Legal Law Research Articles

Elimination of Building Tax in Indonesia

The abolition of property taxes as a fiscal policy is the subject of the normative legal examination referred to in this journal. Using a normative legal approach, this research examines the legal norms that apply in the context of eliminating land and building tax. Laws and regulations relating to property taxes, applicable legal concepts, and related court decisions are all identified and analyzed in this research. The authors take what they call a “normative legal approach,” which involves constructing arguments and judgments based on relevant legal law. Based on these findings, there are a number of legal considerations that need to be made before eliminating land and building taxes can be implemented as a fiscal strategy. The author here highlights legal concepts related to justice and legal certainty, as well as the ability of local governments to impose and eliminate land and building taxes. This study expands our knowledge of the statutory and constitutional issues surrounding the elimination of property taxes. The findings of this normative legal analysis can serve as a basis for developing policies that pay attention to the law, protect the rights of property owners, and advance the cause of justice and legal certainty

Akibat Hukum Adopsi terhadap Waris Menurut Kompilasi Hukum Islam

Children are the fruit of love that every married couple dreams of, but many couples experience challenges in having children. For many husbands and couples who have been married for a long time but have not been blessed with a child, adoption is the best alternative. However, many problems arise as a result of this implementation; One of the roots of the problem is that many people still do not know about the adoption process, how inheritance is distributed to adopted children, or how the rights of adopted children comply with the general description of Islamic inheritance law. Many problems occur in society because many people do not know about the rights of adopted children or how to submit a formal claim so that their rights are recognized by the state. In the Compilation of Islamic Law, it is stated that a child's lineage must be carried out by his adoptive parents when he marries and inherits. As a result, adopted children have difficulty understanding their legal position. This research uses normative jurisprudence, namely library research using existing books and references. The solution to problems involving adopted children and adoptive parents is for adoptive parents to understand the legal laws and children's rights as stated in the Compilation of Islamic Law which states that adopted children have the same rights as biological children, including knowing their life history, parents his birth, and the religion of his biological parents and that he was adopted by his adoptive parents.

Constitutionalism: issues of legal thought

It is noted that establishing criteria for evaluating legal concepts remains one of the unresolved problems in law. Their interpretation often depends more on the subjective view of the legislator or scholar than on legal logic. At the same time, even the most detailed definition cannot encompass the full diversity of legal relations and be universally applicable. Therefore, formulating precise concepts in constitutional law is complicated by the fact that the theory and practice of national and international constitutionalism are still developing, and their terminological apparatus is still forming. It is pointed out that the concept of “constitutionalism” has become firmly established in modern scientific discourse. Although the term has humanitarian origins, today it finds application in the natural sciences as well. However, “constitutionalism” is most often used in the humanities, especially in jurisprudence. It is emphasized that most modern states have constitutions that define their structure and procedures for managing various spheres of life. However, the presence of a constitution is not a sufficient condition for recognizing a state as constitutional. The constitutionality of a state is not limited to the existence of a basic law, which may reflect a certain compromise of socio-political forces and establish the state structure and powers of authorities. Even if this law has supremacy over other laws and can be changed only by a special procedure, this does not guarantee true constitutionalism. Thus, a state can have a constitution but not have constitutionalism, and vice versa. The authors conclude that despite the diversity of models of constitutionalism, common principles can be identified that characterize it as a legal concept: The supremacy of legal laws, particularly the constitution as the fundamental law; Legal protection of individual rights and freedoms; Institutional and legal organization of state power with horizontal and vertical distribution. It is important to note that the universality of these principles is associated with the transformation of Western society from a religious worldview to a rational perception of the world. This change influenced the ideas about the state and society, contributed to the formation of classical liberal civil society and the concept of an autonomous individual.

RESTITUTION RIGHT FOR VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

The legal protection for victims of sexual violence has been addressed in statutory regulations, but its implementation remains inadequate. This is evident in the lack of competence and training among law enforcers in handling victims of sexual violence, as well as the absence of psychologists/psychiatrists who can provide assistance in explaining mental conditions. The objective of this study is to examine the legal safeguards available to victims of sexual assault crimes and evaluate the compensation options provided to these victims. This study was conducted utilizing a normative juridical research methodology, which specifically involves analyzing the implementation of legal laws or norms. This research employs both a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The government has not adequately fulfilled its responsibilities in providing the necessary facilities and equipment to handle, protect, and support victims of sexual abuse. Statutory regulations have established compensation in the form of restitution, but the victim must still take initiative by submitting a request to secure the right to reparation. Restitution should be mandatory for the perpetrator/defendant to compensate the victim, irrespective of whether the victim initiates a request or not.

The Libertarian-Legal Concept of Law

The essence and substantive features of the libertarian-legal concept were thoroughly analyzed in the article. The author of this concept is the world-famous scientist, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, V. S. Nersesyants. According to this concept, law, and rights, as well as legal law and non-legal law, are distinguished. The libertarian conceptual approach assumes all possible forms of differentiation and correlation between natural law and positive law, from separation and conflict between them to their overlap (legal law).

Problems and Possible Solutions to Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malawi Urban Areas – An Overview

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses significant challenges in urban areas of Malawi, with rapid population growth, poor sanitary conditions, and inadequate waste disposal infrastructure exacerbating the situation. This overview synthesizes existing literature to examine the complexities of MSW management in key Malawian cities, including Mzuzu, Blantyre, Zomba, and Lilongwe. Drawing from diverse sources such as peer-reviewed papers, governmental reports, and policy documents, the study investigates the root causes of MSW problems and explores potential remedies. Key issues identified include poor waste disposal habits, lack of waste classification, insufficient waste removal services, and community perceptions towards waste disposal. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the legal frameworks and environmental regulations governing MSW management in Malawi, highlighting the roles of various stakeholders and policy instruments. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a multi-faceted approach involving enforcement of legal laws, civic education and awareness campaigns, community engagement, involvement of private operators, conversion of waste to energy, promotion of recycling activities, composting, and provision of public bins/trash containers. By implementing these strategies, Malawi can move towards sustainable MSW management, mitigate environmental risks, and improve public health outcomes in urban areas.

KUḺANTAI TATTEṬUPPUT TOṬARPĀṈA CAṬṬA NIYĀYAVIYAL ORU VARALĀṞṞUP PAKUPPĀYVU [THE JURISPRUDENCE OF CHILD ADOPTATION: A HISTORICAL REVIEW

Child adoption has been a longstanding practice in several legal traditions throughout human history. The national progression of child adoption has influenced the corresponding legislative modifications. Examining the Legal Framework of Child Adoption within the Context of Jurisprudence This article provides a historical analysis of the progression toward different legal frameworks. The qualitative examination of pertinent literature is predicated on investigating its content. Both individual countries and international organizations are actively engaged in developing legal frameworks that infringe upon children's rights and compromise their best interests. The adoption laws rooted in the penal code within the common law system have limited efficacy in mitigating instances of child abuse. In addition, international declarations, treaties, legal actions, and established norms protect the rights and interests of adopted children. Utilizing these tools is particularly noteworthy within the context of the intercountry adoption procedure. The legal laws pertaining to adoption have undergone significant development in various aspects, including the criteria for adopter eligibility, the requirement of adopter permission, the determination of adoptive family rights, and the establishment of support obligations.

Women’s Rights in Le Dynasty’s “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat”,Vietnam

Originating in the mid-15th century, the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” legal law stands out for its remarkable value and achievements, featuring progressive attributes that surpass both preceding and succeeding legal laws. Throughout the extended period of Vietnamese subjugation by the North, the population endured significant influences from Chinese culture, operating within a feudal system that recognized the dominance of males over females. And Confucianism promoted a patriarchal system, a society where men have ultimate authority within the family unit and community. While the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” could not entirely break free from this prevailing context, it introduced certain privileges for Vietnamese women that were absent in the contemporary Chinese setting. This article focuses on highlighted provisions safeguarding the dignity and rights of women in a society traditionally biased towards male superiority. Key aspects include right to decline marriage, the autonomy for women to enter voluntary marriages, the wife’s right to unilaterally leave her husband, and the right to divorce. Additionally, the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” imposes stringent penalties for offenses against the physical and mental well-being of women. In some instances, female offenders receive relatively lenient punishments compared to their male counterparts. The primary aim of this article is to contribute to scholarly discussions on women’s rights within the socio-cultural milieu of the Le Dynasty’s “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat”.

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INTEGRATED URBAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IUWRM) IN SEMARANG CITY INDONESIA

Purpose: This study aims to find out the aspects of politics and economics of integrated urban water resources management in Semarang City and their impact on the practices of qualities of water resources management. Methods: This research used the qualitative method and field research approach. The focus data are the regulation and the implementation of water resources management in Semarang City Indonesia. The data was drawn from documents and interview with some resource persons. Results and Conclusion: The study found that the city government, which should carry out the function of conserving water resources, actually polluted the Kaligarang River through one of its institutions: Local Water Drinking Company, “Tirta Moedal”. This company disposes of waste sludge containing aluminum metal directly into the river without any treatment processes that impacted in pollution in the river and causing siltation of the river downstream. Research implications: the enactment of the comprehensive and integrated water resources management will has a positive impact on the practices of water resources management in Semarang specifically and Indonesia and even world countries generally. The implementation of comprehensive and integrated water resources management will also support the achievement of the sustainable development Goal. Originality/value: Semarang City government must be supported to arrange a comprehensive and integrated water resources management (WRM) policy. There must be a clear legal law for the water resources management.

Analysis of Coal Mining Legal Instruments and the Powerlessness of the State in Restricting Natural Destruction Activities by Corporations (Case Study of the Implementation of the Law on Coal Mining Against Ecological Environmental Damage in Indonesia)

<em>Management of Natural Resources (SDA) through mining has generated huge income for the Indonesian government. In addition, mining activities have caused damage to the natural environment that poses a threat to the future of human life. The government makes every effort to restrict mining activity so as not to harm the environment. A set of legal laws has been developed, but mining activities continue to harm the environment.Why is this so? What's the issue? Is the mining law still ineffective? Or weak execution of law? This research solves these questions at least. This study is qualitative in nature. This study's data were collected through a series of interviews, a review of the relevant literature, and a document analysis. The study's conclusions show that the laws controlling mining have limited the options available to mining entrepreneurs for carrying out their operations without endangering the environment. On the other hand, the finding of unreclaimed mining sites suggests that the legal process has not been followed correctly or diligently enough.</em>

Utilizing university food gardens as an instructional tool for teaching horticulture: Gaining insights from project experience

Advanced Horticultural Production Technology is a course that may be chosen as an option in the Agrotechnology Study Programme. Ineffective legal laws and slow technical progress hinder the growth of Indonesian horticulture products. Additionally, insufficient human resource capabilities, weak horticultural institutions, and suboptimal technological innovation further impede this development. Horticultural Postharvest Technology students find this material inspiring and beneficial. This course instructs students in applying agronomy, plant breeding, plant protection, soil science, and social sciences to enhance resource efficiency, quality, and sustainability in agricultural activities. Tropical horticultural items, such as vegetables and fruit, will experience an impact. This research is limited to examining commodities, morphology, plant environment, plant varieties, and growth methodology specifically related to tomato-produce plants. Students participate in offline and online FGBL activities—an initial questionnaire ascertained identity. Questionnaires, brainstorming, assignments, and monitoring of media reports are used to evaluate each stage of FGBL activities. To gain these abilities, employ the method of project-based learning (FGBL). FGBL includes the development of a project plan and timetable, assessing student attributes, formulating structured inquiries for experimental design, supervising progress through reports, exchanging ideas, and evaluating the project. This article provides a detailed discussion of various measures that assess student motivation for learning, such as participation during lectures and engagement in brainstorming activities.

EQUALITY OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN VIS-À-VIS THE LAW IN CASES OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND ABUSE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHILD PROTECTION LAW

Child rape is a devastating form of sexual violence. This study aims to investigate and analyze the equality of legal protection for children in cases of sexual relations and abuse, focusing on the perspective of child protection law. This study uses methods that research normative juridical law. The results showed that the established legal law has partially worked for victims of child violence. The study's conclusions address whether the diversion process undertaken by law enforcement authorities in the Juvenile Justice System for adolescents facing legal problems due to allegations of sexual intercourse and/or maltreatment reflects gender non-discrimination.

An Analysis of the Translation Output and Value Dissemination of ChatGPT

ChatGPT, as a generative artificial intelligence system, possesses the ability to engage in interactive conversations with the users. This research focuses on evaluating the translation capabilities of ChatGPT3.5 by utilizing a small-scale corpus with bilingual news reports, renowned poetry translations, and government legal law documents. The translation by ChatGPT 3.5 are compared against those generated by Google Translate and DeepL Translate using the BLEU score as an evaluation metric. The study employs the Political Compass as a theoretical framework to investigate the potential ideological stance and values of ChatGPT by statements. The research reveals that ChatGPT performs greatly in Chinese-to-English translation, particularly demonstrating proficiency in technical, economic, and medical texts, compared to influential machine translation software. It should also be noted that the texts generated by ChatGPT is not completely rational and objective, as it exhibits inclinations towards left-wing economic ideologies. This highlights the role of ChatGPT in disseminating values within the realm of artificial intelligence and deepens our understanding of generative AI systems. Moreover, possibilities for exploring opportunities and providing guidance for shaping AI values open up.

Global Cybersecurity Resilience: Advanced Strategies and Emerging Technologies for Protecting Critical Digital Infrastructure

Ensuring the protection of those strategic systems and networks from constantly emerging threats in the contemporary context of globalization is crucial to maintaining states’ security and economies. This paper focuses on how organizational cybersecurity readiness can be improved and ways of putting up good defense mechanisms. These are Threat Intelligence Systems including AI & ML Systems for detecting advanced threats as well as Endpoint Solutions including Endpoint Security and Networks that are fortified through Firewalls, VPN & Zero Trust Architecture. Pivotal to these activities are information protection measures such as encryption and Data Loss Prevention (DLP), to safeguard the confidentiality of the data. IAM solutions that incorporate MFA and RBAC also help reduce threats of unauthorized access by controlling user account privileges. That is why adherence to the national and international cybersecurity standards with the help of governmental directions and legal laws such as NIST or GDPR makes organizational security positions more stable. Currently, new technology solutions like Artificial Intelligence, Quantum computing, and Blockchain provide better threat analytical systems and enhanced encryption methods which are necessary for safeguarding main digital assets in today’s environment.

ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ ВИЗУАЛЬНОГО РОДОСЛОВИЯ ПЕТРА I: ЛОЗА ИЗ "АЛФАВИТА" ИОАННА МАКСИМОВИЧА 1705 Г.

The article is the first to consider in detail the semantics of depicting the family tree of Tsar Peter I on the title page of the book “Alphabet”, published in 1705 by Chernigov Archbishop John Maksimovich. Under the first sovereigns of Romanov dynasty, the visual genealogy of the tsar family was of a spiritual nature and was focused on representing the chosenness by God of the new dynasty. The image of the royal tree under study was the first in which political meaning predominated. It demonstrated the procedure for transferring the throne from great-grandfathers to ancestors on the basis, of legal law, later enshrined in Russian legislation, and not just religious ideas about the origin of the supreme power. The study of material from Western European visual genealogy of the early modern time made it possible to identify images that could serve as models for the compiler of iconography and the artist who engraved the title page of “Alphabet”. First of all, those are the works of French engraver Philippe Thomassin (1562–1622), who was the author of Bourbon family tree. His scheme was repeatedly reproduced in other European countries. Foreign influence is also revealed, both in the very principle of selection and arrangement of persons on the family tree of Peter I, and in the symbolic elements of the composition. Analysis of the image shows that the tree visualizes new political ideas and values that are actively being formed in Petrine absolutist state based on European models.

Концепция понимания источников (форм) права в материальном, идеологическом и юридическом смысле

Issues related to the origins (forms) of law are discussed. It is noted that law, as a legal and social pheno-menon, is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon reflecting the level of society and the state development at a certain historical stage. In modern times, the role of law as social relations’ universal regulator, an instrument for maintaining order, and individual rights guarantor is increasing. The legal regulation effectiveness depends largely on how accurately legislation reflects the society development needs. The concept of law understanding sources (forms) can be approached from three perspectives: material, ideological, and legal. It can be concluded that the distinction between the material, ideational, and legal law sources lies in the fact that the former two categories give rise to the need for legal regulation, creating its prerequisites and determining the general direction, while legal sources themselves constitute the formal expression of legal norms, imbuing them with a generally binding quality. Nonetheless, all these categories of sources exist in a dialectical unity and interrelation, forming an integrated system of elements that contribute to the formation of law.

Interreligious Cooperation for Family Values: Latvian Experience

The stimulus for writing the paper was an invitation to participate in the academic conference “St. John Paul II’s natural law legacy and international human rights: toward a century of persuasion”, organized by Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University and Ave Maria International School of Law. I offered to share the Latvian experience of the last twenty-five years in the field of the defence of family values, taking into account cooperation between different religious communities in Latvia. 
 The study is based on selected international and Latvian law documents, as well as documents dealing with the issues raised and published in Latvian mass media. In the cited joint letters of religious leaders and my articles from 2002, an analysis is cited regarding the facts and materials in the field of defence of conceived life and family values. The article provides insights into the main topics discussed in Latvian society over the last two decades.

Impacts of cyanide in gold mining and cyanide removal methodologies in liquid waste from gold processing

Cyanide is used in several industries but is widely used for gold extraction due to its ability to complex and stabilize gold ions. The waste generated from this process is of great volume because of low ore grades that requires more processing areas. Also, it is highly toxic due to cyanide being a contaminant of animal life and the environment. The mining sector can recycle the effluents generated in their processes, however, this can affect the gold extraction and treatment methods. There are legal laws that define cyanide levels in effluents for disposal in water bodies. Methodologies for reaching these levels include oxidation degradation processes, physical-chemical, biological processes, adsorption, photocatalysis, among others. In this present review, the use of cyanide in gold mining and some of these methodologies for removing cyanide in effluents generated by gold processing are evaluated.

Данные реальной клинической практики: правовое поле в РФ

The real-world data (RWD) constitute a modern trend in the healthcare system and in the structure of taking decisions. The trend is being actively developed in the Russian Federation. Ethical aspects of these trials and legal regulation of RWD are, however, still unresolved. In this paper, development of the legal field and national regulation of RWD in Russia is discussed during registration, assessment of healthcare technologies, management of patient registries, and development of clinical recommendations. It is shown that the acting regulatory field of the Russian Federation contains no bans on the use of RWD to support regulatory decisions. Nevertheless, the existing legal laws set limited opportunities for practical application and accounting of RWD by the competent authority. In conclusion, recommendations on further development of RWD legal field in Russia are provided.

Revisiting Tafsir Hukmi: Unraveling the Legal Interpretation of the Quran and Its Historical Evolution

This paper aims to delve deeper into legal interpretation (Tafsir Hukmi) by examining the history of the emergence of legal approaches in the interpretation of the Quran, defining the scope of the term, exploring debates among scholars, and providing examples of Quranic exegesis books adopting legal approaches. The research methodology used is a literature-based descriptive analysis with a historical and exegetical perspective. The results of the study show that legal interpretation (Tafsir Hukmi) is one of the Quranic interpretation styles that employ legal theories and approaches. This approach has its roots dating back to the time of Prophet Muhammad and continued to evolve with the emergence of the school of jurisprudence (Imam Madzhab) scholars who had varying interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence. The scope of the term “Tafsir Hukmi” encompasses discussions related to the Islamic legal laws in the Quran. Quranic exegesis books following the legal approach can be found within various schools of thought, including Shia Imamiyah, Shia Zaidiyah, Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafi'i, and Zahiri.