Morus Alba Leaf Research Articles

A Novel Nutraceutical Supplement Lowers Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels upon a Carbohydrate-Rich Meal or Sucrose Drink Intake in Healthy Individuals-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Feeding Study.

Alkaloid- and polyphenol-rich white mulberry leaf and apple peel extracts have been shown to have potential glucose-lowering effects, benefitting the control of postprandial blood glucose levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of the combination of Malus domestica peel and Morus alba leaf extracts (GLUBLOCTM) on postprandial blood glucose and insulin-lowering effects in healthy adults after a carbohydrate-rich meal or sucrose drink intake. This study was designed as a randomized, crossover, single-blinded clinical trial. Out of 116 healthy participants, 85 subjects (aged 18-60 years) completed the day 1 and 5 crossover study. On day 1, subjects were supplemented with a placebo or GLUBLOCTM tablet 10 min before the carbohydrate-rich meal (300 g of tomato rice) or sucrose drink intake (75 g of sucrose dissolved in 300 mL water). On day 5, the treatments were crossed over, and the same diet was followed. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels were measured on days 1 and 5 (baseline 0, post-meal 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Differences in iAUC, Cmax, and Tmax were determined between the placebo and GLUBLOCTM-treated cohorts. Significant changes in total iAUC (0-120 min), Cmax, and Tmax of postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels were noticed upon GLUBLOCTM supplementation. The percentage reduction in the iAUC of blood glucose levels was 49.78% (iAUC0-60min) and 43.36% (iAUC0-120min), respectively, compared with the placebo in the sucrose drink intake study. Similarly, there was a 41.13% (iAUC0-60min) and 20.26% (iAUC0-120min) glucose-lowering effect compared with the placebo in the carbohydrate-rich meal intake study. Premeal supplementation with GLUBLOCTM significantly reduced the postprandial surge in blood glucose and insulin levels after a carbohydrate-rich meal or sucrose drink intake over 120 min in healthy individuals. This study proves that GLUBLOCTM can manage steady postprandial blood glucose levels.

A 90-day preclinical toxicological evaluation in rats of a highly purified and concentrated mulberry leaf extract.

Mulberry (genus Morus) leaves have long been used as a human food, especially in Asia, and animal feed. More recently, mulberry leaf extracts have been introduced as a convenient way to consume mulberry for non-nutritional functional effects. Reducose® 5% is an Morus alba leaf extract that has been highly purified and standardized to a content of 5 ± 0.5% 1-deoxynojirimycin, a naturally present polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid analog of D-glucose. This extract has previously been evaluated in acute and subacute (28-day) oral toxicity studies in which no adverse effects of the test item were observed in mice or rats, respectively. Due to continued and growing interest in the extract in multinational markets, we have now further investigated potential toxic effects in subchronic (90-day) oral toxicity study in male and female Han:WIST rats. The test item was administered at doses of 850, 1700, and 2550 mg/kg bw/day, and did not cause adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight development, clinical pathology, gross pathology, or histopathology in comparison to the vehicle-control group. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level was determined to be 2550 mg/kg bw/day. These results add to the existing body of both preclinical and clinical work relevant to the safety of the extract and of interest to regulators in various global markets.

Effects of quercetin and extracts from Phyllanthus emblica, Morus alba, and Ginkgo biloba on platelet recovery in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia

BackgroundChemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) is a major reason for chemotherapy delays, dose reduction, or even treatment discontinuation, which may impact oncologic outcomes. We investigated the effects of quercetin and extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit (PEE), Morus alba leaf (MAE), and Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBE) on platelet recovery in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. MethodsThe total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), quercetin content, and antioxidant activities of all the extracts were determined. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into healthy controls and CIT groups. The CIT groups was administered a cyclophosphamide solution, while the control group received a saline solution. Each group was then subdivided into five subgroups of six animals which were administered with PEE, MAE, GBE, quercetin, or a vehicle for 15 days. ResultsThe highest quercetin content was found in PEE, followed by MAE and GBE, which correlated with their antioxidant properties. Administration of these extracts and quercetin did not significantly change the platelet counts in healthy rats. Thrombocytopenic rats treated with PEE, MAE, and GBE also were not associated with significant changes in platelet counts. However, more rapid platelet count recovery was observed in all groups receiving extracts. On day 11, platelet counts in the PEE, MAE, and GBE groups returned to near baseline levels with a mean of 4.29 %, −40.77 %, and −14.24 %, respectively, compared to −71 % in the CIT group. In thrombocytopenic rats treated with quercetin, there was a significant increase in platelet counts on days 9 and 11, with a mean decrease of 5.41 % from baseline on day 11. ConclusionQuercetin improved platelet recovery in the animal model of CIT. This finding merits for further investigation to better elucidate the health benefits of quercetin and quercetin-rich plants and potential pharmacokinetics underpinning their activity in thrombocytopenia.

Morus alba L. Leaves (WML) Modulate Sweet (TAS1R) and Bitter (TAS2R) Taste in the Studies on Human Receptors – A New Perspective on the Utilization of White Mulberry Leaves in Food Production?

From the nutritional perspective, the main direction of the utilization of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) parts so far has been to produce dietary supplements or functional foods for individuals with diabetes or over-weight. Its leaves are widely known as a valuable source of bioactive compounds responsible for its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, both in animals and humans. The authors found that processed leaves can also be investigated as potential bitter and/or sweet taste modulators—an important property of new functional foods. The study aimed to validate the inhibitory effect of Morus alba L. on the TAS2R3 and TAS2R13 bitter taste and TSA1R2/TSA1R3 receptors and determine the changes that the conditioning process caused in such receptors. The effect on the receptors was evaluated in specially transfected HEK293T cells, and the inhibition ratio was measured using the calcium release test. Moreover, the stability of phenolics in the simulated intestinal in vitro digestion process was determined. Results showed that the Morus alba leaf extracts were rich in gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids together with rutin and quercetin 3-(6-malonyl)-glucoside, while the conditioning process positively affected their amount. Most identified phenolics were reduced during in vitro digestion. In the taste receptors test, it was found that the phytochemicals from conditioned Morus alba leaf extract enhanced sweet taste, together with a reduction of bitter taste receptor activity in some cases. To conclude, the study has found that Morus alba, especially when conditioned for 4 h, seems to be a valuable modulator of taste, which should be considered in future research as a crucial reason for its new utilization.

Investigation of Morinda citrifolia Activity Related Collagen Type II Synthesis Through Gene Expression

To extend plant benefits, three different concentrations of five Morinda citrifolia part was investigated on the collagen type II which is the primary collagen in human cartilage through the expression of the genes, COL2A1, COL-II and COLL2 regions in normal human dermal fibroblasts by qRT-PCR method. The results showed that 1) fibroblasts cultured in the presence of M. citrifolia extracts produced many times more collagen type II gene expression than control cells depending on the plant parts and concentrations, 2) the expression levels of the collagen type II gene stimulated by all fruit parts yields the higher percentages than leaves. Next, Morus alba leaf extract at a concentration expected to be a precursor protein source for collagen synthesis, working together with M. citrifolia stimulation, was added to the selected concentration indicating high expression in the M. citrifolia fruit experiments. The result showed various gene expression levels depended on the kind of gene and fruit part. Therefore, M. citrifolia fruits can benefit the creation of collagen type II with or without M. alba. The M. citrifolia fruit can be further benefited in product production for both the elderly and young for maintaining the typical structure and function of the skin, tendon, and bone.

Combined Treatment of Mori folium and Mori Cortex Radicis Ameliorate Obesity in Mice via UCP-1 in Brown Adipocytes.

Mori Folium (Morus alba leaf, MF) and Mori Cortex Radicis (Morus alba root cortex, MR) have been studied for their anti-obesity effects by enhancing the browning process and inhibiting adipogenesis. However, important aspects of their protective mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated, which could aid in developing functional food. Thus, this study aims to determine the synergistic effects of MF and MR against obesity and its associated mechanisms. In an in vitro cell culture model of brown adipocytes, a 1:1 mixture of MF and MR showed a synergistic effect on the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes, including Ucp-1, Ppargc1a, Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator (Cited), Prdm16, Tbx1, and Fgf21 compared with either MF- or MR-treated conditions. Moreover, they demonstrated the involvement of cAMP and Ca2+ in induction of brown adipocyte-specific genes. In an in vivo model using HFD-fed mice, MF/MR significantly inhibited weight gain, plasma cholesterol, LDL, TG content, fat mass, and adipocyte size. Furthermore, MF/MR inhibited morphological alteration and the expressions of fatty acid synthesis genes such as Srebp1 and Fasn in the white adipose tissue. Thermogenesis genes were recovered in the brown adipose tissue with MF/MR supplementation, indicating that MF/MR regulated adipocytic dysmetabolism where AMPK signaling is involved. In conclusion, these results suggested that MF/MR regulates brown and beige adipocyte processes, providing one of the preventive functional food/herbal medicines against obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.

Allelopathic Effect of Leaf Leachates of Mulberry (Morus alba) on Growth and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena)

An experiment was carried out to assess the allelopathic effect of leaf leaches of Morus alba on the growth and yield of Brinjal. Leaf leaches were prepared by soaking sun dry leaves in tap water for 24 Hours in a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Various concentrations of leaf leashes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) were prepared. The result showed that the concentration plays an important inhibitory role on germination, shoot and root growth of brinjal. During laboratory experiment, seeds were soaked in different concentrations and germination percentage, root and shoot length were observed. After laboratory experiment it was noticed that that the seed soaked in 25% concentration of Morus alba leaf lashes has better results than higher concentrations. In pot culture experiment, control have good effects on growth and yield of brinjal as compared to different concentration. Lower concentrations (25 and 50%) have beneficial effects on growth and the yield as compared to the higher concentrations (75 and 100%). At lower concentrations of Morus alba leaf leachates, the survival percentage of crops were more as compared to the 100% concentration. It can be concluded that the harmful effect of Morus alba was less on brinjal and recommended to avoid its use in the early growth stages of the crops.

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Morus alba (White Mulberry) Leaf Extract as Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents.

In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Morus alba or white mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and assess their antibacterial and anticancer potential. The GC-MS analysis of MLE confirmed the existence of phenolic compounds, serving as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The MLE-AgNPs were spherical, with an average particle size of 20-44.5 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. EDX spectra confirmed the formation of AgNPs, and a negative zeta potential value (-14.5 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. Excellent antibacterial activity was demonstrated by MLE-AgNPs against Acinetobacter baumannii strains with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, while good activity was observed against other Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria with a MIC of 32 μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and MCF-10A (normal human mammary epithelial cells) were investigated by the MTT assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) against MCF-7 cells were 18 and 33 μg/mL for MLE-AgNPs and MLE, respectively, with no effect on normal MCF-10A cells. Altogether, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AgNPs by white mulberry leaf extract.

Morus Alba Leaf Extract-Based Biogenic Production of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Evaluation

Morus Alba Leaf Extract-Based Biogenic Production of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Evaluation

Metabolic Fate and Expectation of Health Benefits of [U-<sup>14</sup>C]-Sucrose Inhibited from Digestion Using <i>Morus alba</i> Leaf Extract

Morus alba leaf extract (MLE), a strong inhibitor of sucrase, suppresses blood glucose elevation following sucrose ingestion. To investigate that sucrose inhibited from digestion using MLE is utilized through gut microbiota, [U-14C]-sucrose solutions with or without MLE were administered orally to conventional and antibiotic-treated rats, and the excretion of 14CO2 and H2 produced by gut microbiota was measured for 24 h. After an administration of [U-14C]-sucrose to conventional rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked at 4 h, and the cumulative 14CO2 excreted over 24 h was approximately 60% of the radioactivity administered. No H2 was excreted. Following an administration of [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE in conventional rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked later, at 8 h, and was significantly lower (p<0.05). The cumulative 14CO2 excreted over 24 h was equal in both groups, although there was a time lag of 2-3 h in rats given [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE. The amount of H2 excreted by these rats peaked 8 h after administration. Following the administration of [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE to antibiotic-treated rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked lower, and the cumulative 14CO2 excretion over 24 h was approximately 40%. In this group, H2 was minimally excreted. H2 and 14CO2 produced by gut microbiota were excreted simultaneously. In conclusion, sucrose inhibited from digestion using MLE was fermented spontaneously by gut microbiota and was not excreted into feces. In addition, it confirmed that H2 excretion could be used directly to indicate the degree of fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates.

Morus Alba leaf extract affects metabolic profiles, biomarkers inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind clinical trial

Morus Alba extract, despite its special properties, has been less studied in terms of its effects on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was carried out to determine the effects of Morus Alba extract, known as white mulberry, on liver enzymes, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in patients with T2DM. The current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 patients with T2DM. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either Morus Alba extract (300mg) (n=30) or placebo (n=30) twice a day. Fasting blood samples were collected at the baseline and 12 weeks after intervention to quantify related markers. Morus Alba extract intake significantly decreased insulin (P=0.026) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.001), and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P=0.001) compared with the placebo. However, Morus Alba extract intake did not affect other metabolic profiles. The results of this study shown that the 12-week administration of Morus Alba extract among subjects with T2DM had beneficial effects on HDL-cholesterol, insulin and MDA levels, but did not affect other metabolic profiles. The present study was registered in the Iranian website for clinical trials as http://www.irct.ir: IRCT2016081312438N21.

The Establishment of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity from Morus alba Leaves.

Phenolic compounds of Morus alba leaves are bioactive compounds with beneficial properties for human health. Therefore, in this study, an optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction by Box–Behnken design was used for the first time to optimize factors such as the percentage of ethanol, ratio solvent/sample (v/w) and extraction time to reach the highest phenolic compound amounts (evaluated by HPLC-MS) while also evaluating in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The optimal extraction conditions were 40% ethanol, 1/400 (w/v) and 35 min. Applying these optimal conditions, which were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS, resulted in the extraction of 21 phenolic compounds. According to these results, the main phenolic compounds in Morus alba leaves are the phenolic glycoside and phenolic acid named protocatechuic acid-glucoside and caffeoylquinic. In addition, Morus alba leaf extract contains flavonols such quercetin-3-O-6-acetylglucoside and rutin, which represent more than 7% of its total phenolic content.

Morus alba Leaf Extract Attenuates Glyphosate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Alleviates Liver Injury in Rats

Morus alba Leaf Extract Attenuates Glyphosate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Alleviates Liver Injury in Rats

Efficacy of Some Plants as Insecticide Against Callosobruchus maculatus Reared on Black Gram Seeds

: Plant extracts/powders have potential to employ as promising and encouraged alternatives to synthetic insecticides in controlling stored grain pest. During present study, trials were carried out with five plants leaves powders [Grewia optiva leaf powder (GOLP), Morus alba leaf powder (MALP), Murraya koenigii leaf powder (MKLP), Ficus carica leaf powder (FCLP) and Ricinus communis leaf powder (RCLP)]. Highest insecticidal efficacy against oviposition and emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus were recorded after treatment with Ricinus communis leaf powder (RCLP). RCLP also offered maximum protection of black gram seeds applied at the dose of 20 g/kg seeds of black gram. Within seven days pest mortality percentile was maximum (86.67 %) as compared to other leaf powders. Whereas in untreated control, zero mortality was recorded. The lowest fecundity (186.6±3.91), pest emergence (95.4±2.89), seed damage (18.00%), and weight loss (5.28%) were noted with RCLP at the dose of 10.0 g/kg. In ovicidal treatment, RCLP inhibited the entire tested population emergence at 10 and 20 g/kg black gram seeds. The complete inhibition was also observed in 1st and 2nd instar larvae. Treatment of 3rd and 4th instar larvae with RCLP showed inhibition.

Effect of Morus alba leaf extract dose on lipid oxidation, microbiological stability, and sensory evaluation of functional liver pâtés during refrigerated storage.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), and above all the extract from the leaves of this plant, is a natural medicine that has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years. Mulberry leaves contains polyphenol compounds: flavonoids, coumarins, numerous phenolic acids, as well as terpenes and steroids. The antioxidant effect of these compounds may be beneficial to the fat fraction of meat products, thereby increasing their functional qualities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of mulberry water leaf extract, as an additive limiting adverse fat changes and affecting the functionality in model liver pâtés. Pork pâtés were prepared by replacing 20% of animal fat with rapeseed oil (RO), and water extract of mulberry leaves was added in the proportion of 0.2%, 0.6% and 1.0%. It has been shown that the addition of mulberry leaf extract delayed the appearance of primary and secondary fat oxidation products. The most effective antioxidant effect during 15-day storage was observed in the sample with the addition of 0.6% and 1.0% water mulberry leaf extract. These samples also showed inhibiting activity against angiotensin-converting enzymes and cholinesterase’s. During storage, the tested pâtés had a high sensory quality with unchanged microbiological quality. Mulberry leaf extract can be an interesting addition to the production of fat meat products, delaying adverse changes in the lipid fraction and increasing the functionality of products.

Replacement value of white mulberry forage for elephant grass on nutrients digestibility, weight gain and blood profile of sheep

Abstract A 63-day study that involved 20 growing West African Dwarf sheep with average live bodyweight of 7.44 ± 0.18 kgW0.75 was carried out to evaluate nutrients intake, nitrogen metabolism, weight gain and blood profile of sheep fed Pennisetum purpureum (PP) substituted with white morus alba leaves (ML). The sheep were allotted to 5 treatments of 4 sheep per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design experiment. Five diets fed to the sheep were formulated designated as T1 (100 % PP), T2 (75 % PP: 25 % ML), T3 (50 % PP: 50 % ML), T4 (25 % PP: 75 % ML) and T5 (100 % ML). DM ranged 89.03 - 90.16 % and highest (21.05 %CP) was obtained in T5. Nutrients intake, DWG and FGR were significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced. Highest DMI (250.38 gW0.75/day) and CPI (52.70 gW0.75/day) were observed in sheep fed T5. Highest N-balance (5.75 gW0.75) was obtained in sheep fed T5. Consequently, the best DWG (16.10 gW0.75g/day) and least FCR (15.55). Haematological and serum biochemical indices were within normal range for WAD sheep. Thus, sole feeding of white mulberry leave could offer a reliable source of protein for sheep.

Effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaf on HbA1c of patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaf on HbA1c of patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Screening and Identification of Antipyretic Components in the Postfrost Leaves of Morus alba Based on Multivariable and Continuous-Index Spectrum-Effect Correlation.

The leaves of Morus alba (LMA) are crucial traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of clearing heat. In ancient Chinese materia medica and the current Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, LMA are recorded to be harvested after frost for medicinal purpose. However, the reason and mechanism of this traditional usage have been still unknown so far. In this work, it was confirmed firstly that the antipyretic effect of LMA after frost was better than that of before frost significantly on feverish rats. Subsequently, the chemical profiles of LMA before and after frost were characterized by fingerprint, respectively. Then, the endemic peaks after frost and positive differential peaks were screened as the research object of spectrum-effect correlation by orthogonal signal correction partial least square discrimination (OPLS). Finally, a multivariable and continuous-index spectrum-effect correlation model coupled with OPLS was established. As a result, the antipyretic components of postfrost LMA were screened and identified as citric acid derivative and tryptophan which may be the synergistic material basis. The study can provide a scientific foundation for the enhancement of effects in the postfrost LMA. Moreover, the strategy of this research could provide a valuable reference for revealing the material basis of synergetic or antagonistic effects among other complex drug systems.

RSM/ANN based optimized recovery of phenolics from mulberry leaves by enzyme-assisted extraction

Recovery of phenolics from Morus alba leaves (MAL) and extraction into the solvent was optimized using enzyme-assisted extraction. The influence of four parameters, including enzyme concentration (EC), temperature (T), incubation time (t) and pH were investigated using rotatable central composite design (RCCD). Two factors, namely enzyme concentration and pH, exhibited significant effect on extraction efficacy yield of extractable phenolics from MAL. Furthermore, artificial neural network (ANN) model was executed to predict the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Among enzyme complexes (kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme and zympex-014) employed for extraction, zympex-014 assisted extract depicted maximum amount of phenolic bioactives from MAL. Morphological changes in the cell wall of MAL residue were elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main phenolic compounds identified and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in MAL extract were found to be quercetin, gallic acid, m-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, syrinigc acid and vanillic acid.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using S1 genotype of Morus alba leaf extract: characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment

Present study deals with synthesis and assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of mulberry leaves. The optical study showed the appearance of SPR peak in the range of 423–450 nm affirming nanosilver formation. FTIR analysis indicates the possible involvement of proteins, carbohydrate and secondary metabolites as reducing and capping agents. SEM, TEM and HR-TEM analysis reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size ranges between 12 and 39 nm. EDX spectra showed maximum intensity at 3 keV, affirming silver crystal. XRD analysis showed silver nanoparticles were preferentially oriented along (111) revealing crystalline structure. DLS analysis confirms the stability of silver nanoparticles with zeta potential of + 37.4 mV. Silver nanoparticles showed effective antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria with highest activity against Salmonella typhimurium with MIC 40 µg/ml. Further silver nanoparticles also showed dose dependent antioxidant activity against free radicals like DPPH, ABTS+, superoxide and nitric oxide; besides this nanosilver also performed significant metal chelating activity.