Least Significant Difference Research Articles

Influence of Rhizobium inoculation and phosphate rock fertilizer application on growth and yield components of green gram in Tharaka-Nithi county, Kenya

Green gram is an important drought tolerant grain legume crop in Kenya. In Tharaka Nithi County green gram is as a major source of food security. Hence, there is need for a cheap and sustainable system of agricultural production is needed to increase its production. The legume/Rhizobium symbiosis in combination with phosphate rock offers a natural system for improving green gram nitrogen fixation. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the effect of Rhizobium and phosphate rock fertilizer application on growth and yield attributes of N26 and KS20 varieties. The study was carried out at Chuka University Horticultural Research Farm for two seasons, November 2019 to January 2020 and February to April 2020. Factorial experiment of 2x2x2 was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were three factors, variety (N26 and KS20), phosphate rock (0 and 30 kg P ha-1) and Rhizobium MEA 716 (0 and 100 g ha-1). The experiment contained eight treatments which were replicated three times. The data was collected fortnightly on four randomly selected plants on parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, branches, pods, total dry biomass, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield. These data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Significant means are separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 5%. Results for both seasons indicated that combined application of Rhizobium MEA 716 Rhizobium 100 g ha-1 and phosphate rock 30 Kg ha-1 phosphate under variety in treatment (R1P1KS20) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher plant height (76.07 cm), number of branches (14.08 plant-1), shoot dry biomass (52.01 g plant-1), root dry biomass (7.60 g plant-1), total dry biomass (146.4 g plant-1), number of pods (84 plant-1) and yield (2158 kg ha-1) compared to variety N26 in treatment (R1P1N26). Therefore, combination of Rhizobium MEA 716 100 g ha-1 and phosphate rock 30 Kg ha-1 under variety KS20 led to improved growth attributes equally yield components of KS20 variety over N26. From these findings, application of Rhizobium MEA716 at 100 g ha-1, and 30 Kg ha -1 phosphate rock under variety KS20 was recommended for improved and a sustainable green gram production in the study area.

Effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite treatment on the bonding of four adhesive systems to fluorotic enamel.

The study evaluated the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment on fluorotic enamel bonding of four adhesive systems. They were Single Bond 2 (SB2), Prime&Bond NT (PBN), Clearfil SE Bond (CSB), and Single Bond Universal (SBU). One hundred eighteen extracted moderate fluorotic molars were divided into eight groups according to NaOCl pretreatment and four adhesive systems. The microshear bond strength (μSBS), etching pattern, and penetration depth (PD) were observed. The statistical method was two-way ANOVA and least significant difference (LSD) test (α=0.05). The application of NaOCl significantly increased the μSBS of PBN and SBU (p<0.05). The enamel-etching pattern of CSB and SBU was deeper under SEM. A noticeable increase of PD was in SB2 and SBU after the application of NaOCl (p<0.05). Pretreatment of 5.25% NaOCl for the 60 s can increase μSBS of PBN and SBU, PD of SB2 and SBU, and improve enamel-etching pattern of CSB and SBU to fluorotic enamel.

The Role of Antioxidant Agent (N-Acetylcysteine) in Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Rat Model.

ContextReactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by inflammatory cells play a major role in mediating lung injury in sepsis or hyperoxic lung injury.AimsN-Acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, was examined in this research to see whether it helps prevent acute lung injury (ALI).Materials and methodsExperiments were performed on Charles-Foster strain healthy male adult albino rats. All the animals were randomly divided into one control and two experimental groups. In control/group I, saline was administered, and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded. Oleic acid (OA) was administered in group II to produce ALI. In group III, OA was administered to NAC-pretreated rats, and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded to observe the effect of NAC on ALI. This study used analysis of variance (ANOVA) with two factors and a post hoc test (multiple comparisons - least significant difference (LSD) test) for statical analysis. For determining survival time, the Mantel-Cox test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsRespiratory arrest, pulmonary edema, and reduced partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio were all indications of OA-induced ALI in rats. The animals in the NAC + OA group had better respiratory and cardiac statistics than those in the OA alone group, and their survival duration was extended. However, NAC pretreatment could not protect the animals against the development of pulmonary edema.ConclusionsThese observations indicate that NAC (an antioxidant agent) protected rats against ALI in the initial phase and prolonged the survival time but failed to prevent the development of pulmonary edema.

Ethanol Extract Guava Leaves (Psidium Guajava) Give Antidiabetic Effect On Male Mice With Alloxan Induction

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition caused by increasing glucose level in blood. Long term use of antidiabetic drugs can cause various unwanted side effects, which makes people with diabetes try to use natural materials to control blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract guava leaves (Psidium guajava) on male mice with alloxan induction. Mice were induced intravenously by alloxan dose of 160 mg/kg bw. After 7 days, mice were diabetic (blood glucose levels &gt; 175 mg/dL) and were divided into 5 groups: negative control group (only treated with CMC-Na) ,positive control group (glibenclamide 0.65 mg/kg bw) and the 3 other groups were given ethanol extract guava leaves (Psidium guajava) at doses of 150 ,300 and 600 mg/kg bw. Dosage administered for 15 days and blood glucose levels was checked every 3 days using a glucotest. Data were analyzed by LSD (Least Significant Difference). Ethanol extract guava leaves (Psidium guajava) at doses of 150 ,300 and 600 mg/kg bw can lower blood sugar levels from day 3 to day 15 and was significantly different compared to the negative control group (p&lt;0,05). Ethanol extract guava leaves (Psidium guajava) at doses of 150 ,300 and 600 mg/kg bw showed antidiabetic activity on male mice with alloxan induction.

Deep Learning Using Endobronchial-Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Image to Improve the Overall Diagnostic Yield of Sampling Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy.

Lung cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related death worldwide. An accurate nodal staging is critical for the determination of treatment strategy for lung cancer patients. Endobronchial-ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has revolutionized the field of pulmonology and is considered to be extremely sensitive, specific, and secure for lung cancer staging through rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE), but manual visual inspection on the entire slide of EBUS smears is challenging, time consuming, and worse, subjective, on a large interobserver scale. To satisfy ROSE’s needs, a rapid, automated, and accurate diagnosis system using EBUS-TBNA whole-slide images (WSIs) is highly desired to improve diagnosis accuracy and speed, minimize workload and labor costs, and ensure reproducibility. We present a fast, efficient, and fully automatic deep-convolutional-neural-network-based system for advanced lung cancer staging on gigapixel EBUS-TBNA cytological WSIs. Each WSI was converted into a patch-based hierarchical structure and examined by the proposed deep convolutional neural network, generating the segmentation of metastatic lesions in EBUS-TBNA WSIs. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research on fully automated enlarged mediastinal lymph node analysis using EBUS-TBNA cytological WSIs. We evaluated the robustness of the proposed framework on a dataset of 122 WSIs, and the proposed method achieved a high precision of 93.4%, sensitivity of 89.8%, DSC of 82.2%, and IoU of 83.2% for the first experiment (37.7% training and 62.3% testing) and a high precision of 91.8 ± 1.2, sensitivity of 96.3 ± 0.8, DSC of 94.0 ± 1.0, and IoU of 88.7 ± 1.8 for the second experiment using a three-fold cross-validation, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method significantly outperformed the three state-of-the-art baseline models, including U-Net, SegNet, and FCN, in terms of precision, sensitivity, DSC, and Jaccard index, based on Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test (). For a computational time comparison on a WSI, the proposed method was 2.5 times faster than U-Net, 2.3 times faster than SegNet, and 3.4 times faster than FCN, using a single GeForce GTX 1080 Ti, respectively. With its high precision and sensitivity, the proposed method demonstrated that it manifested the potential to reduce the workload of pathologists in their routine clinical practice.

Significance of detecting the levels of miR-29a, survivin and interferon gamma release assay in patients with lung cancer and tuberculosis.

When lung cancer is combined with concurrent tuberculosis (TB), it increases the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment, leading to missed and/or misdiagnosed cases. To provide reference markers for the clinical diagnosis of patients with lung cancer complicated by active pulmonary TB (APT). The concentration of survivin in diseased tissue, and miR-29a and IGRAs interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in serum were evaluated in 25 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) complicated by APT, 32 patients with NSCLC and 30 patients with APT. The expression of miR-29a in serum of patients with APT was higher than in patients with NSCLC complicated by APT (least significant difference (LSD)-t = 4.724, p < 0.001), and the NSCLC group (LSD-t = 6.619, p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with NSCLC complicated by APT had higher miR-29a concentration than the NSCLC group. The rate of positive survivin expression in NSCLC (χ2 = 23.418, p < 0.001) and NSCLC combined with APT group (χ2 = 17.160, p < 0.001) was significantly higher than in patients with APT. The concentration of IFN-γ in serum of the NSCLC complicated by APT group (LSD-t = 2.912, p = 0.004) and the APT group (LSD-t = 4.452, p < 0.001) was higher than in the NSCLC group. The level of IFN-γ in serum of the NSCLC complicated by APT group were higher than in the APT group, but there was no statistical difference. The levels of MiR-29a, Survivin and IFN-γ was helpful for differential diagnosis of lung cancer and tuberculosis.

The Effect of Using Composite Primers, Silane and Surface Roughening on the Shear Bond Strength of Metal Brackets bonded to Old Composites

Background: One of the effective factors in successful orthodontic treatment is the use of appropriate bond between the orthodontic bracket and surface of the composite restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using composite primers, silane, and surface roughening on the shear bond strength of metal brackets bonded to old composites. Methods: In this laboratory study, 90 composite disks (Z350 3M) measuring 4 by 6 mm were kept in distilled water for 1 week and subjected to 5000°C heating rotation (rpm). These samples were divided into 6 groups based on the use of composite primer, surface roughening, and silane as follows: Group 1 (Control): old composite+37 % acid etching, Group 2: Old composite+37% acid etching+20 s cure. Group 3: Old composite+37% acid etching+5 s air-drying, Group 4: Old composite+acid etching+rubbing, Group 5: Old composite+roughing with diamond bur, Group 6: Old composite+Acid etching+roughing with diamond bur metal brackets were attached to the specimens and the specimens were immersed in water and in a thermal rotation system of 5000 rpm for 1 week. The shear bond strength of the brackets was measured. Results: The highest and the lowest shear bond strength values were found in the fourth and control groups, respectively, indicating a significant difference across all groups (P=0.001). In this regard, the results of least significant difference (LSD) test also showed that the mean shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets in the control group was significantly lower than that observed in other experimental groups, but without significant difference across the pointed groups. Conclusions: The use of surface roughness, composite primer, and silane together do not have a cumulative effect on the increase of the bond strength between old composite and orthodontic brackets. However, the use of each alone can increase the shear bond strength.

Comparative assessment of homogeneity differences in multi-temporal NDVI strata and the currently used agricultural area frames in Rwanda

This study compared two methods used for agricultural statistics generation in Rwanda. The first method is area frame sampling, which is also the currently used method in Rwandan seasonal agricultural surveys; while the second method is the application of remote sensing technique using multi-temporal Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classes to stratify land into homogenous agriculture land classes. The analysis of the methodological flow of Rwanda area frames and the estimated homogeneity in the resulting frames was mainly based on literature review. For the delineation of homogeneous NDVI classes, the study used 10 years data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor (2004 – 2014). The NDVI data were classified using ISODATA clustering technique, and the focus was put on agriculture-dominated classes, obtained through the intersection with 2010 national land use and land cover data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistical methods were applied to investigate significant differences between and within NDVI classes and the currently used Rwanda strata in terms of area coverage of four (4) dominant crops in Rwanda – banana, maize, cassava, and beans. The results of the analysis revealed homogeneity of 85% within NDVI classes, and 69% within the current Rwanda strata, at p = 0.05. The NDVI classes were also used to improve the Rwanda strata, and the homogeneity has increased by 5%; reaching 74% after NDVI-based reclassification.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium moniliforme ISOLATED FROM INFECTED MAIZE PLANTS FROM FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

Maize (Zea mays L) is a parsimoniously important cereal crop after wheat and rice because it is rich in carbohydrates, protein, fiber, sugar, and ash, and oil that’s used as human food and the crop is used as animal feed too. The stalk rot of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme (Fm) is one of the most important emerging threats to the successful production of maize in Pakistan. In this study the physicochemical characterization of Fm was done. Diseased samples of maize were collected from Faisalabad regions. Pathogen was isolated from the infected maize plant. In physiological test different pH levels (8.5, 7.5, 6.5 and 4) were evaluated and the highest fungal growth was observed at pH 7.5 (14.50mm), and the effect of different temperature (23, 28, 33, and 38) were also assessed. At 28°C temperature (38.42mm) the highest growth was observed. Different carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, dextrose, and maltose) versus were assessed. Glucose as a carbon source showed the highest fungal growth (11.62mm). Nitrogen sources such as urea, Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were assessed, and urea showed the highest fungal growth (34.86mm). Fm was characterized by using biochemical tests such as cellulose hydrolysis, urease activity, β-glucosidase activity, phosphate, and polyphenol oxidases activity. All these biochemical showed the positive results except urease activity test. All the experiments were conducted under lab conditions by using Randomized Complete Block Design (CRBD). To observe the difference in response of treatments, least significant difference (LSD) was used at 0.05 % probability level.

Online Learning Readiness of Public Secondary Schools: The Perspective Between School Heads and Teachers

Globally, academic institutions have been impacted by COVID-19, and the majority have gone online. During the pandemic, online learning was most effective. This study aimed to determine the readiness of secondary schools for online learning in the Division of Antique as perceived by the school heads and teachers of the Division of Antique. A validated survey instrument was used to gather data from the respondents. Statistical tools used include frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and mean for the descriptive analysis, then One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis Test, Least Significant Difference (LSD), and Bonferroni for the inferential analysis. The study found that secondary schools in the Division of Antique were ready to adapt to the online learning platforms of curriculum delivery as perceived by school heads and teachers. Further, it was found that there exists a significant difference in the online learning readiness of school heads and teachers when categorized according to the school size. Despite the findings that the secondary schools were ready to implement online learning, it was proposed that the Schools Division of Antique should strategically plan for it to make sure that the readiness of school heads, teachers, and students, especially in terms of the availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) gadgets, digital technology skills, and availability of online learning home support is established to ensure the quality of implementation.

Energy Cost From Squats With Matched Work But Varying Contraction Intensities And Loads

PURPOSE: Explosive contractions increase the energy cost of resistance exercise, but being explosive for entire sets is exhausting and unfeasible for many. Therefore, we examined whether compound sets of squats would increase energy expenditure compared to recreational squats. Compound sets included explosive squats followed by heavy squats. METHODS: Eight healthy men (23&#177;3 yrs; 83&#177;22 kg; 174&#177;7 cm) performed three protocols, one each week, designed to compare energy expenditure between four sets of squats performed with either recreational contractions (neither deliberately explosive nor slow) with 65% of 1RM (REC), compound sets with two explosive followed by eight heavy squats using 68.75% of 1RM (2/8), and four explosive followed by six very heavy using 75% (4/6). All explosive squats for 2/8 and 4/6 used 50% of 1RM. Subject’s 1RM was determined using a plate-loaded squat machine, and each protocol was randomly assigned in a counterbalanced order. In addition to the standardization of repetition speed, ROM, and rest intervals, total work performed (reps x sets x load) was identical across protocols. Expired air was collected continuously before (15 m), during (20 m), and after (30 m) each exercise protocol using a metabolic cart. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analyses. We hypothesized that 4/6 squats would increase energy expenditure significantly compared to recreational squats. RESULTS: Rates of energy expenditure (kcal·min-1) were not significantly different (p&#8804;0.05) among protocols (see Table). Total energy expenditure (kcal) was not different between REC (51&#177;15.7), 2/8 (57&#177;15.8), and 4/6 (61&#177;17.6). CONCLUSIONS: Compound sets of squats beginning with two and four explosive reps followed by heavy and very heavy recreational reps, respectively, did not significantly increase the energy cost of resistance exercise.

Nutrition value of dominant three fishes of Sudanese red sea coast

Based on the current demand on fish as food, marine fishes of the Sudan have been arbitrary divided into first, second and third grade fish. Examples of these are the red emperor (Plectroponus moculates) grade I, mullet fish (Plectroponus moculates) as grade II and unicorn fish (Naso unicornis) as grade III. This subjective grading, need to be evaluated on grounds of organo-leptic tests, gross chemical and body parts analysis and inclusion in experimentally designed feeding tests. The mean value and range of moisture, protein, fat and ash was determined and compared for the three species. The highest calorific value was (232.08) in C. crisbis and the lowest (144.2) in P. maculatus. The calorific value was expressed as a calories per percent of protein content plus calories per percent of fat content. The highest calorific value was (232.08) in C. crisbis and the lowest (144.2) in P. maculatus. The gross chemical composition was comparable between the three groups in ash content, but showed significant variability within moisture, within protein and in fat. The mean body weight in each cell in a column (feed 1, 2, 3 and the control) was based on a triplicate and they were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test. Very highly significant growth correlation (p

The antibacterial activity of nasturtium officinale extract on common oral pathogenic bacteria.

The oral cavity is colonized by a myriad of microorganisms, some of which are proven to be detrimental to human health. There have been numerous efforts to control the population of pathogenic agents in the oral cavity, including the usage of natural phytochemicals obtained from medicinal plants. Nasturtium officinale has long been used in traditional medicine for the management of hypertension, respiratory infections, and hyperglycemia, and its effectiveness against some microbes has been reported. To evaluate antimicrobial properties of a hydro-alcoholic extract of N. officinale against common oral pathogens namely Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Experimental laboratory study. Different dilutions of N. officinale hydro-alcoholic extract were the test solutions, the positive control was a bacterial suspension in sterile phosphate-buffered saline, whereas the negative control was the herbal extract only, without any bacterial inoculation. Hydro-alcoholic extract of N. officinale prepared in five different concentrations (105, 52.5, 26.25, 13.12, 6.56 mg.mL-1) was tested separately against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in a test of microdilution assay. Spectrophotometry was used to assess bacterial growth after 24 and 48 h. The data of optical absorbance reads from spectrophotometry were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis followed by Least Significant Differences (LSD) post hoc. The highest growth inhibitory effect against S. mutans, E. faecalis, and S. aureus was observed at a concentration of 13.12 mg.mL-1; for L. acidophilus and P. aeruginosa, the most significant inhibition was observed at a concentration of 105 mg.mL-1. N. officinale extract effectively inhibited the growth of the tested oral bacteria at different concentrations but was more effective against S. mutans, E. faecalis, and S. aureus and so may be effective in managing some oral microbial infections.

Similar Metabolic Responses During Resistance Exercise Despite Significant Differences In Power: Effects Of Matched Work

PURPOSE: Load and contraction intensity have both been shown to increase metabolic responses to resistance exercise, but total work is primarily responsible for resultant energy costs. Therefore, we examined whether compound sets of squats with varying loads and contraction intensities would alter metabolic responses to resistance exercise when total work was matched. Compound sets included explosive squats followed by heavy squats. METHODS: Eight healthy men (23&#177;3 yrs; 83&#177;22 kg; 174&#177;7 cm) performed three protocols, one each week, designed to compare energy expenditure between four sets of squats performed with either recreational contractions (neither deliberately explosive nor slow) with 65% of 1RM (REC), compound sets with two explosive followed by eight heavy squats using 68.75% of 1RM (2/8), and four explosive followed by six very heavy using 75% (4/6). All explosive squats for 2/8 and 4/6 used 50% of 1RM. Subject’s 1RM was determined using a plate-loaded squat machine, and each protocol was randomly assigned in a counterbalanced order. In addition to the standardization of repetition speed, ROM, and rest intervals, total work performed (reps x sets x load) was identical across protocols. Expired air was collected continuously before (15 m), during (20 m), and after (30 m) each exercise protocol using a metabolic cart. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analyses. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in metabolic responses between 2/8 and 4/6 squats because total work was matched. RESULTS:Metabolic responses (ml·kg·min-1) were not significantly different (p&#8804;0.05) among protocols (see Table). CONCLUSIONS: Compound sets of squats using heavier loads and more explosive contractions did not elicit greater metabolic responses despite significantly greater peak power output.

유연성 차이에 따른 프로 배구 선수들의 근력, 심폐지구력 및 점프력에 미치는 영향

본 연구의 목적은 유연성에 따른 배구선수들의 근력, 심폐지구력과 점프력에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 연구를 실시하였다. 연구의 대상자는 프로배구선수 43명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 대상자들은 사전에 유연성 검사를 통하여 3그룹으로 분류하였다(GroupⅠ: minimal flexibility, GroupⅡ: moderate flexibility, GroupⅢ: maximal flexibility). 유연성에 따른 선수들의 최대근력을 알아보기 위하여 Kin-Com을 사영하였으며, 심폐지구력은 하버드스탭, 점프력은 서전트점프를 사용하였다. 또한 그룹 간 차이를 검증하기 위하여 일원배치분산분석을 실시하였으며, 사후 검증을 위해 Fisher’s least significant difference(LSD)를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 유연성에 따른 무릎관절의 180° 굽힘과 폄 최대 근력에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p .05), 점프능력에서도 유의한 차이를 보였다(p .05). 그룹 간 차이에 따른 사후 분석 결과 유연성의 증가에 따라 최대근력과 점프력에서 유의한 향상이 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 운동선수들의 개인적인 근력 향상과 운동수행력 향상을 위한 프로그램을 계획할 때 준비운동과 마무리운동에서 시행되어지는 스트레칭뿐만 아니라 유연성 향상을 위한 운동프로그램이 구성되어야 할 것이다.

Identification of Soybean Husk and Cow Manure Metabolites after Vermicomposting

Soybean husk and cow manure are organic wastes that can be used as raw materials for making organic fertilizers through vermicomposting technique. To explore the potential, it was necessary to identify the vermicompost metabolites produced. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), a powerful tool, was used to identify metabolites that characterize vermicompost. The purpose of this study was to identify vermicompost metabolites derived from different proportions of soybean husk and cow manure. Information obtained can guide alternative soybean husk and cow manure use, especially as raw materials for organic vermicompost fertilizer. The materials used in this study consisted of soybean husk, cow manure and lumbricus rubellus earthworms. This vermicomposting study was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and five replicates. The treatment details are: V1 = soybean husk (100%); V2 = cow manure (100%), V3 = soybean husk : cow manure (50%: 50%); V4 = soybean husk : cow manure (75%: 25%) and V5 = soybean husk : cow manure (25%: 75%). Metabolites were analyzed using GC-MS and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Based on GC-MS analyses of all treatments (V1-V5), metabolites were identified consist of sugar compounds, amino acid compounds, organic acids, vitamins, and hormones. Consistent relationships between chromatograms of treatment V1-V5 were directly proportional to the LSD test results; treatment V5 consistently yielded the highest total area under the curve.

Statistical Analysis of the Number of Infections with Corona Virus in Some Arab Countries Using the Method of Least Significant Difference

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; In this research, we applied actual data related to the number of infections with the Corona virus for some Arab countries for the month of February of the year 2022, where the method of least significant difference (LSD) was used to find out the significant differences in the number of infections between any two Arab countries. First, the completely random design method (CRD) was used to obtain a table of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to know in general whether there are significant differences in the number of injuries between Arab countries or not, by rejecting the null hypothesis

Onion (Allium cepa L.) Performance as Influenced by Manure and Fertilizer in Titanium Mined Soils

Mining is an important economic activity that promotes income generation, job creation, and industrialization globally. In spite its economic importance, it is classified as land degradation form that disrupts natural ecosystem through loss of biota and soil health. Paucity of information regarding the performance of reclaimed mined soils in supporting crop production abound in Kenya. To contribute to this knowledge gap, a study was conducted at Base titanium limited -Kwale to investigate the response of performance of bulb onions (red creole onion variety) to farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application on post mined soils. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates Treatments included: inorganic fertilizer, farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizer +farmyard manure and control. Obtained data that included: soil characterization, onion growth and yield parameters was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using R packages and means separated using the Fisher&amp;rsquo;s protected least significant difference (LSD) at (P&amp;le;0.05). Results showed that the soils had low TN, exchangeable P, K, S, Bo and Cu levels. Manure+ fertilizer significantly (P&amp;le;0.05) increased plant height by 38%, bulb diameter by 44%, neck thickness by 19.5% total bulb yield by 89% and marketable yield by 88% compared to control. A significant positive relationship between manure, fertilizer, fertilizer+ manure with plant height, number of leaves, bulb diameter, neck thickness and total yield was observed indicating that manure + fertilizer can support optimal onion production in these post mined soils. Further research is however, required to ascertain production approaches that promote sustainable soil development and onion yield.

Growth Analysis of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Using Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) in Hydroponic Systems

This study aims to determine the effects of planting media and gutter slopes on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) in a hydroponic system. This research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lakidende Unaaha, Konawe Regency, Indonesia, in October 2021. The two treatments were arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) and repeated in three replications. The first treatment consisted of two types of growing media: sponge medium (M1) and rockwool medium (M2). The second treatment consisted of two kinds, i.e., a 3% gutter slope of pipes (K1) and a 5% gutter slope of pipes (K2). The observed variables were plant height, number of leaves, and plant fresh weight. All collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% level. This study has revealed three major results. Firstly, the interaction between planting media and the slope of the gutter pipes significantly affects plant height and the fresh weight of lettuce. Secondly, the planting media or the slope of the gutter pipes independently has a significant effect on plant height, several leaves, and the fresh weight of lettuce plants. Lastly, the treatment of rockwool planting media and a 5% slope of gutter pipes significantly improved the lettuce growth.

The Effect Of Moringa Leaf Extract On Hyperglycemic Rat Liver Function

One of the management of diabetics is to maintain stable glucose levels. Often diabetes treatment combines chemical drugs with medicinal plants. People have consumed a lot of Moringa leaves which are believed to be able to maintain body condition. One of the benefits of Moringa leaves with phytochemical components in it is as a hepatoprotector. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of Moringa leaf extract on liver function parameters of hyperglycemic rats. There were 4 groups, normal control (K0), hyperglycemic rats with induction of alloxan 125 mg/kg bw and divided into three groups treated with moringa leaf extract at a dose of 0 mg (K1), 200 mg (T1) and 400 mg/kg bw (T2 ) for 21 days. The variables measured were aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, total cholesterol. Data were analyzed with Anova P0.05 and Least Significance Different (LSD) follow-up test. The results showed that the levels of AST and ALT were highest in the K1 group which then decreased significantly in the group that received Moringa extract (T1 and T2). Statistically there was a significant difference (p0.05) between the control and treatment groups. Cholesterol levels in the control group were significantly lower than the diabetes and treatment groups, but there was no significant difference between the treatment groups. The conclusion is that Moringa leaf extract has an effect on reducing liver enzyme levels and cholesterol in hyperglycemic rats. This research adds to the study of the hepatoprotective potential of Moringa leaf extract in hyperglycemic rats.