Legal Administration Research Articles

Transfer of Share Ownership and Change of Position of Director of a Limited Liability Company Due to Misuse of GLA Online Accounts

The misuse of General Legal Administration (GLA) Online accounts, a system developed to streamline public services for notaries, has caused significant issues, including unauthorized transfers of share ownership and changes in director positions within Limited Liability Companies. This research aims to analyze the legal mechanisms surrounding these corporate actions, investigate the challenges posed by account misuse, and propose effective legal remedies for affected parties. Employing a doctrinal research method, the research relies on literature analysis, interviews with experts, and a case research of the Cibinong District Court Decision Number 9/Pdt.G/2024/PN.Cbi. Primary legal materials include laws and court decisions, while secondary materials encompass books, journals, and credible online sources. The findings reveal that both the transfer of shares and the replacement of directors, as a result of account misuse, violate the Company Law and corporate governance principles. To mitigate these issues, the Directorate General of GLA suggests procedural remedies, including police reports, Regional Supervisory Council investigations, and State Administrative Court filings. This research highlights the need for enhanced digital security measures, such as face recognition, and emphasizes stricter notary accountability. Future research can explore the broader implications of digital platform governance in corporate law, aiming to improve legal frameworks and prevent similar misuse.

Target informed client recruitment for efficient federated learning in healthcare

BackgroundModern machine learning and deep learning methods have been widely incorporated in decision making processes in healthcare in the form of decision support mechanisms. In healthcare, data are abundant but typically not centrally available and, therefore, require some form of aggregation to facilitate training procedures. Aggregating sensitive data poses a significant privacy risk, which is why, both in Europe and the United States, legal frameworks regulate the treatment of such data. Whilst these measures protect the individual behind the data, they pose a significant challenge that results in extensive legal administration related to data sharing efforts. Federated learning (FL) offers a way to mitigate these challenges by allowing to learn models in distributed fashion, eliminating the need to aggregate data for the purpose of training. However, FL comes with a new set of challenges related to communication overhead, client selection and efficiency of the FL training procedure, among others.MethodsIn this work, we extend on a previously proposed client recruitment approach by incorporating knowledge on the local hardware such that it becomes possible to recruit a subset of clients for the federation based on the construct of client-level representativeness, which is expressed in terms of the local target distribution divergence, sample size, and the underlying hardware.ResultsWe show that, for prominent, medical regression and classification tasks, the recruitment approach yields results that are on par, or better, compared to the central and federated approaches. The proposed approach requires a mere fraction of the data for training and reduces the training time by a factor of 3-4. In addition, we show that excluded clients can still significantly benefit from the resulting federated model through local fine-tuning.ConclusionsBy expressing the representativeness of clients in function of the deviation in the local target distribution, the sample size and efficiency of the underlying hardware, we are able to define a recruitment approach that yields a subset of clients for the federation resulting in significantly reduced training time, without harming predictive performance, whilst improving the privacy preserving characteristics compared to the standard FL and central approaches.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs): A Legal Perspective on Corporate Governance, Securities Compliance, and Regulatory Challenges

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) have emerged as a notable money related instrument, offering exclusive organisations an elective course to open up to the world without the complexities of standard Beginning public contributions. These limitless free pass associations raise upholds through a First sale of stock with the sole inspiration driving meeting with or obtaining an ongoing business. Nevertheless, SPACs in like manner raise essential real challenges associated with corporate organisation, legal administrator commitments, securities consistence, and market straightforwardness. Allies and administrators of SPACs ought to adhere to extreme organisation guidelines to avoid hostile conditions and assurance financial backer protection. Authoritative bodies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the U.S. likewise, SEBI in India have analysed SPACs, focusing in on openness practices, the risks of debilitating, and monetary supporter assurances. The cross-line nature of some SPAC trades further jumbles the legal scene, requiring wary thought with respect to charge, new exchange, and combination control rules. As SEBI examines a design to work with SPACs in India, counterbalancing improvement with rule will be essential for empowering business area trust and efficient turn of events. This paper offers pieces of information into the progressing managerial environment and what the future holds troubles defying SPACs all over the planet.

Implementation of Legal Quality Audit on Electronic Civil Trial Procedures (E-Court)

Currently, electronic court (e-court) systems are being implemented in several countries. The Supreme Court in Indonesia has also been adopted e-court for legal administration tasks, such as determining judicial panel compositions. A qualitative approach is proposed to explore the implementation itself. The concept and characteristics of the Special Legal Quality Audit System for electronic justice arrangements (E-court) encourage the realization of an effective and fair Civil Justice System. The concept in this context is a philosophical aspect that serves as the source of the Legal Quality Assurance Paradigm, including: defect-free (deficiency), customer satisfaction, and continuous improvement without end. This concept is elaborated in parameters that are measured or evaluated to determine the quality level and make improvements to increase the level of quality. The quality parameters used by the researcherinclude: product reliability, minimal cost, accessibility, security, service friendliness, systematicity, and keeping pace with global developments.

Innovation in Legislation and Its Role in Stimulating the Development of Legal Administration: An Analytical Study in Legal Institutions

The research aims to understand the impact of innovation in legislation on the development of legal management. We depended on 3 dimensions: (Flexibility –Transparency Inclusiveness). A sample such as a hundred employees become drawn, representing 50% of the populace size. A questionnaire become used to acquire the desired information, and the facts were analyzed the usage of SPSS 25 statistical software. The researcher dispensed 160 research bureaucracy and retrieved a 125 questionnaires, representing a reaction charge of 78%. There had been 25 invalid questionnaires for evaluation, accounting for 15.6%. Thus, 100 valid questionnaires had been obtained, forming the studies pattern with a reaction charge of 62.5 %. A set of statistical techniques changed into hired, such as imply calculation, correlation coefficient, and simple regression analysis, further to the use of a five point Likert scale for individual responses inside the sample. The studies concluded with several findings, the most vital of which might be: There is a vast impact of innovation in rules throughout its studied dimensions in stimulating the improvement of legal management. The researcher recommended the need of increasing funding in legislative development by allocating extra financial resources and human capital to enhance the prison infrastructure.

Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Memutuskan Permohonan Afwezigheid PT Bentoel Internasional Investama

This paper intends to investigate the factors taken into account by the judge in determining the absence in the case of PT Bentoel Internasional Investama at the South Jakarta District Court, analyze the procedures for managing assets whose owners are absent based on the applicable regulations in Indonesia, and investigate the compliance of the procedures for managing shares as afwezidheid assets in the case of PT Bentoel Internasional Investama conducted by the Jakarta Balai Harta Peninggalan (BHP) with the regulations in Indonesia. This study is an empirical legal one using a qualitative methodology. Primary and secondary data are the forms of the information applied. Data collecting methods used are literature reviews and interviews. The interviews were carried out applying flexible topic development based on interview rules. This work employs approaches of descriptive analysis. According to the findings of this investigation, the judge decided on the absence petition of PT Bentoel Internasional Investama based on pertinent legal reasons, legal precedents, and facts provided by the petitioner in view of Under the Indonesian Civil Code, Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27 of 2013, and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. M.02-HT.05.10 of 2005 the process for managing shares as assets whose owners are absent (boedel afwezigheid) by the Jakarta BHP is governed. Regarding PT Bentoel Internasional Investama, the management of afwezigheid shares was done in line with Indonesian laws by means of an application to the South Jakarta District Court, which designated the Jakarta BHP as the legal administrator. This process complies with Articles 463–465 of the Civil Code and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Number AHU.UM.01.01-235, including public notification of share status in mass media, management, recording, safekeeping of collective share certificates, and BHP reports share management to the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) and the Attorney General's Office and handles official and material tests. Since no objections were found, the Jakarta BHP filed none.

A Comprehensive Guide to Legal Obligations and Registration Procedures for Businesses and Individuals: Ensuring Compliance, Credibility, and Protection

Enterprises and individuals needed to navigate legal requirements and registration procedures to comply with regulations, uphold their integrity, and safeguard their interests. This study thoroughly examined the legal obligations and processes for registration in different countries. The research emphasised the significance of complying with tax, employment, and industry requirements and the difficulties associated with efficient company registration. Compliance was not just a requirement dictated by the law; it also served as a strategic benefit that improved operational effectiveness and fostered trust. The analysis consolidated existing research, highlighted significant obstacles, and provided pragmatic suggestions for safeguarding legal rights, enhancing corporate oversight, and mitigating risks. The need to continuously adapt to regulatory changes and use new technology to simplify compliance operations was emphasised. The results emphasised the need to remain knowledgeable and proactive in legal administration to attain enduring success in a rapidly changing global setting. Keywords: Legal compliance, Registration procedures, Corporate Governance, Tax regulations, Employment law.

Hadhrami Networks and Colonial Legacies in Marriage Discourses of the Indies

This study draws the relationship between the European colonial legal administration and the discourse of Islamic law in Indonesia by focusing on specific historical contexts from the Dutch East Indies to modern-day Indonesia. Particularly, it tries to understand how colonial behavior of anti-miscegenation relates to the modern customary law of endogamy among Indonesian Bā ‘Alawi under kafā‘a doctrine. This study applies qualitative methods to highlight the legal history of Muslim endogamy focused on the Hadhrami-origin ‘Alawiyyīn in Indonesia. The initial section discusses the institution of marriage law in Islamic classical sources and the narrative of particular ethnical-national supremacy. It argues that the colonial regime passed the legislation of anti-miscegenation laws to support endogamic marriage, intensify inter-racial tensions among indigenous people, and dehumanize mixed-blooded children. That legislative enactment is based on certain colonial legal mechanisms passed to maintain order between different ethnicities and races which were then readopted among Hadhrami Muslims to popularize kafā‘a doctrine. Hence the constructed idea of “pernikahan sekufu” or kufū’-based marriage was later associated with the intra-ethnical marriage, especially among the sharīf/sharīfa which withheld the claim of their superior lineage as descendants of the Prophet.

ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES AND CURRENT FRAMEWORK IN THE ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NON-ADMINISTERED REAL ESTATE OF KAMPONG BHARU, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

The unmanaged properties in Kampong Bharu, with over 60 billion immovable estates classified as frozen, are a pressing concern. Despite numerous proposed solutions, the current legal framework remains insufficient, and the challenge of addressing these unmanaged estates persists. Additionally, development planning in this area has been stalled with no resolution in sight up to the present day. This study analyses the issues and current framework in the administration and development of non-administered real estate in Kampong Bharu through a qualitative and descriptive cross-sectional analysis of governing statutes, reported cases, semi-structured interviews, surveys, and data from the respective administrative bodies. Several issues were identified, including the presence of multiple administrative bodies, uncertainty about the status of Malay Reservation Land, problems arising from multiple deaths, and challenges in enforcing the Land Acquisition Act 1960, highlighting the urgent need for more efficient legal administration and dispensation of justice.

Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) driven activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 results in biased intracellular signaling

The Cannabis sativa plant has been used for centuries as a recreational drug and more recently in the treatment of patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders. In many instances, treatment goals include relief from posttraumatic disorders, anxiety, or to support treatment of chronic pain. Ligands acting on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) are also potential targets for the treatment of other health conditions. Using an evidence-based approach, pharmacological investigation of CB1R agonists is timely, with the aim to provide chronically ill patients relief using well-defined and characterized compounds from cannabis. Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), currently available over the counter in many countries to adults and even children, is of great interests to policy makers, legal administrators, and healthcare regulators, as well as pharmacologists. Herein, we studied the pharmacodynamics of HHC epimers, which activate CB1R. We compared their key CB1R-mediated signaling pathway activities and compared them to the pathways activated by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). We provide evidence that activation of CB1R by HHC ligands is only broadly comparable to those mediated by Δ9-THC, and that both HHC epimers have unique properties. Together with the greater chemical stability of HHC compared to Δ9-THC, these molecules have a potential to become a part of modern medicine.

Juridical Analysis of Blocking Sabh Access In The RI Ministry of Minority Shareholders As a Form of Legal Protection of Minority Shareholders

Legal subject on a protection for minority shareholders is less attendance whether in the formulation of legal theories, or law making process in Indonesia. Prevailing laws and regulations are deemed unable to provide effective protection to legal interests of the shareholder minority. Apart from the right to file derivative action in accordance with Article 61 of Indonesian Company Law, there is a provision under Ministry of Law and Human Rights Decision No. 29/2022 that stipulating the protection to minority shareholder under dispute to file for blocking company's access to the Legal Entity Administration System on the Directorate General of General Legal Administration of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia (SABH). The research shows that there is an impact when such a company's access to SABH is blocked, then such a company is denied to process business license; as a consequence of such integration between SABH and Indonesia' business licensing system that is centralized under the Online Single Submission system (OSS). When such company's access to SABH is blocked, access to OSS will also be blocked due to failures on verification process during login to OSS, and there will be notifications on OSS “Login Failed, Please Call SABH”. Thus, such companies are denied to process any business license within the OSS. Furthermore, the research shows there is a case that a minority shareholder who filed for SABH blocking, was charged for committing an unlawful act. For the sake of legal certainty, justification must be carried out for the implementation of protection to minority shareholder rights based on the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, in this case as specified under PermenkumHAM 29/2022; in furtherance as impact from denied access to process any business license caused by such company's SABH blocked

Политико-правовое администрирование на юге Западной Сибири и в Северном Казахстане в XIX в

Introduction. The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by its poor study in historical and legal sciences. Purpose. The paper examines the issues of political and legal administration in Northern Kazakhstan and in the south of Western Siberia. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article is based on the principles of theoretical and historical legal knowledge - historicism and objectivity, based on a critical attitude to sources, as well as unbiased approaches to the analysis of the topic under study. Results. Local government reforms implemented in the region in the nineteenth century. they remained unchanged until the revolutionary upheavals of 1917. They had a progressive character and strengthened friendly and good-neighborly relations between the Kazakh and Russian peoples. Conclusion. Carrying out the political and legal incorporation of Northern Kazakhstan with other parts of the empire, the Russian supreme power made the transition from traditional custom-based management to a new bureaucratic administration, extending modern legislation and departmental management to the region.

Recall, Precision, and F-Measure for Evaluating Information Retrieval System in Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS)

The Legal Division of PT. ABC has implemented EDMS using the Integrated Legal Document Management Application, Centralized Legal Administration System (CLAS), to make the management of documents more accessible. The urgency is the system's accuracy in retrieving data or document input. The study employed a quantitative method with an experimental approach. Data collection techniques were observation, application search tests, documentation, and literature. Data analysis regarding the recall, precision, and F-measure calculation formulas will be compared with the standard information retrieval system effectiveness. The calculation results show that the average recall value for the search equals 1 or 100%. For the precision value that uses quotation marks, it is equal to 0.9713, while for searching without quotation marks, it is equal to 0.3920. From these results, the precision value is lower than the recall value. The precision value of 0.9713 is in the range of 0.68–1.00, which is placed as high precision, meaning that information retrieval is effective. The F-measure value is 0.98, close to 1, so the tracing system is sound. CLAS is quite effective in retrieving information according to user needs.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY NAME CHECK SYSTEM THROUGH ONLINE GENERAL LEGAL ADMINISTRATION

A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is gaining popularity within various business circles as a legal entity consisting of directors, commissioners, and shareholders. Establishing an LLC requires adherence to specific requirements and procedures to obtain legal documents, with evidence and manifestation of legality aspects presented, registered, and ratified by the Directorate General of Law and Human Rights through the online system. Formally, the deed for LLC establishment must be drafted in Indonesian by at least two individuals, meeting the material requirements specified in Article 9 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. The procedure for creating a Deed of Establishment by a notary is governed by Article 39 of Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notaries, involving presenters approaching the notary, verification of the name, signing of the deed, registration with the relevant Ministry, and issuance of a Legal Entity Decree. Notaries may encounter obstacles, including technical issues like system inaccessibility, addressed through communication with AHU Online (Online General Legal Administration), and non-technical issues resolved through improvements. Responsibility for material truth lies in the validity of the deed, while responsibility for formal truth involves adherence to statutory regulations in the deed-making process.

The Role of Local Government in Improving the Economy and Welfare of the Wamesa Great Tribes Society in West Papua, Through A Sustainable Forest Development Program: in the Perspective of Collaborative Governance in Public Service

The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the role of local government in improving the economy and welfare of the Wamensa great tribal community in West Papua, through a sustainable customary forest development program in the perspective of Collaborative Governance in Public Service. Collaborative governance is an important process in the Indonesian government today. The government implements Collaborative governance by providing space for other actors to participate, such as the national private, foreign, and public. Collaborative management aims to reduce conflict, facilitate learning, and increase consensus among stakeholders. As a legal administrator, the government should work effectively and efficiently in providing good public services to all citizens. Currently, West Papua still has around 81% of sustainable forest remaining, with a wealth of various types of wild animals with ecosystems in it (mega-biodiversity). Local Government as key in making policies has impacts on improving the economy and people's welfare. This research used a qualitative method with a case study in the customary forest of the Wamesa great tribe in West Papua. The study results showed that there are 3 main indicators to support the success of the Government's role in sustainable forest development, such as; economic, social, and ecological. However, there is a governance Pillar in the paradigm of public administration to show the success of collaborative governance. It required collaborative governance management synergically between government and non-government actors. The aim is to consensus on adaptive solutions through forest resource management. They are concerned with economic, social, and ecological complexities, as a concrete form of the vision and mission of the Regional Government in providing public services, as a portfolio documentation of national development.

Natural Law Appeals as Method of American-Catholic Reconciliation: Catholic Legal Thought and the Red Mass in Boston, 1941–1944

Abstract: Amid the Second World War, the Boston College Law School and the Archdiocese of Boston co-sponsored the first Red Mass in New England. Though this liturgy had been celebrated for centuries to invoke divine guidance for legal administrators, the Red Mass tradition emerged in Boston during a particular American Catholic intellectual movement. This movement encouraged Catholic and non-Catholic legal practitioners to predicate their understandings of the American legal tradition on the Natural Law philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and, purportedly, the Founding Fathers. By employing the movement's intellectual resources during Red Mass sermons, Boston's Catholic leaders believed they could demonstrate the philosophical Americanness of U.S. Catholicism. Chiefly responsible for the Red Mass tradition's emergence and sustained influence in Boston was Father William J. Kenealy, S.J., Boston College Law School's dean (1939–1956). The history of the first four Red Masses in Boston suggests that the experience of wartime significantly informed Catholic leaders' postwar conviction that appealing to the Natural Law could offer an effective medium for American-Catholic reconciliation.

Women’s land rights, gendered epistemic tensions, and the need for a feminist approach to land administration

Women’s land rights (WLRs) are now firmly established in global human rights and development agendas, including in land reforms which are mainstreaming gender equality as part of project design and outcomes. Despite this, the evidence on the effectiveness of land administration and titling interventions for securing WLRs is sometimes problematic. This article critically analyses the gendered processes in land administration knowledge production with a focus on the cadastre as the source of its epistemic foundations. The aim is to make visible and interrogate epistemological and methodological assumptions informing land administration, which to date, remains limited. A feminist method supports the critique of the cadastre as a political technology that has been instrumentalised for colonialism and neoliberalism, reducing socially and politically complex tenure systems to a simplistic ownership-based framework for efficient legal administration. These erasures have served to disembody and de-legitimise WLRs information. The analysis also highlights how the ‘maleness’ of the land administration profession is problematic: masculinised cadastral regimes undermine the performance of land administration as a practice and field of expertise that aims to have women as beneficiaries by perpetuating the distribution and durability of gendered behaviours. Importantly, the paper’s findings echo other feminist scholarship that shows how a focus on ‘tech fixes’ for achieving gender equality focuses on counting about women and not counting for women. As land administration becomes more reliant on digital technologies and ICTs, foundational epistemic biases built into cadastral regimes may negate efforts at promoting broader participation in land administration and may even unintentionally generate adverse consequences for women and other marginalised groups. The paper concludes by arguing the urgent need to re-articulate what is feminist about feminist land administration and offers three starting propositions for addressing the gap between formalising gender equality goals through land administration and for engaging directly with the complexity of gender and land relations. We invite readers to engage with these propositions in their practices to contend with the task of specifying and implementing feminist land administration.

Вопросы интеграции массовых открытых онлайн-курсов в систему высшего образования

The issues of integration of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) into university education are considered. The relevance and relevance of mass online courses in the system of educational services is substantiated. The basic legal documents confirming the possibility of using various forms of education are given. The main problems of integrating MOOCs into the educational process of the university are analyzed, which are the lack of a single standard for organizing a course in a blended learning format, a standard for assessing the quality of an online course, legal administration of the process of integrating MOOCs into curricula, and staffing developers. The question of the motivation of teachers and students in the process of using MOOK is considered. A typical MOOK structural model is presented and analyzed. It is concluded that the introduction of massive open online courses in the system of university education contributes to the further development of the digital educational space of the university, increasing the effectiveness of higher education.

Protecting the rights of Muslim women in Indonesian diaspora marriages in Russia: An Islamic Law Perspective

This research focuses on the issue of human rights violations, particularly those affecting Muslim women in Indonesian diaspora marriages in Russia. Despite the regulations set by the Family Code of the Russian Federation, there have been reports of abuse, expulsion, withholding of documents and unilateral divorce. The purpose of this qualitative research using Smith’s phenomenological approach is to analyse the root causes of these violations and provide solutions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation analysis. The results showed that domestic violence was caused by a lack of self-concern and lack of cultural, legal and legal administration literacy. This lack of literation contributes to the violation of the rights of married diaspora women in Russia. Self-protection can be enhanced by increasing faith-based marriage literacy and cultural and legal literacy. Contribution: This research provides insight into the factors contributing to human rights violations in Indonesian diaspora marriages in Russia and proposes solutions to prevent such violations. The findings of this study can also serve as a basis for future research in the field of human rights and diaspora.

Efektivitas Fungsi Pengawasan Bagi Majelis Pengawas Daerah terhadap Keterlambatan Pelaporan Notaris Terkait dengan Hak Wasiat

The research raises the issue of how effective the supervisory function of the Regional Supervisory Council is regarding delays in reporting the deed of will by Notaries. Thus, the aim of this research is to evaluate how effective the supervisory duties carried out by the Regional Supervisory Council are regarding delays in reporting will deeds by Notaries to the Directorate General of General Legal Administration. In this research, the type referred to is empirical legal research. Empirical legal research uses empirical facts from human behavior, both verbal from interviews and direct observation. Research Results The monitoring mechanism carried out on the implementation of the duties and responsibilities of Notaries, including those who report that testamentary rights are delayed, is both preventive and repressive. If negligence is found in the actions carried out by the Notary, the Pekanbaru City Regional Supervisory Council will take measures within the applicable laws and regulations and not exceed the authority that has been regulated or given. In carrying out their duties, the inhibiting factors that have been explained, this is not in line with the theory of effectiveness where one of the supporters of something can run well according to expectations if the facilities and infrastructure are fulfilled properly, then the law will be effective in its implementation and achieve the desired goals