information and advertising about TB in the community. On the other hand, all three groups experienced high levels of social stigma, with a general mean of 1.90. Fear of transmission and discrimination were identified as the primary reasons. There is no significant relationship found between respondents' level of awareness and social stigma, which can be interpreted to mean that the stigma persists regardless of awareness. Conclusion: The study reveals that general awareness of TB among community members stems from rumour and gossip rather than legitimate sources. As a result, the patient's and family members' social stigma remains high, which can contribute to unsuccessful case detection and treatment. It is thus recommended that policymakers strengthen programmes aimed at identifying and addressing the problems that lead to stigma.

An Overview of COVID-19 Data Requirement for Business and Economics Research

Mainstream research on COVID-19 has an apparent bias toward clinical studies dominated by medical science, health science, or public health. But, considering the overall dimension of COVID-19 and its linkage with the recessionary impact on society’s business and economic aspects, nonmedical data are increasingly important nowadays to examine effects on society, environment, politics, economics, and business conditions of countries. As a result, a broad review of data on the overall impact of COVID-19 on all the different aspects is needed so that policymakers can find an appropriate policy-mix to deal with this pandemic. This article attempts to provide a thorough review of existing datasets in this area. We have identified and categorized five types of COVID-19 and related data: international, countrylevel, sub-national, community-level, and closely related data. The primary purpose of this review article is to identify and validate the most legitimate data sources available on the COVID-19 pandemic to guide future researchers and policy makers on using more accurate data in policy development and research. As an anecdote, the paper has also identified issues related to the data used in business and economic analysis on COVID-19.