Legacy Networks Research Articles

Study of DRX Sleep Mode Performance on Virtual Base Station Energy Saving in 5G Networks

No doubt that power consumption is one of the most important challenges which face the modern mobile networks. These modern networks do a nice job in multimedia services. Then, the physical downlink data transmission rate will change the Base Station (BS) power consumption. The Conventional BS (CBS) of the cellular legacy networks was consuming much energy due to complicated hardware connections and system levels. Now, the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) is introducing the Virtual Base Station (VBS) based on the Cloud infrastructure. Therefore, it can reduce the traditional complexity and save more energy consumption. In this paper, the Discontinuous Reception (DRX) sleep mode is applied on the corresponding User Equipment (UE). This has an effective impact on the VBS power consumption. A series of MATLAB simulation experiments is conducted to assess the performance. Appropriate path loss models are considered in the experimental study for mmWave broadband spectrum of 5G.

Entropy Field Decomposition Based Outage Detection for Ultra-Dense Networks

Ambitious quality of experience expectations from 5G mobile cellular networks have spurred the research towards ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (UDHNs). However, due to coverage limitations of millimeter wave cells and lack of coverage data in UDHNs, discovering coverage lapses in such 5G networks may become a major challenge. Recently, numerous studies have explored machine learning-based techniques to detect coverage holes and cell outages in legacy networks. Majority of these techniques are susceptible to noise in the coverage data and only characterize outages in the spatial domain. Thus, the temporal impact of an outage, i.e., the duration of its presence remains unidentified. In this paper, for the first time, we present an outage detection solution that characterizes outages in both space and time while also being robust to noise in the coverage data. We do so by employing entropy field decomposition (EFD) which is a combination of information field theory and entropy spectrum pathways theory. We demonstrate that compared to other techniques such as independent component analysis and k-means clustering, EFD returns accurate detection results for outage detection even in the presence of heavy shadowing in received signal strength data which makes it ideal for practical implementation in emerging mobile cellular networks.

Effects of Market Structure on Broadband Quality in Local U.S. Residential Service Markets

This paper investigates the effects of changes in market structure on residential service quality in local U.S. broadband markets. Our analysis focuses on identifying causal effects on quality from entry (or exit) by firms using both legacy and non-legacy broadband network technologies. We analyze a very large and highly disaggregated census block-level data set we have constructed using Federal Communication Commission (FCC) data on residential broadband services deployment in populated U.S. census blocks between December 2014 and December 2018. We employ a difference-in-differences framework combined with both spatial fixed effects and spatial instrumental variables. The latter econometric tools are used to address unobserved market heterogeneity and concerns about significant error in measured ISP counts for fixed wireless ISPs. Our results suggest that entry by legacy technology (cable and DSL) service providers has large impacts on available service quality in local broadband markets, effects which diminish rapidly with continued entry. Contrary to expectations, entry by a single new fiber ISP seems to have no impact on available quality; entry by two fiber ISPs, by contrast, raises maximum available quality by a modest but statistically significant 90 Mbps. Entry by a fixed wireless ISP appears to have had a large, negative impact on maximum available download speeds offered by incumbent legacy ISPs. Economic explanations for these results are discussed and evaluated. We establish that (i) both fixed wireless and fiber ISPs compete in sets of speed tiers that are distinct from those offered by legacy ISPs, and speculate that (ii) price competition (as opposed to quality competition) may be more intense in markets with fixed wireless entry.

"Title Zero": Ending the Infinite Loop of Classifications for Broadband Via a Technology Agnostic Definition

This paper proposes the creation of “Title Zero,” a broadband-specific addition to the 1996 Telecommunications Act that provides the FCC with a specific definition and clear regulatory mandate for broadband internet. Since the enactment of the 1996 Act, the FCC has classified, and reclassified, broadband as either a Title I information service or Title II telecommunications service. First, this paper challenges current and future classifications of broadband under Title I and Title II. Second, this paper demonstrates that constant reclassification has created an unpredictable regulatory environment, affecting innovation and investment in broadband infrastructure. Third, this paper shows that Title I and Title II incorrectly assume that broadband is only provided through certain technologies, which hinders new technological development by favoring legacy networks. After analysis, this paper argues for the creation of an entirely new classification, “Title Zero.” Because Title I and Title II were written for legacy communications networks such as the telephone, they are ill-suited and unable to effectively regulate the most complex and important communications network in human history—the internet. The paper argues that since internet connections are provided through a growing list of different technologies, proper broadband regulation should not be based on how a connection to the internet is made, but rather on the quality of the connection. The proposed “Title Zero” is thus underpinned by a technology-agnostic definition of broadband services based on quality-of-service requirements. These tenets will help the FCC achieve important policy goals such as bridging the digital divide, network neutrality, and promoting modern broadband infrastructure development.

Evolution of optical networks: from legacy networks to next-generation networks

Abstract The requirement for the huge bandwidth-demanding applications has urged researchers to develop improved data pipes that could allow smooth data flow. Revolutionary growth has been witnessed in the domain of the telecommunication industry, which has opened new horizons for connectivity among humans and devices alike especially, in the era of 5G. The advancement from TDM multiplexed signal transmitted over copper wire to the flexible and smart grid along with ethernet passive optical networks or space division multiplexed over optic fiber introducing enormous speed in 100 of Gbps has contributed to the fastest communication. The heterogeneous structure and network complexity require the automating of telecommunication services which have been assisted with the incorporation of machine learning and artificial intelligence, highlighting the new era of communication with the reliability and fastest accessibility. This survey reports the evolution of optical carrier generations and advancement in networks along with the fundamental achievements to comprehend the supportive competition while highlighting the gaps and challenges for future work.

Beyond PS-LTE: Security Model Design Framework for PPDR Operational Environment

National disasters can threaten national security and require several organizations to integrate the functionalities to correspond to the event. Many countries are constructing a nationwide mobile communication network infrastructure to share information and promptly communicate with corresponding organizations. Public Safety Long-Term Evolution (PS-LTE) is a communication mechanism adopted in many countries to achieve such a purpose. Organizations can increase the efficiency of public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) operations by securely connecting the services run on their legacy networks to the PS-LTE infrastructure. This environment allows the organizations to continue facilitating the information and system functionalities provided by the legacy network. The vulnerabilities in the environment, which differ from commercial LTE, need to be resolved to connect the network securely. In this study, we propose a security model design framework to derive the system architecture and the security requirements targeting the restricted environment applied by certain technologies for a particular purpose. After analyzing the PPDR operation environment’s characteristics under the PS-LTE infrastructure, we applied the framework to derive the security model for organizations using PPDR services operated in their legacy networks through this infrastructure. Although the proposed security model design framework is applied to the specific circumstance in this research, it can be generally adopted for the application environment.

Automotive ethernet: High-speed in-vehicle networking for next-generation electronics

This research paper explores the adoption and implementation of Automotive Ethernet as a high-speed, low-latency in-vehicle networking solution that addresses the increasing demands of next-generation automotive electronics. The growing complexity of modern vehicles, driven by advancements in connectivity, autonomous driving technologies, and electric powertrains, has outpaced the capabilities of traditional automotive networks such as CAN, LIN, and MOST. Automotive Ethernet emerges as a scalable and flexible alternative, offering higher bandwidth, reduced wiring complexity, and improved interoperability with existing systems. The study begins by examining the evolution of in-vehicle networks, highlighting the limitations of legacy architectures and the need for more advanced networking solutions. It delves into the technical architecture of Automotive Ethernet, covering the physical layer, network topology, and key standards like 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1. Moreover, the paper discusses the integration of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) to ensure deterministic communication for critical automotive applications, such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity. Beyond technical details, the paper evaluates the diverse applications of Automotive Ethernet, ranging from infotainment systems to diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, and the role it plays in supporting domain controllers and zonal architectures in modern vehicle platforms. Performance factors, including signal integrity, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and quality of service (QoS), are analyzed to underscore the robustness of Automotive Ethernet in real-world environments. Finally, the paper addresses key integration challenges, such as coexistence with legacy networks, software and middleware development, and cybersecurity concerns. Looking ahead, it explores future trends and opportunities, including multi-gigabit Ethernet, energy-efficient designs for electric vehicles, and integration with 5G and V2X technologies. By synthesizing current research, industry standards, and future prospects, this paper provides a comprehensive outlook on the pivotal role of Automotive Ethernet in enabling the next generation of connected and autonomous vehicles.

Enabling and Optimizing MACsec for Industrial Environments

Industry 4.0 will revolutionize industrial automation. Yet, future smart factories will not be created from scratch. They will rather evolve from existing legacy installations. Consequently, also industrial networks will evolve and the result will be a mixture of new and legacy components. This will make new security mechanisms necessary, that are specifically designed for this industrial use case. This work proposes modifications for MACsec [1], a new security protocol for protecting communication traffic. These modifications enable MACsec to work within future industrial settings, circumventing drawbacks introduced by legacy networking technologies. Furthermore, we managed to significantly increase the performance of MACsec.

Migration cost optimization for service provider legacy network migration to software‐defined IPv6 network

SummaryThis paper studies a problem for seamless migration of legacy networks of Internet service providers to a software‐defined networking (SDN)‐based architecture along with the transition to the full adoption of the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) connectivity. Migration of currently running legacy IPv4 networks into such new approaches requires either upgrades or replacement of existing networking devices and technologies that are actively operating. The joint migration to SDN and IPv6 network is considered to be vital in terms of migration cost optimization, skilled human resource management, and other critical factors. In this work, we first present the approaches of SDN and IPv6 migration in service providers' networks. Then, we present the common concerns of IPv6 and SDN migration with joint transition strategies so that the cost associated with joint migration is minimized to lower than that of the individual migration. For the incremental adoption of software‐defined IPv6 (SoDIP6) network with optimum migration cost, a greedy algorithm is proposed based on optimal path and the customer priority. Simulation and empirical analysis show that a unified transition planning to SoDIP6 network results in lower migration cost.

Scalability, Consistency, Reliability and Security in SDN Controllers: A Survey of Diverse SDN Controllers

Software Defined Networking simplifies design, monitoring and management of next generation networks by segregating a legacy network into a centralized control plane and a remotely programmable data plane. The intelligent centralized SDN control plane controls behavior of forwarding devices in processing the incoming packets and provides a bird-eye view of entire network at a single central point. The centralized control provides network programmability and facilitates introduction of adaptive and automatic network control. The SDN control plane can be implemented by using following three deployment models: (i) physically centralized, in which a single SDN controller is configured for a network; (ii) physically distributed but logically centralized, wherein multiple SDN controllers are used to manage a network; and (iii) hybrid, in which both legacy distributed control and centralized SDN control coexist. This manuscript presents all these control plane architectures and discusses various SDN controllers supporting these architectures. We have analyzed more than forty SDN controllers in terms of following performance parameters: scalability, reliability, consistency and security. We have examined the mechanisms used by various SDN controllers to address the said performance parameters and have highlighted the pros and cons associated with each mechanism. In addition to it, this manuscript also highlights number of research challenges and open issues in different SDN control plane architectures.

Separating Monitoring from Control in SDN to Mitigate DDoS Attacks in Hybrid Clouds

Background & Objective: Detecting and mitigating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is a serious problem. In addition, new features and network deployments such as Software- Defined Networking (SDN) may open the door for new threats that did not previously exist. : Recent publications and patent are reviewed to find new techniques developed for integrating different mechanisms to secure networks against DDoS. Methods: This work presents a simple model for integrating different mechanisms to secure both SDN and legacy network in a hybrid cloud environment, it is called FocusON. It aims at mitigating DDoS attacks of a victim network. In addition, separating network monitoring from its control aims at mitigating DDoS attacks of a victim network. Traffic pattern analysis is apart from attack detection mechanism that gives a conceptual representation of a specific kind of DDoS attacks. DDoS detection is a completely automated process. Once called, for the reaction, the active response will be taken against the real IP source of the attacker. : The communication time overhead was tested in order to evaluate the remote server response time in case of deploying our proposed model mechanisms and without our proposed model. : Here we introduce a response mechanism that consists of an analysis of event logs, traffic patterns, and IP traceback. The proposed model categorizes the underlying network according to the location into a victim network and the source of attack (public cloud). Results & Conclusion:: The proposed model implemented in a hybrid cloud environment using the network of SDN and legacy network. The experimental setup was built using our network lab connected to the Amazon public cloud.

Including Additional Pollutants into an Integrated Assessment Model for Estimating Nonmarket Benefits from Water Quality

We develop an integrated assessment model for spatially simulating water quality and social welfare from linked ecosystem services that extends prior modeling by incorporating a broader suite of pollutants than conventionally measured factors like phosphorus and nitrogen. Beyond demonstrating the feasibility of such a model, we provide guidance on the impact of omitting or holding constant relevant pollutants and their effect on estimates of water quality and willingness to pay. Applying the model to Narragansett Bay, we find that recent wastewater treatment upgrades and a legacy network of dams are providing millions in annual value to adjacent residents.

Slicing the Core Network and Radio Access Network Domains through Intent-Based Networking for 5G Networks

The fifth-generation mobile network presents a wide range of services which have different requirements in terms of performance, bandwidth, reliability, and latency. The legacy networks are not capable to handle these diverse services with the same physical infrastructure. In this way, network virtualization presents a reliable solution named network slicing that supports service heterogeneity and provides differentiated resources to each service. Network slicing enables network operators to create multiple logical networks over a common physical infrastructure. In this research article, we have designed and implemented an intent-based network slicing system that can slice and manage the core network and radio access network (RAN) resources efficiently. It is an automated system, where users just need to provide higher-level network configurations in the form of intents/contracts for a network slice, and in return, our system deploys and configures the requested resources accordingly. Further, our system grants the automation of the network configurations process and reduces the manual effort. It has an intent-based networking (IBN) tool which can control, manage, and monitor the network slice resources properly. Moreover, a deep learning model, the generative adversarial neural network (GAN), has been used for the management of network resources. Several tests have been carried out with our system by creating three slices, which shows better performance in terms of bandwidth and latency.

Machine Learning for 6G Wireless Networks: Carrying Forward Enhanced Bandwidth, Massive Access, and Ultrareliable/Low-Latency Service

To satisfy the expected plethora of demanding services, the future generation of wireless networks (6G) has been mandated as a revolutionary paradigm to carry forward the capacities of enhanced broadband, massive access, and ultrareliable and lowlatency service in 5G wireless networks to a more powerful and intelligent level. Recently, the structure of 6G networks has tended to be extremely heterogeneous, densely deployed, and dynamic. Combined with tight quality of service (QoS), such complex architecture will result in the untenability of legacy network operation routines. In response, artificial intelligence (AI), especially machine learning (ML), is emerging as a fundamental solution to realize fully intelligent network orchestration and management. By learning from uncertain and dynamic environments, AI-/ML-enabled channel estimation and spectrum management will open up opportunities for bringing the excellent performance of ultrabroadband techniques, such as terahertz communications, into full play. Additionally, challenges brought by ultramassive access with respect to energy and security can be mitigated by applying AI-/ML-based approaches. Moreover, intelligent mobility management and resource allocation will guarantee the ultrareliability and low latency of services. Concerning these issues, this article introduces and surveys some state-of-the-art techniques based on AI/ML and their applications in 6G to support ultrabroadband, ultramassive access, and ultrareliable and lowlatency services.

Random-Access Accelerator (RAA): A Framework to Speed Up the Random-Access Procedure in 5G New Radio for IoT mMTC by Enabling Device-To-Device Communications.

Mobile networks have a great challenge by serving the expected billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the upcoming years. Due to the limited simultaneous access in the mobile networks, the devices should compete between each other for resource allocation during a Random-Access procedure. This contention provokes a non-depreciable delay during the device’s registration because of the great number of collisions experienced. To overcome such a problem, a framework called Random-Access Accelerator (RAA) is proposed in this work, in order to speed up network access in massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). RAA exploits Device-To-Device (D2D) communications, where devices with already assigned resources act like relays for the rest of devices trying to gain access in the network. The simulation results show an acceleration in the registration procedure of 99%, and a freed space of the allocated spectrum until 74% in comparison with the conventional Random-Access procedure. Besides, it preserves the same device’s energy consumption compared with legacy networks by using a custom version of Bluetooth as a wireless technology for D2D communications. The proposed framework can be taken into account for the standardization of mMTC in Fifth-Generation-New Radio (5G NR).

Legacy Network Integration with SDN-IP Implementation towards a Multi-Domain SoDIP6 Network Environment

The logical separation of the data plane and the control plane of the network device conceptually defined by software-defined networking (SDN) creates many opportunities to create smart networking with better efficiency for network management and operation. SDN implementation over telecommunications (Telcos) and Internet service provider (ISP) networks is a challenging issue due to the lack of a high maturity level of SDN-based standards and several other critical factors that are considered during the real-time migration of existing legacy IPv4 networks. Different migration approaches have been studied; however, none of them seem to be close to realizing implementation. This paper implements the SDN-IP and Open Network Operating System (ONOS) SDN controller to migrate legacy IPv4 networks to multi-domain software-defined IPv6 (SoDIP6) networks and experimentally evaluate the viability of joint network migration in the ISP networks. We present results using extensive simulations for the suitable placement of the master ONOS controller during network migration by considering minimum control path latency using optimal path routing and the breadth first router replacement (BFR) technique. Our empirical analysis and evaluations show that the identification of the median router to attach the master controller and router migration planning using BFR give better results for carrier-grade legacy networks’ migration to SoDIP6 networks.

Seven-channel 1 Gbps TWDM coexistence architecture supporting 65 Gbps optical link for next-generation passive optical network 2–based FTTX access networks

Abstract In this paper, we have presented the design and simulation of a 7-channel next-generation passive optical network (NG-PON2) network for the deployment of Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) access network. Coexistence architecture is proposed, designed and simulated for the implementation of NG-PON2 access network. In a coexistence architecture approach, legacy PON networks like Gigabit passive optical network (GPON) PON, 10GPON, etc. and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-PON supporting point-to-point connectivity are designed and simulated together. A 4 × 4 WDM-PON in which each channel carrying data at 2.5 Gbps data rate is capable of supporting a throughput channel capacity of 65.5 Gbps. NG-PON2 network is designed and simulated at 187.1, 187.2, 187.3 and 187.5 to 187.8 THz wavelengths in downstream direction for different link distances from 40 to 80 km looking into the requirement of reach of access network for future cities. The network performance parameters such as bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q-factor), signal-to-noise ratio using the Optisystem-16 simulator at above data rates and link distances. Further, channel capacity estimation is done for single-mode fiber channel coexistence NG-PON2 configuration up to 80 km supporting BER e-13 and Q-factor 7 for WDM link and BER e-12 and Q-factor 7 for a legacy network supporting almost-1 Gbps data rate to 65 users and 100 Mbps to 512 user.

Online Control of Preamble Groups With Priority in Massive IoT Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) imbued with several heterogeneous services and applications is integral to the ultimate realization of connected living. However, massive connectivity would pose huge challenges not only due to immense scalability but also due to diverse characteristics of periodicity, delay-criticality, and quality-of-service (QoS) requirement. One important trend of this diversity is that the connected devices would manifest different priorities. Random access procedure (RAP) is the first step by which most devices establish connection to the base station. A major transformation is urgently needed in RAP for cellular IoT as the volume of connected devices would far exceeds human oriented connections of the legacy networks. To prioritize the RAP for IoT devices, we propose novel online control algorithm that enables the most likely successful preamble transmission for the devices that manifest higher priority requirements. In the proposed algorithm, the number of active devices in each priority is recursively estimated based on Bayesian rule and then the preambles to each priority are accordingly allocated. We extend our proposal by adopting access class baring (ACB) to optimize the algorithm and subsequently, enhance it further by incorporating access delay requirements. Extensive simulations show the effectiveness of proposed algorithms over multiple priorities and confirm that the proposed algorithms are able to resolve congestions for massive activation of IoT devices.

Impact of Cloud-based Infrastructure on Telecom Managed Services Models

This paper examines how cloud-based infrastructure is impacting classical implementations of telecom Managed Services (MS) models with focus on network operations and maintenance (O&M). The migration of legacy network assets to the ‘cloud’ has altered traditional telecom network configuration. This work explores how cloud-based network infrastructure may alter MS models in the telecom network domain. It is expected that the unique offerings of cloud-based solutions will impact existing MS models and may require redesigning or adjusting operation and maintenance processes and frameworks. As network infrastructure migrates to the cloud, telecom MS delivery models must evolve as well to satisfy new requirements. This paper lays out essential aspects of traditional MS models that may be impacted as a result of cloud-based infrastructure. It further proposes a framework, and conceptual software design for systematically analysing the gaps in current MS models in order to identify requirements for improved MS delivery in the cloud era.

Application Domain-Based Overview of IoT Network Traffic Characteristics

Over the past decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) has advanced rapidly. New technologies have been proposed and existing approaches optimised to meet user, society and industry requirements. However, as the complexity and heterogeneity of the traffic that flows through the networks are continuously growing, the innovation becomes difficult to achieve in both IoT and legacy networks. This article provides an overview of IoT application domains from a traffic characteristics perspective. Specifically, it identifies several groups of major IoT application use cases and discusses the exhibited traffic characteristics, used network technologies for implementation, and their feasibility as well as challenges. We stress that a key factor in future IoT development is network technologies and the way they handle and forward network traffic. The traffic characteristics emerging from this work can serve as a basis for future design proposals to develop more efficient solutions and improve the network technologies.