Least Significant Difference Research Articles

Effect of Insecticide Application Rates on Population Density of Orseolia oryzivora in Relation to its Parasitoids on Rice

Africa rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora) is a major insect pest of rice and the use of insecticides in its control poses danger to the environment and destroys biodiversity. The experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of lambda-cyhalothrin and carbofuran rates on population density of O. oryzivora in relation to its parasitoids on rice. The treatments were arranged in split-plot and fitted in to Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated three times. Observations were made on tiller number per hill, plant height, days to 50% flowering, % incidence, % severity, % parasitism of O. oryzivora, panicle /m2, grains / panicle and yield of rice. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at p<0.05. The result showed that Rice plants treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at rate of 1L/ha, 0.75 L/ha, Carbofuran at rate of 10.0 kg/ha and 7.5 kg/ha had higher yield (2.90-2.97 tonnes/ha) compared with control (2.55 tonnes/ha). They also had lowest incidence (2.09-2.64%) and severity (2.40-3.72%) of O. oryzivora compared with 8.26-17.17% and 9.93- 14.72% in plants treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at 0.50 L/ha and control respectively. The parasitism of O. oryzivora was high on rice plants treated with Carbofuran and the untreated ones (1.16-1.74) compared with other application of lambda-cyhalothrin.

Reproductive Performance of Kacang Goats in Closed Population Areas of Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive performance of Kacang goats in a closed population area of Oro-Oro Farm located in Sawohan Village, Buduran Subdistrict, Sidoarjo Regency. We used 146 Kacang goat with a range of parity from 1 to > 7. Data analysis was carried out using the ANOVA test, Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, coefficient of variation test and descriptive test to measure litter size, pre-weaning mortality, kidding interval (KI), days open (DO) and Kacang goat reproduction index. The results showed that the highest litter size was 1.69 ± 0.63 at parity 6, the lowest pre-weaning mortality at parity > 7 was 11.76%, the shortest kidding interval and days open was at parity 4 for 7.35 ± 1.22 and 2.35 ± 1.22 months, respectively. The best Kacang goat reproduction index was 2.22 at parity 6 with coefficient of variation of 38.06%, 41.08% and 13.36% for litter size (LS), days open (DO), kidding interval (KI). Conclusively, there was a diverse reproductive performance of Kacang goats in the closed population area of Oro-Oro Farm located in Sawohan Village, Buduran Subdistrict, Sidoarjo Regency based on parity 1 to > 7, in which the higher the parity, the higher the reproductive performance. However, parity 5 onwards saw a declining reproductive performance due to weakened livestock conditions.

Observation of Palatal Wound Healing Process Following Various Degrees of Mucoperiosteal and Bone Trauma in a Young Rat Model.

Simple SummaryThe exact correlation of palatal trauma to maxillary inhibition has not been demonstrated. This paper determines the influence of different degrees of palatal trauma on maxillofacial growth and assesses whether usage of ADM can help rescue the inhibited growth during palatal wound healing. This research would help the surgeons comprehensively understand the impact of palatal trauma on maxillary growth and the therapeutic effect of the ADM.The accidental injury or surgery on soft and hard palatal tissue has an adverse impact on normal maxillary morphology. To design a single-factor experiment that excludes other interfering factors on maxillary growth, a young rat model was established to simulate the various degrees of palatal trauma. Eight maxillary parameters were measured to evaluate the impact of palatal trauma on maxillary growth. Furthermore, the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) was applied to cure the palatal trauma and alleviate the adverse impact of bone denudation on the maxillary growth. Micro-CT scanning and histology analyses were used. One-way ANOVA with least significant difference (LSD) post-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance. The palatal trauma mainly disturbed the transverse development of the maxilla. ADM promotes mucosa healing, but there is still an inhibitory effect on maxillofacial growth.

Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kandang Sapi Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium cepa var. Agregatum L.) Lokal Wamena

Manure is the group of organic fertilizers that play a role in increasing the biological, chemical and physical activities of the soil so that the soil becomes fertile and good for plant growth. The use of manure in Wamena is not yet significant because the community believes that organic farming is actually agriculture without involving any input other than planting seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of cow manure on the growth and yield of local varieties of Wamena shallots and to determine the appropriate dosage of cow manure for onion growth and yield. The study was was using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 doses of cow manure, that is without treatment of cow manure (S0), treatment doses of 50 g/polybag (S1), treatment doses of 100 g/polybag (S2), and treatment doses of 150 g/polybag (S3). If the statistical test results show a significantly different effect, then it is further tested using the LSD (Least Significant Difference) at the 5% test level. The results showed that effect of cow manure had an influence on the growth and yield of local Wamena varieties of shallots, which was shown by the treatment of S2 (100 g/polybag) on the parameters of plant height of 5 MST and fresh weight of plant leaves of 9 MST. Whereas S3 (150 g/polybag) treatment gave the best effect on the number of leaves at 1 MST, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity

The study describes a concise and eco-friendly approach for synthesising nano ZnO (nZnO) particles using raw Garcinia Cambogia fruit pulp extract. The remarkable crystallinity, purity, and hexagonal wurtzite structure of nZnO are established by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The formation of almost spherical nZnO with an average diameter of 32.8 nm is revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of nZnO outlines the synthesis mechanism. The recombinations of free excitons and oxygen vacancies are responsible for the peaks in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. UV-Visible Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) revealed that the optical bandgap of nZnO is 3.24 eV. nZnO exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity against the degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. The effects of process parameters on the extent of dye removal, such as photocatalyst quantity, solution pH, and time of irradiation, were investigated. The photocatalytic degradations of dyes were modelled by pseudo-first order kinetics, having a strong correlation coefficient (R2>0.95). Statistical assessments of dye degradation using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) were conducted. Antibacterial studies show that nZnO has a substantial bactericidal effect against pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, the green synthesised nZnO might be utilised to eliminate dyes and bacteria from industrial effluent water in an environmentally benign and cost-effective way.

The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Executive Functions of Combat Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Background: According to the fact that executive functions are set of interrelated skills that highly influence the standards of living of the surviving combat veterans, this research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of cognitive rehabilitation and Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on the executive functions of surviving combat veterans with PTSD. Methods: In quasi-experimental research, 60 combat veterans with PTSD in Kermanshah were chosen by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to four experimental groups (2 treatment groups, placebo/sham group, a control group). In order to collect data, the Barclays Psychological Performance Disorder Assessment Questionnaire (BDEFS), and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder List (Wooders et al. 1994) were applied. The obtained data were analyzed by applying Multivariable Analyze of Covariance. Results: The results of the Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-Hoc test showed that TDCS is more effective than Cognitive Rehabilitation in promoting self-control/ inhibition, self-motivation, emotion self-regulation, and total score of executive functions (P < 0.01) and (P < 0.05). Finally, the results indicated that the post-test results were repeated in the follow-up test and this represents the stability of the effectiveness of TDCS and Cognitive Rehabilitation on the mentioned constructs. Conclusions: The results of the current research can be used as a new approach to reduce the problems of veterans with PTSD, and enhance the quality of their life by improving their executive functioning.

Efektivitas Pengendalian Gulma Tanaman Eucalyptus sp pada Areal Mineral di Estate Cerenti, PT. RAPP

One of the wood industry activities in the forestry sector is the Eucalyptus sp industry at PT.Riau Mainstay Pulp and Paper Riau Province. The wood production process is used for pulpand has many factors in its productivity. One of them is in the planting process with weedcontrol problems, which use the herbicide with the active ingredient glyphosate. The use of the herbicide with the active ingredient glyphosate is not effective against all types of weeds. Therefore, it is necessary to know the right combination of weed control methods to control weeds for the expected results. Research is located in PT. RAPP, Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province. The research design used was a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern that used 2 treatment factors in the form of Weeding Round consisting of Weeding Round 5 Over Due (late weeding) and Weeding Round 5 On Time (on time) and weed control methods consisting of chemical methods, the tripe combination method with chemical and thecombination lever method with chemical. The parameters observed were the type and amount of weed vegetation, the development of weed death, the percentage of weed death and the PQA value of weeding. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results that showed a significant effect were further tested using the LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. The results showed that there were 6 types of weeds found in the research area, namely Senduduk Bulu (Clidemia hirta), Senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum), Acacia mangium saplings (Acacia mangium), Lemidi Paku (Stenochlaena palustris), Grass (Poaceae) and Liana. The most dominant type of weed was Clidemia hirta with an Important Value Index of 127.72% and the weed with the smallest effect was liana with an Important Value Index of 0.88%. Based on the results of the analysis of the development of weed mortality, the percentage of weed mortality and the PQA value of weeding, the combination of jackhammer and chemical method is the most appropriate control method applied because it has an average PQA value of 100%.In the chemical method there are fern weeds that are difficult to die and in the combination tripe and chemical method there are fern weeds that grow new leaves on the 16th day of observation.Keywords: PQA Weeding; Weeds; Weed Control Methods

Pengaruh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya linn) terhadap larvasida Aedes aegypti

Background: Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is strongly influenced by the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The most effective method for tackling DHF is by killing the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Reducing the negative impact of using chemical larvicides can be done through a safer alternative model, namely natural larvicides from plants. The plant studied with a characteristic ability to kill Aedes aegypti larvae is papaya leaves. Papaya leaf extract contains compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, papain, saponins, tannins, and papain, which can kill Aedes aegypti larvae.Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya Linn) and the effect of concentration as Aedes aegypti larvicide.Method: The design used in this study was experimental, using 240 Aedes aegypti larvae, three treatments, and three repetitions. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Environmental Health Department of Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health in 2021. The data was collected through observations every 1 hour for the first 3 hours. The analysis used was the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with the Least Significance Different (LSD) test at 95% CI.Results: The results showed that the average mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was at a concentration of 10% (10), a concentration of 20% (13), and a concentration of 30% (16). The results of the Anova test showed that giving papaya leaf extract affected the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae (p = 0.000). The most effective concentrations in killing Aedes aegypti larvae were 20% and 30%.Conclusion: Papaya leaf extract was very effective as a larvacide of Aedes aegypti, and it was found that concentrations of 20% and 30% were the best formulas for larvicides.

CUSTOMER TRUST IN E-BANKING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BANGLADESH

The purpose of this study is to determine the trust that E-Banking customers possess regarding the effect of customer satisfaction, which depends on the E-Banking infrastructure facility and E-Banking Communication environment. Using stratified random sampling in randomized block design, the response to a survey questionnaire has been obtained from 400 respondents via E-mail and hand-to-hand to know their opinion. Structure Equation Model (SEM) with Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, Shapiro Wilk Test, Mann-Whitney Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests are used to determine the factors that affect E-Banking customer trust. It is observed, from this study, that an increased E-Banking communication environment, leads to the enhancement of customer satisfaction, as there is a positive significant relationship. Result also shows bachelor's degree and master's degree holder customers exhibit more trust in the E-Banking process than the customers with a lower level of education. Customers who started e-banking transactions during Covid-19 own more trust value than the customers who started transactions before the pandemic. So, the growth of E-Banking transactions may contribute positively to ensuring sound health in the future and especially in any pandemic situation.

Advanced microstructure, morphology and CO gas sensor properties of Cu/Ni bilayers at nanoscale

In this study, we investigated the morphology of synthesized Cu/Ni nanoparticles in trace of carbon sources by the co-deposition process of RF sputtering and RF-PECVD methods and localized surface plasmon resonance of CO gas sensing of Cu/Ni nanoparticles. The surface morphology was studied by analyzing 3D micrographs of atomic force microscopy using image processing techniques and fractal/multifractal analyses. The MountainsMap® Premium software with the two-way ANOVA (Variance analysis) and least-significant differences tests were used for statistical analysis. The surface nano-patterns have a local and global particular distribution. Experimental and simulated Rutherford backscattering spectra confirm the quality of nanoparticles. Then, prepared samples were exposed to CO gas flue to study their gas sensor application using the localized surface plasmon resonance method. Increasing the Ni layer over Cu one shows an interesting result in both morphology and gas sensing sides. Advanced stereometric analyses for the surface topography of thin films in conjunction with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and Spectroscopic analysis make a unique study in the field.

Comparison of Follicular Fluid Paraoxonase 3 Level, Ovarian Hormones and Oocyte Quality between Fertile and Infertile Women.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the possible effect of follicular fluid paraoxonase 3 (PON 3) on oocyte quality and sex hormones. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on totally 90 enrolled women including fifty infertile women presenting with polycystic ovaries and uni-lateral tubal factor and forty fertile women with male factor infertility referring to Umm-al-Banin Infertility Clinic in Dezful, Iran for in vitro fertilization during October 2018 to November 2019. Oocyte removal was carried out under transvaginal ultrasound guidance, and follicular fluid (FF) was removed and preserved to detect PON3, estrogen, and progesterone levels. In addition, oocyte number and quality were assessed and its association with PON3 activity in the FF was evaluated. Oneway ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) were used for data analysis and p≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. A significant increase was observed in the total number of the oocytes and mature metaphase II oocytes with ≥20 pg/ml of PON3 concentration in the FF (p≤0.05). Moreover, a positive relationship was shown between the increased estradiol level in follicular fluid and PON3, so that the highest estradiol level was observed in the amount of 31-40 pg/ml of PON3 (p≤0.05). According to the results, as the number of the mature oocytes increased, the amount of PON3 as well as estradiol levels in the FF increased. This research displays an increase in the level of PON3 with mature oocytes, thus supporting the indirect evidence for the function of PON3 in follicle development.

Effect of Palatal Vault Depth on the Trueness of Metal Laser-Sintered and Cast Cobalt-Chromium Removable Partial Denture Frameworks.

This in vitro study compared the trueness of removable partial denture cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) frameworks fabricated by 3D-printed pattern casting and those fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) with different palate vault depths. A partially edentulous Kennedy class II mod.1 maxillary model with a deep palatal vault was used, which was modified and duplicated to produce another model with medium palatal vault depth. After model scanning, the partial denture framework was designed using CAD software to fabricate 20 removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks. For each model, two types of frameworks were fabricated. For the 1st type, the 3D-printed resin patterns were formed using a 3D printer, and then casting was performed (AM-cast framework). For the 2nd type, a direct metal laser sintering machine was used for the RPD frameworks fabrication (SLS framework). 3D scanning of fabricated frameworks was performed, and the standard tessellation language (STL) file was superimposed over the STL file from the original design, and the average deviation was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed. Two-way ANOVA test was used, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) for pair-wise comparisons to estimate any significant differences between groups. The RPD frameworks with high palatal vault depth represent larger discrepancies mean value than that with the medium palatal vault depth with a highly significant statistical difference. SLS shows less deviation than AM-cast CO-Cr frameworks with highly significant statistical differences whatever palatal vault depth. RPD metal frameworks fabricated with SLS have better accuracy compared to those fabricated by AM-cast, regardless of the depth of the palatal vault.

Burn wound healing activity of ethanol extract gel of Green Algae (Ulva lactuca L) in mice

Recently, burn injuries have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-middle-income countries. Burn injuries are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. According to the WHO Global Burden Disease, in 2017 an estimated 180.000 people died from burn injuries. Ethanol extract of green algae (EEGA) contains compounds that potentially heal burn injuries. The research was conducted to obtain a gel formulation from EEGA and test its burn wound healing properties in mice ( Mus musculus ). Forty-five mice were divided into five groups: I (negative control), II (treated with gel base), III (positive control, Bioplacenton gel), IV (5% EEGA gel), and V (10% EEGA gel). Wound diameters and description scores were observed every fourth, seventh, and fourteenth day, and the derived data were analyzed in the SPSS program with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that EEGA can be formulated into gels with physical properties compliant with the requirements of the dosage form. Further, it was found that Groups IV and V showed significant reductions in wound description scores and diameters (p<0.05). In conclusion, gels containing 5% and 10% EEGA possess burn wound healing properties.

Oral Fluency in English of Senior High School Students in a Countryside University in the Philippines

The study focused on determining the oral fluency in English of Grade 12 students using oral assessment. It employed various statistical tools namely frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Least Significance Difference (LSD) in determining the respondents’ fluency in speaking, meaning and ideas, sentence structure, and vocabulary extent. Findings showed that respondents’ level of oral fluency in English was average as an entire group. As to the particular dimensions, the respondents’ level of fluency was low in speaking and meaning and ideas, average in sentence structure and very high in vocabulary. Significant differences were only noted in fluency in speaking and sentence structure when the respondents were grouped according to academic strand. Exposure to the language contributes to the improvement of the respondents’ oral fluency in English.

Determination of the Growth Pattern of Ross 308 Broiler Strain Reared in A Humid Tropical Environment

The current study was aimed to investigate the growth pattern of Ross 308 broilers reared in a humid tropical environment Data on body weight and other linear body traits (shank length, body length, wing length, breast width and drumstick were obtained weekly from 60 day old birds for a period of 8weeks. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), using the general linear model procedure. Means were separated for significance, using Least Significant Difference (LSD). The regression model, YI = BIXI, was used for the regression analysis and the allometric growth equation used was Y = aWß. A marked difference (P

The effect of filler type and concentration on physicochemical properties and organoleptic of mushroom broth powder

The addition of filler in mushroom broth powder is known to protect the flavour components of the broth during the drying process and improve the physicochemical properties of the broth for the better. However, using the wrong type and concentration of filler can cause a significant decrease in the physicochemical and organoleptic qualities of this product. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the type and concentration of filler on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of mushroom broth powder. The research method used is Nested Design with the use of 2 factors. The first factor is the filler type consisting of maltodextrin and tapioca, while the second factor is the filler concentration, consisting of 3 levels, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. Data analysis was performed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method followed by the least significant difference (LSD) test. The best treatment was selected using the Zeleny method. The results showed variations in the type and concentration of different fillers significantly affected water content, protein content, yield, water vapour absorption, L*, a*, b* values, and all organoleptic attributes. The best mushroom broth powder is a sample with a treatment of maltodextrin filler type with a concentration of 7.5%. The best treatment product produced has the characteristics of water content 7.58%, protein content 3.64%, yield 8.43%, water vapour absorption 12.09%, L* 58.78, a* 9.95, b* 35.05, colour organoleptic 4.75 and 4.97 (powder and liquid), aroma 5.26 and 4.75 (powder and liquid), taste 4.77 (liquid), appearance 4.20 and 4.83 (powder and liquid) and overall liking 5.05 and 4.86 (powder and liquid).

Characterization of Dry Noddles with Additional of Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) Mangrove Flour as Alternative Food Resource

Pedada fruit has a nutritional content that can be used as a food source because it contains high carbohydrates, but this fruit is easily spoiled because of the water content, which reaches 79%. Therefore, apple mangrove processing into flour to increase added value, one of the product is ingredient of the dried noodles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional content and panelist preference of dry noodles with addition of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) flour with various concentrations. The research method used was experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) as an experimental design. The treatment used was the substitution of mangrove apple powder (Sonneratia caseolaris), which is P0 (0%), P1 (5%) P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The main parameter observed was the fibre content of dry noodles. The supporting parameters observed were proximate and organoleptic of dry noodle products. Data analysis used One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by the further test of Least Significant Difference (LSD) 95%. The results showed that increasing the concentration of apple mangrove fruit flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) could increase the fiber content of dry noodles.

Automatic Plant Watering System for Local Red Onion Palu using Arduino

Central Sulawesi Province in Indonesia has great potential for horticultural commodities, namely local red onion Palu. In the current climate change, local farmers are still watering plants in the conventional way. The automatic watering system simplifies the work of local farmers. This device uses a soil moisture sensor as a soil moisture detector and Arduino as a program brain. This study aims to determine the position of soil moisture sensor, the optimal length of watering time and analyze the quality of data stored. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The position of the soil moisture sensor was analyzed by Profile Analysis. The optimal length of watering time was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD). The quality of data stored was determined by a number of missing values and frequency of watering. The results showed that in soil planting media the position of soil moisture sensor had no significant effect, while in others planting media (water and combination of water and soil) the position of the sensor had a significant effect. The optimal watering time was 3 seconds. The stored data has low quality in terms of missing values and lack of consistency.

Mutu teh celup dengan campuran bubuk sereh (Cymbopogon citratus) dan bubuk kelor (Moringa oleifera)

Moringa is one of potential raw material of herbal tea. Moringa tea had disadvantage is a off-flavour aroma. The addition of lemongrass hopefully can reduce the off-flavour aroma and improve the quality of tea. This research aimed to determine the effect of mixing lemongrass powder and moringa powder on the quality of teabags. The method that used in this study was complete randomized design (CRD) that was treatment P1 = 100% moringa leaf powder: 0% lemongrass powder; P2 = 80% moringa leaf powder: 20% lemongrass powder; P3 = 60% moringa leaf powder: 40% lemongrass powder; P4 = 40% moringa leaf powder : 60% lemongrass powder and P5 = 20% moringa leaf powder : 80% lemongrass powder. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a level of 5% and if there were real differences, tests continued using the LSD (least significant difference) at the same level. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the treatment has a significant effect on chemical quality (antioxidant activity, moisture content, and pH) and organoleptics (color and aroma), while it has no significant effect on the organoleptic taste in teabags. The best treatment for the chemical quality of teabags is produced by P2 treatment (80% moringa powder: 20% lemongrass powder) with antioxidant activity of 88.64%; moisture content of 6.44% and pH of 6.0. The best treatment for the organoleptic quality of hedonic tea bag color is produced by P2 treatment (80% Moringa powder: 20% lemongrass powder) with a value of 3.55 (like criteria) and for hedonic teabag aroma produced by P5 treatment (20% moringa leaf powder: 80 % lemongrass powder) with a value of 3.45 (rather like criteria).

EFFECT OF LAND USE ON SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES AT HARAR GITA WATERSHED, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

The goal of the study was to see how different land-use systems affected soil physical and chemical properties at Dengawura and Abushura, Harar Gita sub watershed in southern Ethiopia. Ten composites of representative soil samples from two depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) were collected from four land use (enset land, forest land, grassland and Wheatfield). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine differences in soil parameters among land-use types. Treatment means comparison was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels of significances. The result indicated that there were significant (P < 0.05) differences among the four Land use for soil characteristics. For most parameters evaluated, the most favorable soil properties were observed in the forest land, followed by Enset fields, while the least favorable soil properties were found in intensively wheat fields. Enset (enset Ventricosum) fields had higher pH, available P, Cu and Zn, exchangeable Ca and K which is attributed due to the addition of manure, whereas wheat fields had the lowest pH, available P, Cu and Zn, average K and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total N and OC. Overall, this study confirms that the use of Land use increases the status of soil fertility and adopting proper management practices of the soil commonly used in enset fields are very crucial to improve soil fertility in wheat fields.