Legal Assets Research Articles

O dano tributário do crime de sonegação fiscal: um estudo empírico do discurso do Tribunal de Justiça de Rondônia

The damage caused by the tax crime of art. 1 of Law 8.137/90 presupposes the interpretation of the type based on the protection of the legal asset, which is identified in criminal dogmatics as the patrimony of the public treasury. In judgment of 03/11/2020, the Third Section of the Superior Court of Justice standardizad the tax damages considering the current and full value, including the legal additions of interest and fine (REsp 1.849.120/SC). Through the analysis of judgments of the Court of Justice of Rondônia (TJRO) during the validity of art. 1 of Law No. 8,137/90, it was found that the understanding of the limits of tax damage can harm the protection of the treasury as a legal asset when considering the original value of the tax, excluding monetary correction and legal additions. The article therefore intends to understand the perceptions of tax damage present in TJRO rulings and their legal implications. 

Usure a legal vision in social reality

Usury over time has been conceived as a social figure in which people lend money to others, without the need for long, late procedures that impose a series of requirements, but with the condition of collecting an excessive profit for the concept of interests. With the passage of time Usury has been classified as a criminal offense within the different legal systems, since the only body authorized to collect interest are public or private institutions regulated by the State. This conduct has been analyzed from different legal spheres, that is, the civil sphere, as well as within the criminal sphere, reaching the conclusion that regardless of the point of view that is seen, usury is an invasive behavior that greatly affects the economic rights of people. The purpose of this scientific article is to analyze the figure of Usury as a reprehensible conduct in the civil and criminal sphere within the Ecuadorian legal system, that is, the circumstances and details of this figure and its impact on the protected legal assets will be analyzed. by the Ecuadorian State.

Monetizing Legal Assets: Social and Economic Benefits of Third-Party Dispute Finance in Asia

AbstractThis article explains third-party dispute finance, including practical issues relating to the funding process and how to choose a funder. It examines some of the social benefits of funding and its importance in an economic downturn, and looks at some of the risks of dispute finance. It also considers the regulation of dispute finance in various Asian jurisdictions, as well as recent industry trends, including the use of dispute funding by well-resourced corporates and dispute-finance products for companies. It explains funding for insolvency-related claims and funding for the enforcement of awards and judgments. Finally, it provides two case-studies in which funding provided access to justice and enabled the funded party to recover a non-performing loan in multiple jurisdictions.

DIGITAL CURRENCY AS A SUBJECT OF CRIME AND A MEANS OF COMMITTING CRIMES

In this article, the author examines the issues of the criminal legal status of digital currency as an objectand as a means of committing a crime. In 2020, a special Federal law was adopted defining the legal status ofdigital assets, as well as amendments were made to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation concerning theestablishment of the legal status of cryptocurrency or digital currency in the terminology of these regulationsas an object of civil rights. Significant changes in the civil legal regulation of cryptocurrencies have led to achange in approaches to assessing the criminal legal status of virtual money. In particular, the recognitionof digital currency by other property has allowed solving a number of qualification issues, but until now,criminal law is very cautious about the official recognition of cryptocurrency as the subject of a crime. Theauthor of the work offers options for the qualification of crimes committed using digital currency, in theabsence of changes in the criminal law and explanations of the Highest Court.

Osservazioni eterodosse sulla “situazione normativa” sottesa al caso giudiziario concernente le escort di un ex Presidente del Consiglio

This work aims at describing the normative background underlying the issue of constitutionality of the statute n. 58/1958, art. 3, which foresees some behaviours, such as recruitment and aiding and abetting of prostitution, as a crime. The first part will be devoted to an exploration of the divergent perspectives of the Italian constitutional court decision (n. 141/2019) and the Bari Court of Appeal on self-determination and the so called “harm principle”, requiring an offense to have been committed against a given legal asset. The article then critically inquires the decision made by the Bari Court and, consequently, by the constitutional Court, of restricting the flaw of facts that have been considered relevant in the legal reasoning. On this basis, the article addresses the issue of which other constitutional values could have been taken into account in the occasion of the “incidental” constitutional review here discussed.

Daño moral colectivo en el derecho del consumo chileno: Situación actual y proyecciones

The work presented aims to analyze the current state of moral damages in collective or diffuse procedures resulting from the implementation of Law No. 21,081 that reforms the Consumer Protection Law No. 19,496. We start with a general overview of moral damage, differentiating between individual and collective interests. Later, we assess the modification introduced by article 51 No. 2 of the Consumer Protection Law, which conceptually restructured the origin hypothesis: physical and psychological integrity and the dignity of consumers. The assessment becomes critical due to the legislator’s understanding of legal assets that generate compensation and collective interests, thus concluding that the suitable path, in order to talk of collective non-pecuniary damages - in a more refined sense - can be constructed by an adequate notion of dignity within the context of consumer relations.

LA MODIFICACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CONTRIBUYENTE A TRAVÉS DE LA DIVULGACIÓN DE SU IDENTIDAD EN EL LISTADO DE INCUMPLIDORES RELEVANTES

El presente documento contiene los resultados de un estudio longitudinal realizado durante cinco años (2015-2019), en el que se estudia el comportamiento de los contribuyentes incluidos en la lista de incumplidores relevantes a la Hacienda Pública. A partir de los datos obtenidos mediante el análisis estadístico, se estudia, desde la perspectiva del Derecho Tributario y los principios de la Psicología aplicada al comportamiento de los contribuyentes, la efectividad real de dicho listado. La investigación introduce propuestas de mejora técnica de la norma, partiendo de la evidencia empírica para incrementar su eficacia y el cumplimiento de sus objetivos, ponderando los bienes jurídicos implicados, especialmente, el derecho a la protección de datos personales.

Patents as Vehicles of Social and Moral Concerns: The Case of Johnson & Johnson Disposable Feminine Hygiene Products (1925–2012)

This paper is about disposability as a technological concern and about how to trace the related issues through the analysis of patents. It examines how moral and social concerns happened to be embedded (or not) in technology, based on the case of disposable feminine hygiene products. The focus is placed on what “disposable” means and on exploring relative notions as well as their dynamic and consequences. To conduct such analysis, the paper proposes to perform a classic and computer-assisted analysis of the patents published by Johnson & Johnson over almost a century (1925–2012). Tracing social and moral concerns in patents challenges the existing literature in law, which tends to envision patents as legal assets deprived of moral considerations. The paper shows how hygiene products addressed women, how these products were made disposable, and how what disposability means evolved, both in the heart of technology and in the wider space of “concerned” markets.

A TUTELA PENAL DO SISTEMA FINANCEIRO NACIONAL

Pursuing a more consistent understanding of the theme, it specifies the investigation with incursions into the law that punishes crimes against the National Financial System. Evidences its historical meaning within the network of other legal diplomas, to its acknowledgement for the maximum legal positivism. Highlights relevant aspects regarding the protected legal asset, as well as the typical structure of these criminal characters, underscoring, overall, criminal types related to fraudulent management in financial institutions and recklace management. Defends the hermeneutic possibility the interpreter may operationalize such concepts, from the concrete case that will supply the factual base on which its normality will act or not. Concludes that the legal punishment rules of harmful acts against the National Financial System do not shock with the subsidiary and fragmentary characteristic of the Criminal Law, but reaffirm, emphatically, its primordial mission to safeguard the legal assets valuable for the community life. The article is presented under the Brazilian legal regime and, to examine the proposed problem, is adopted the critical-dogmatic methodology.  

Ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju i ugovor o ustupanju i raspodeli za života - instituti naslednog prava

Inheritance law is a set of legal norms that regulate the property and legal relations of the testator after his death. The fact of death has haunted all social communities for centuries. The loss of a family member affected community members (family) both emotionally and property-wise. After the death of the testator, his property and legal assets remain, the significance of which is reflected on the heirs as well as on third parties, but also on the state as a successor in case of absence of the heirs. The paper deals with the legal regulation of two legal institutes: the contract on lifetime support and the contract on assignment and distribution for life. The paper follows their legislation with reference to certain issues of practice, legal and ethical dilemmas, and in the very conclusion, in parallel with the legal analysis of these two institutes, which by all their characteristics are characterized as legal obligations. These two contracts are the rights of business that have been present in social systems for centuries, their existence and significance have been minimized, and only in modern times have their legal regulations been obtained. Guided by the fact that they are "new" legal institutes, as well as by the fact that the practice, especially during the 90s of the last century, indicated and showed that these first two institutes are suitable for abuse of legislation, the paper addressed the issues of who and when can be a contracting party. , what are the prejudices of the contract, as well as the circumstances when and why they can be null and void, disputed in court or terminated. Man was born manipulative and easy, and the law, and the law, the state and the entire legal system are there to channel it and sanction bad motives, in order to realize an orderly democratic social system, and thus preserve the family as the basic cell of society.

A educação em saúde indígena na formação de profissionais ambientados com o meio cultural: uma revisão bibliográfica

Objetivo: Reunir a bibliografia acerca das políticas de educação em saúde de forma que possam exercer a função da melhor maneira possível sem interferir ou ter seu trabalho prejudicado pelas diferenças culturais presentes nas tribos. Revisão bibliográfica: A revisão em questão tem seu campo de exploração presente na literatura e apresenta uma reunião de ideias que apontam a necessidade de uma educação reforçada em saúde indígena, à fim de garantir a preservação e a não violação da cultura local. Trata-se de garantia constitucional à saúde, um dos direitos básicos diretamente ligado ao principal bem jurídico protegido pela lei brasileira, a vida. Para tanto, os aspectos básicos da educação em saúde e seus objetivos nobres pautados nos direitos humanos e na proteção da memória e conservação da cultura, são objetos de estudo da presente revisão. Considerações finais: O estudo expôs uma crítica acerca da realidade brasileira dos últimos séculos que, completamente invasiva e eurocêntrica, cristaliza a necessidade de propor uma reforma à educação em saúde à fim de contemplar o exercício da saúde pública nas aldeias indígenas sem ferir os preceitos culturais locais.

INDICATIVOS OU MANDADOS CONSTITUCIONAIS DE CRIMINALIZAÇÃO

O objetivo do presente estudo é demonstrar o atual cenário jurídico penal quanto ao entendimento das teorias que constituem fundamento para a salvaguarda de interesses e valores constitucionais através da força do direito penal, e a escolha de bens jurídicos merecedores de proteção (teoria do bem jurídico-penal), dentro de uma ordem axiológica constitucional que limita a atuação do Estado, e ao mesmo tempo indica pela necessidade de criminalização de novas condutas, ou de se equilibrar as punições em respeito aos princípios constitucionais, especialmente da proporcionalidade, em suas diversas vertentes, e do princípio da vedação do excesso. Na pesquisa foi utilizado o método dedutivo através da pesquisa bibliográfica da doutrina nacional e internacional, realizando uma análise dos conceitos e das teorias que nascem dentro de uma amplitude supranacional, e vêm sendo transpostas substancialmente para as constituições de diversos países, direcionando a atuação do legislador, bem como, influenciando as tomadas de decisões e soluções de conflitos pelo Poder Judiciário, na salvaguarda de interesses comuns, dos direitos e das garantias fundamentais e dos direitos humanos. Nesta direção apresenta-se o entendimento final pela existência de mandados constitucionais de criminalização, e a inexistência de instrumentos jurídicos hábeis para o controle, sobretudo, a correção de omissões legislativas quanto à criminalização de bens jurídicos necessários de proteção.

La apertura de la legislación boliviana a la solución por arbitraje de conflictos que podrían ser calificados como delitos

La Constitución Política promulgada en 2009 define a Bolivia como un Estado que promueve el diálogo y la cultura de paz. Consecuentemente, el 2015 se promulgó la Ley de Conciliación y Arbitraje, a fin de fomentar dicha cultura de paz y aligerar la carga procesal. Paralelamente, el sistema penal arrastra una profunda crisis, la cual se evidencia en la sobrecarga procesal y la retardación de justicia. En virtud a dichos antecedentes, la posibilidad de resolver por arbitraje conflictos susceptibles de ser calificados como delitos fue objeto de múltiple análisis dentro de la jurisprudencia constitucional, existiendo líneas jurisprudenciales contradictorias en cuanto a dicha posibilidad, como consecuencia de su antagonismo con el principio de legalidad procesal. Por tanto, esta investigación pretende determinar si de conformidad con la legislación vigente se podría plantear la aplicación del arbitraje para dirimir los mencionados conflictos, además de analizar la necesidad y los beneficios que tendría la medida dentro del contexto nacional. En ese sentido, se determinó que el arbitraje es acorde a los principios y límites establecidos por la legislación vigente y su utilización supondría grandes beneficios; consecuentemente, se recomienda su aplicación en aquellos delitos que no supongan la afectación de los bienes jurídicos más importantes.

Delitos sexuales: un enfoque médico legal

Human sexual behavior is a very complex matter that has been the subject of interesting studies throughout history. Sex is understood as the set of somatic, functional and psychic characteristics that distinguish a man from a woman. Sexual instinct, an hereditary derivation, is moderated and repressed by the intelligence and the conscious, in addition to being governed by the social norms of the environment in which the individual relates to others; on the other hand, there are those with behavioral problems that break all established rules. In the catalog of sex crimes in Mexico there are several criminal types: sexual abuse, rape, solicitation, sexual harassment, child molesting, among others, which can be prosecuted when they conjure the legal asset of the subjects of the crime, the typical norm, its material object and normative elements that may determine the unlawfulness and, consequently, the guilt, judicable by the authorship or participation. From a medical-legal standpoint, proving a crime of this nature represents a monumental challenge, because sometimes there isn't physical evidence manifested, and other times the nature of the circumstantial evidence does not help to determine whether or not a crime was committed.

Criminal legal approach to transnational crimes according to panamanian criminal law

Transnational crimes are those that affect national legal assets, but have repercussions at the level of the International Community because they are carried out, mainly, by criminal organizations that are linked to organized crime at the international level, as a result of the phenomenon of globalization. The article analyzes transnational crimes according to Panamanian criminal law.

LOS ACTOS DE CORRUPCIÓN EN LAS CONTRATACIONES DEL ESTADO A CONSECUENCIA DEL COVID-19: ¿DELITO FUNCIONARIAL O INFRACCIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA?

El presente artículo aborda los posibles escenarios de corrupción en las contrataciones directas por situación de emergencia a consecuencia del covid – 19. Los delitos que se cometen en las contrataciones directas son el delito de colusión y negociación incompatible. En ese sentido, los funcionarios públicos podrían ser sancionados penalmente, empero, también podría ocurrir que sean sancionados administrativamente, dependiendo de la conducta específica, ahí la importancia de la diferencia entre un delito funcionarial y una infracción administrativa. Para sostener esta diferenciación nos tenemos que remitir a los principios del derecho penal y a la naturaleza de los bienes jurídicos protegidos por cada rama del derecho en mención.

Indonesia Infant and Young Child Feeding Practice: The Role of Women’s Empowerment in Household Domain

Previous studies showed the significant association between women’s empowerment and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice. Only around 40% of Indonesian children met adequate IYCF practice. Hence, each dimension of women’s empowerment in the household domain must be explored.
 
 We carried out a dataset of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, with samples of 4,880 mothers of reproductive age in a marriage relationship with their last-born child aged 6-23 months. Logistic regression was applied.
 
 Mother with legal asset ownerships had lower odds of her child meeting (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.95) minimum dietary diversity (MDD), (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.87) minimum meal frequency (MMF) and (aOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.90) minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Mother who could control her own earnings had higher odds of her child meeting MDD (aOR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.74) and MAD (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.34, 1.94). Employed mother had higher odds of meeting MMF (aOR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.82). Mother who did not approve of intimate partner violence was more likely to feed her child with MDD (1.39 times), MMF (1.41 times) and MAD (2.04 times). Mother with three or more parity had lower odds of her child meeting MDD (aOR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.93), MMF (aOR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.99) and MDD (aOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.00).
 
 Mother who did not approve towards domestic violence, was working, controlled her assets and had a maximum of two parity was associated with official IYCF recommendation.

LA DISPONIBILIDAD EN LOS BIENES JURÍDICOS

A partir de la constatación del problema que enfrenta la concepción tradicional para explicar la indisponibilidad de ciertos bienes individuales, este trabajo propone una concepción de la disponibilidad que permita armo- nizar sus fundamentos con el ejercicio de ciertos bienes jurídicos en el marco de un Estado democrático de Derecho.

Development of Indonesian Sharia Banks with Malaysia Comparation Method (Study of History, Products and Legal Assets)

Sharia banking is developed in response to economic and cultural groupsthat are used to accommodate those who want the services to be carried out withIslamic sharia principles and morals. The development of Sharia banks in Indonesiaand Malaysia needs to be studied more deeply because Malaysia first establishedSharia banks in 1983 through Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) while the firstsharia bank in Indonesia, which named Bank Muamalat, was burned in 1991, whichdetermines the direction of the progress of sharia banks in Indonesia with the provisionsof Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking. Determine the amount ofassets from banks that have a ratio of 1: 10 with Malaysia considering the assets ofsharia banks in Indonesia amounted to US $ 35.62 billion while Malaysia reachedUS $ 423.2 billion. This study focuses on the factors and effects of legal productsfrom the two countries in order to get more comprehensive study and know the relationbetween the legal products with sharia banking development in Indonesia andMalaysia

O Direito Penal e o liberalismo: considerações a respeito do papel do Direito Penal em um estado liberal

O presente artigo trata da função que o Direito Penal deve ter em um estado liberal e tem o objetivo de defender que a função primordial do Direito Penal é a proteção de bens jurídicos, individuais ou coletivos, considerados essenciais em um ordenamento jurídico. Ao longo do texto, será feita uma análise a respeito da evolução do conceito de bem jurídico ao longo do desenvolvimento da teoria do crime. Serão fixados, ainda, alguns critérios para que o legislador escolha os bens jurídicos que devem ser protegidos pelo Direito Penal, já que, por ser a ultima ratio, este deve eleger apenas alguns bens jurídicos como objeto de proteção.