Neem Leaf Extract Research Articles

Bioefficacy of Different Plant Extracts Against Melon Fruit Fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet) in Zucchini at Bharatpur, Nepal

The management of fruit fly is simply through chemicals, which have hazardous impact on human health and environment. So, the present study on "Bioefficacy of different plant extracts agains fruit fly in zucchini" was carried out at Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, Nepal from February 13 to May 18, 2020. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting four replications and five different treatments namely: 1) Neem leaf extracts, 2) Parthenium leaf extracts, 3) Garlic clove extracts, 4) Chilli fruit extracts and 5) Untreated control. All treatments were applied 40 days after transplanting and repeated 3 times at 10 days interval. For treatments, the extracts from each botanical were diluted with water in 1:5 ratio then applied with the help of hand sprayer. Data were taken after 3rd, 6th and 9th days of each treatment application. The result showed that Neem leaf extracts reduced adult fruit fly population by 64% over control. This was followed by parthenium leaf extracts (49.6%), garlic clove extracts (43.0%) and chilli fruit extracts (37.0%), respectively. Similarly, minimum flower drop (22.3%) and fruit damage (19.5%) were also observed on neem leaf extract treated plots as compared to all other treatments. The neem leaf extract also give highest marketable yield (15.4 mt/ha). For monitoring of fruit fly population, cue lure trap were installed at corner of the field, which show the maximum number of fruit flies (n = 41) was recorded at an average temperature of about 26.9 °C. During our research, it was found that fruit fly preferred more young and immature zucchini fruits as compared to mature one. The results of this experiment revealed that botanicals could be used as option of synthetic pesticides for the management of melon fruit flies that would render health benefit to human beings and friendly to environment. Among all botanicals neem leaf extracts performed best with regards to all parameters.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS PESTISIDA NABATI TERHADAP MORTALITAS DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura Fabricus) PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)

Armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) is one of the important pests on the plant mustard greens. The purpose of this research is to get the type of pesticide that is effective gives the highest effect on mortality and the intensity of the attack armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) in the mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.). The method used is the experimental method while the design of experiment used was Complete Random Design (RAL) a single factor for the observation of mortality and a Randomized block Design (RAK) single factor for the observation of the intensity consisting of 8 treatments with 4 replications. The standard treatment P0 (Control/No Treatment), P1 (Papaya Leaf Extract 300 g/l), P2 (Papaya Leaf Extract 500 g/l), P3 (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 120 g/l), P4 (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 160 g/l), P5 (Extract of Neem Leaves 300 g/l), P6 (Extract of Neem Leaves 500 g/l) and P7 (Karbosulfan 2ml/l). The results showed that the application of some type of pesticide (Papaya Leaf Extract 300 g/l), (Papaya Leaf Extract 500 g/l), (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 120 g/l), (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 160 g/l), (Extract of Neem Leaves 300 g/l) and (Extract of Neem Leaves 500 g/l) gives a real influence on the mortality and the intensity of the attack armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) in the mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.) varieties of Tosakan. Types of vegetable pesticides Neem Leaf Extract 500 g/l (treatment P6) gave the highest mortality of 87.50%, the lowest attack intensity 57,37%, the lowest larval weight 0.34 g, the lowest pupa weight 0.04 g, with an average LT50 value of 4-5 days and produced the highest plant weight of 10.81 g.
 
 Keywords: Intensity of S. litura; Mortality; LT50 and Pesticide.

The Comparison of Quality of Life in Scabies Patients Treated with 5% Permethrin Lotion and 10% Mimba Leaf Extract Lotion at Pondok Pesantren Malang

Background: Scabies is a contagious disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei characterized by itching and lesions that affect quality of human life. Permethrin 5% as standard therapy for scabies has disadvantages in terms of price and side effects. Neem is a traditional plant that has a scabicide effect and could be an alternative treatment for scabies. Objective: to compare the quality of life of patients who were treated with 5% permethrin lotion and 10% neem leaf extract lotion using DLQI and Skindex-29 instruments. Methods: This study is an experimental design with a purposive sampling method. The sample was 42 male students in one of the Islamic boarding schools in Malang who were clinically diagnosed with scabies and met the research criteria. The research sample consisted of two groups: a group with 5% permethrin lotion therapy (21 students) and a group with 10% neem leaf extract lotion therapy (21 students). Data was collected with DLQI and Skindex-29 on day 0 before and day 14 after therapy. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test and dependent t-test for comparison before and after therapy and independent t-test for comparison of quality of life between two therapies by using SPSS 25. Results: Statistic test to differentiate the two therapies showed p=0.670 (DLQI) and p=0.391 (Skindex-29). So, the two therapies did not differ significantly in reducing DLQI and Skindex-29 scores. Conclusion: 5% permethrin lotion and 10% neem leaf extract lotion are equally good in improving the quality of life of scabies patients.

Repercussion of Seed Treatment with Bio-fertilizers, Bio-stimulants, Botanicals on Plant Growth & Yield Attributes Traits of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra L.)

The present experiment was conducted in field at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Naini Agriculture Institute, SHUATS, UP. to investigate the " Repercussion of seed treatment with bio-fertilizers ,bio- stimulants , botanicals on plant growth & yield attributes traits of black mustard (Brassica nigra L). The experimental material comprised of Thirteen (12+1) treatments including control. The seed of mustard variety NDR 8501 were treated with three different concentrations of each biofertilizer viz., Neem leaf extract, Tulasi leaf extract, Rhizobium,Vermiwash for a duration of 8hours. The experimental was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications during the rabi season, 2021-22. The data were recorded from five randomly selected plants for each treatments in all the replications for thirteen characters. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the seed treatments for all characters indicating that the seed treatment with biofertilizers has adequate variability to support the improvement the seed yield of mustard. It is concluded that all the characters under study were significantly affected by the influence of the application of biofertilizers. Among all the biofertilizers used under the study, seed treatment with the application of vermiwash at 15% for a duration of 8 hours gave the significant difference in comparision to other treatments as well as over the control.

Comparative Study of Biofertilizer and Plant Extracts on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum)

The field experiment was conducted to comparative analyze the effect of biofertilizer and plant extracts on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of field pea (Pisum Sativum L.)” was conducted during Rabi 2021 at field experimental centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Prayagraj, (U.P). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36%), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with thirteen treatments including control which were replicated thrice. The treatments are as follows, TO- Control, T1, T2, T3, - Rhizobium at the rate of 5%, 8%, 10%, T4, T5, T6 – Vermi wash at the rate of 5%, 8%, 10%, T7, T8, T9 – Neem leaf extract at the rate of 5%, 10%, 15% and T10, T11, T12 – Tulsi leaf extract at the rate of 5%, 10%, 15% respectively. The experiment results revealed that seeds treated with rhizobium at the rate of 8% gave better than other treatments viz, field emergence (87.47%), plant height (95.71 cm), days to 50% flowering (40.60), number of branches per plant (8.87), number of pods per plant (13.53), number of seeds per pod (8.47), seed yield per plant (24.88 g), seed yield per plot (746.50 g), biological yield (33.73 kg/ha), harvest index (73.48%) were recorded significantly higher compared to other treatments.

The insecticidal potential of neem extracts (Azadirachta indica JUUS) against whiteflies (B. tabaci) in tomato crops

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the main vegetables grown in Sinaloa. This crop is affected by pest insects, such as the white fly (Bemisia tabaci). The objective was to evaluate the effect of different doses of neem-based biorational insecticide on the population density of whiteflies. A completely randomized design was established to evaluate the population density of whitefly adults. The treatments evaluated were different doses of neem leaf extracts (NLE): (T1) control, (T2) 200 g NLE•L-1, (T3) 300 g NLE•L-1, (T4) 400 g NLE•L-1 and (T5) 500 g NLE•L-1. An analysis of covariance was applied to the data obtained and the difference between the means was evaluated using the Tukey test with an α=0.05. Neem extracts had an effect on population density (p≤0.05), by reducing the population as the concentration of the extracts increased. T5 presented the highest reduction with 43.56%±1.6, while T4 presented a reduction of 39.27%±1.7, compared to the control. However, the application of T5 causes damage to the plant, so it can be considered that T4 is more suitable for its application. Therefore, neem extracts had an effect in controlling the whitefly population.

Pre-Sowing Seed Treatment of Selected Botanical Extracts and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Mustard (Brassica juncea.L)

The present investigation was carried out for “Pre-sowing seed treatments of selected botanicals extract and biofertilizers on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”. For this pur- pose, 13 priming treatments including control on Mustard seeds variety were used to study under filed condi- tions during rabi, 2021-22. Field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications respectively during Rabi 2021-22. Analysis for the data in field experiment revealed significance mean sum of squares due to seed priming treatments for all the characters under study. In order to standardize method of seed priming specific to mustard crop and they were evaluated by screeming a range of duration and concentration Viz T0- Control, T1 Neem Leaf Extract 5% (6Hrs), T2 Neem Leaf Extract 10%(6Hrs), T3 Moringa Leaf Extract 5% (6Hrs), T4 Moringa Leaf Extract(10%Hrs), T5 Trichoderma viridae 0.1%(6Hrs), T6 Trichoderma viridae 0.3%(6Hrs), T7 Azosprillum 0.1%(6Hrs), T8 Azosprillum 0.3%(6Hrs), T9 Neem Leaf Extract + Moringa Leaf Extract(5% +3%) 6hrs, T10 Trichoderma viridae + Azosprillum (0.1%+0.1%), T10 Trichoderma viridae + Azosprillum (0.1%+0.1%), T11 Neem Leaf Extract + Trichoderma viridae (3% +0.1%), T12 Moringa Leaf Extract + Azosprillum(3% +0.1%)To find out Influence of different seed treatment on growth, yield and seed quality parameters of mustard showed that significant treatment Field emergence (%), Plant height (30,60,90 DAS), Days to 50% flowering, Number of branches per plant, Number of silique per plant, Number of seeds per silique, Seed yield per plant (g),Seed yield per plot (g),Biological yield (g),Harvest index. The study helps to improve the quality to improve of seed with help of seed different Leaf extracts and Biofertilizers priming treatment which are cost effective and economic, non- toxic, ecofriendly sources. Pre- sowing treatment with It is concluded from the present study that the seeds of Mustard (Variety - sonalika) were treated with T9 Neem Leaf Extract + Moringa Leaf Extract(5% +3%) 6hrs enhanced the Field emergence percentage, Plant height (cm), Number of branches per plant, Number of silique per plant, Number of seeds per silique, Seed yield per plant, Seed yield per plot, Biological yield, Harvest index followed by T12 Moringa Leaf Extract + Azosprillum(3% +0.1%) and T4 Moringa Leaf Extract(10%Hrs) as compared to control ( untreated ) seeds.

Efficacy of neem bio-pesticide and synthetic insecticides against control of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Maize

Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is prevalent in Zimbabwe, causing significant damage to maize and yield losses. Three synthetic insecticides (Nemesis, Ecoterex and Lamda-cyhalothrin) belonging to different chemical groups and neem bio-pesticide (Neem Leaf Extract) were tested for their efficacy against FAW under laboratory and field conditions. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of neem bio-pesticide and synthetic insecticides on the population of FAW larvae, level of leaf damage and maize grain yield in comparison with untreated control plants. In laboratory experiment, neem bio-pesticide and the three synthetic insecticides resulted in significantly higher FAW larval mortality (p < 0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of treatments as compared with the untreated plants. Neem bio-pesticide and the synthetic insecticides caused highest percentage of larval mortality (> 90%) at 72 hours after treatment application. In the field, both bio-pesticide and synthetic insecticides resulted in significantly higher efficacy (p < 0.05) against fall armyworm larvae, reduced the level of leaf damage and increased maize grain yield as compared to the untreated control plants. The untreated maize plants were found to be extensively damaged by FAW as compared to those treated with insecticides and neem bio-pesticide. The highest efficacy was recorded on plants treated with Nemesis, followed by Neem Leaf Extract, Ecoterex and lastly Lamda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The neem bio-pesticide and synthetic insecticides which were used in this study showed high efficacy against FAW larvae and can be recommended to be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM) plans for FAW under smallholder farmer conditions in Zimbabwe and the rest of Africa.

Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of ethanolic Neem leaf extract on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line

Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of ethanolic Neem leaf extract on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line

In-vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Plant Extracts Allium sativum (Garlic) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in the Control of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of extracts of some selected plant materials in the control of Powdery Mildew of Okra plant.&#x0D; Study Design: Completely randomized design.&#x0D; Place of Study: This study was carried out in the Biology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology.&#x0D; Methodology: Three Okra farms showing symptoms of powdery mildew disease were surveyed, disease occurrence was recorded, and disease incidence was calculated. Leaves of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) showing symptoms of powdery mildew were collected from the farms. The disease incidence was recorded and the samples of infected leaves were collected from the farms and taken to the laboratory for microscopic examination. The fungus associated with the disease was isolated and cultured to obtain a pure culture. Pathogenicity test was carried out on a healthy okra plant. Extraction of the two plants were done using methanol and it was then diluted to different concentrations. The antifungal susceptibility test on Golovinomyces cichoracearum was carried out using the agar diffusion method and recorded at various concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml under in-vitro conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and antifungal activity were recorded at these concentrations.&#x0D; Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed that Alkaloids, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, Flavanoids, Tannins and Resins were present in both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indica (neem). These phytochemicals present are suspected to be responsible for the antifungal activity of the plants. Out of the two plants, neem leaf extract was found to be best in the inhibition of the fungus at 50 mg/ml with a significantly high inhibition of 26.77±0.50 after the treatment. At P&lt;= 0.05 there was a significant difference in the antifungal activity of the extract of A. indica on Golovinomyces cichoracearum.&#x0D; Conclusion: The extracts of both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indic (neem) possess antifungal properties, and may have the potential for the production of biopesticides, that can be used for the control of fungi.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste

Abstract: Neem, “the bitter gem” is one of the most valued trees with many medicinal applications. The scientific name of neem is Azadirachta indica and belongs to Meliaceae family. It is the world’s most studied tree in the world and most promising one in the 21st century. Every part of the tree has medicinal value, such as flowers, leaves, neem cake, fruits and seed oil. Almost 300 different phytochemicals have been found in neem tree with versatile application. The aqueous and alcoholic leaf extract of neem is accounted for to have different pharmacological activities . In current situations oral dental care with use of herbal toothpaste containing natural ingredients are more acceptable in public belief than chemical based synthetic formulations due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries, and preventing other dental issues to which this generation is prone to. In this formulation we utilizes clove oil, neem extract, peppermint oil, which are used in this research work. These extracts possess many activities like anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti- bacterial, wound healing along with which it certain special additional properties like anti-fungal and anti – microbial . Important physical parameters i.e. pH, stability, spreadability, foamability, to make a successful more efficacious and stable formulation. This study that our herbal based toothpaste formulation having natural ingredients.

Integrated management of purple blotch disease complex for onion seed production in Bangladesh

Onion suffers from many diseases and among them purple blotch complex is devastating for both bulb and seed production in Bangladesh. To formulate an integrated approach for its management, different IPM components viz. three fungicides viz. Rovral 50 WP (Iprodione), Dithan M-45 (Mancozeb) and Score 250 EC (Difenconazol); two botanicals viz. Alamanda leaf extract (Allamanda cathartica) and Neem leaf extracts (Azadiracta indica); four soil amendments viz. Poultry manure, bioagent, saw dusts and micronutrients (Zn @ 0.45/L +B @ 2.5g/L) were evaluated under field condition. The experiment was conducted at the farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during 2011-2012. Pathogeninicity test indicated that Alternaria porri and Stemphylium vesicarium were the pathogens where S. vesicarium initiated the infection and A. porri facilitated the subsequent infection and made a complex form of disease. Among the chemical fungicides, Score 250 EC was found promising followed by Rovral 50 WP against purple blotch complex in terms of reduction of disease incidence and severity ultimately contributing to increased yield (134% and 129%, respectively) over control. Among botanicals, Alamanda leaf extract produced better result compared to neem leaf extract (99.6% and 67.6% respectively). In terms of increasing yield, poultry manure showed better performance (72.3%) followed by micronutrient (69.5%) and bioagent (58.2%). Bangladesh J. Agri. 2019-2021, 44-46: 31-44

Effects of a Dried Neem Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Meat Yield and Meat Quality in Skeletal Muscle of Broiler Chickens Under High-Temperature Conditions

We aimed to examine the effects of cyclical high ambient temperature (HT) and dried Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (DNE) supplementation on the growth performance, muscle lipid peroxidation level, and muscle drip loss of broiler chickens. Twenty-four 15-day old broiler chickens (Chunky strain ROSS 308) were divided into four treatment groups that were fed diets with or without 2.0% DNE under thermoneutral (25 ± 1°C) or cyclical HT (35 ± 1°C for 8 h/day) conditions. Supplementation of DNE did not affect the growth performance of the chicks, but HT reduced their feed intake, the weights of breast muscle and heart. In addition, supplementation with DNE ameliorated the negative effects of cyclical HT on feed intake and breast muscle mass. Furthermore, cyclical HT increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and drip loss over 48 h of storage of the breast muscle, and these effects were ameliorated by DNE. Collectively, we conclude that dietary supplementation with DNE reduces the muscle MDA concentration and drip loss of broiler chickens kept under HT conditions.

Effect of giving nanochitosan preparations ethanol extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) against pancreatic histology of white rat male (Rattus norvegicus) Sprague Dawley

Abstract. Handayani S, Sitasiwi AJ, Isdadiyanto S, Mardiati SM. 2022. Effect of giving nanochitosan preparations ethanol extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) against pancreatic histology of white rat male (Rattus norvegicus) Sprague Dawley. Cell Biol Dev 6: 13-19. The selection of herbal plants as a treatment in the community is considered safer, more practical, and cheaper than synthetic drugs. Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) is one of the herbal plants that have the potential as an antioxidant. However, the low bioavailability of drugs and the distribution of active compounds in herbal plants are constraints in administering drugs orally. The solution to overcome this problem is to prepare the test material in the form of nanochitosan. This study aimed to analyze the effect of nanochitosan ethanol extract of neem (A. indica) leaf extract on the pancreas histology of male Sprague Dawley rats. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 32 rats aged 2 months divided into 4 treatments, and each treatment consisted of 6 replications. P0 (normal rat group treated with 2 mL distilled water, P1 (normal rats induced with Natrium tripolifosfat "NaTPP" and 2 mL chitosan), P2 (normal rat group induced by nanochitosan neem leaf ethanol extract 1:0.5), P3 (normal rat group induced nanochitosan ethanol extract of neem leaves 1:1). Data were analyzed by ANOVA test with a significance level of 5%. Data that were not normally distributed were tested by the Kruskal Wallis test and Duncan's test. The results showed that the administration of nanochitosan ethanol extract of neem leaves 1:0.5 and 1:1 had no significant effect on the diameter parameter of the islets of Langerhans (P?0.05) but had a significant effect on the parameters of pancreatic weight and damage scoring of the islets of Langerhans (P?0.05). The administration of nanochitosan preparations of ethanolic extract of neem leaves can deliver bioactive compounds neem to the pancreas and minimize damage to the cells that make up the islets of Langerhans due to toxic neem compounds.

Effect of Various Presowing Seed Treatments on Growth and Yield Parameters of Yellow Mustard (Sinapis alba.L) Variety (ISP -186)

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season in the year (2021-2022) at post graduate Central Research Farm, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding , Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology And Sciences, PRAYAGRAJ-211007 (U.P) with a goal to evaluate the influence of different seed priming treatments on growth and yield attributes of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba) Variety (ISP-186) and to find out suitable seed priming method for mustard under Randomized Block Design with 13 priming treatments which are replicated thrice. The seed priming materials are rhizobium, vermiwash, neem leaf extract and tulsi leaf extract. The results revealed that treatment T3 rhizobium (10%) recorded maximum Field emergence (97.17), plant height (90.26cm) ,Number of Branches (15.07),Days to 50% flowering (71), Days to Maturity (117days), Number of siliqua\plant (289.33), Number of seeds\siliqua (16.40), seed yield /plant (7.35gm)seed yield \plot(28.7gm) Biological yield (131.54),Harvest index (17.94).significance mean sum of squares due to seed priming treatments were observed for all the characters under study viz., Field emergence percentage, Plant height (30, 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest), Number of branches/plant, Days to maturity, Number of silique/plant, Number of seeds/plant, seed yield/plant (gm), Seed yield/plot (gm), Biological yield (gm), Harvest index (%) which were highly significant at 1% level of significance indicating presence of good amount of variability among the treatments for these characters.

Response of Different Pre-sowing Seed Treatments with Biofertilizers, Plant Growth Regulators and Botanical Extract on Growth and Yield Parameters of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season in the year (2021-2022) at post graduate Central Research Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. Pea seeds were treated with (NAA, GA3, Rhizobium, Azatobacter, Neem Leaf Extract, Lantana Camera Extract ) were subjected to growth and yield parameters. The results showed that seed treatment with treatment (T2) (NAA@100 ppm for 12hours) recorded the highest germination percentage, maximum plant height, minimum days for 50% flowering and days to pod maturity, maximum number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, highest pod length and pod width, maximum seed yield, biological yield, harvest index was significant in all and highest gross returns, net returns and cost benefit ratio was recorded in treatment (T2) seed treatment with NAA@100ppm for 12hours.

Synergistic effects of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) leaves extract with conventional antibiotic against gram positive and negative microorganism

Background: Neem has been known to possess several complex phytoconstituent(s) and exhibits wide array of medicinal and household uses that are attributed to its active isolate(s) that possesses an ability to cure many chronic disease(s) and disorder(s). The current investigation aimed to study the combined antimicrobial effect of crude Neem extract and selected antibiotics namely Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline and Ofloxacin on selected Gram’s positive and negative micro organism. Crude alcoholic Neem leaf extract was used for the study.&#x0D; Method: Solution A containing Neem extract 5 mg mL-1 alone, Solution B comprising of Standard antibiotics alone 5 mg mL-1 and Solution C containing combination of 2.5 mg mL-1 of Neem extract and selected standard antibiotic at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL-1 were tested for their antibacterial potential against selected strain of micro-organisms namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcous aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis using agar plate technique.&#x0D; Results: The obtained results indicated the synergistic activity of the Neem extract and the selected antibiotics. It was observed that half concentration of antibiotic was sufficient to exert the antimicrobial effect when they were combined with Neem extract. Thus, the dose of standard antibiotics may be marginally reduced to almost half in concentration when combined with the Neem extract without compromising the efficacy. The zones of inhibition indicated that the combination of Neem extract and antibiotic exerted a synergistic effect which will facilitate to achieve reduction of the dose of standard antibiotics.&#x0D; Conclusions: It can be concluded from the research that Neem extract when combined with the conventional antibiotic(s) can be used as a novel antimicrobial agent which exhibits a synergistic effect and also helpful to achieve a dose reduction of conventional antibiotic(s).

Response of Different Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments with Biofertilizers, Biostimulants and Botanicals on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) var. Desi Himmat

Legumes are the richest protein sources of human diet, livestock of people in poor areas, green fodder to animals and are also used as green manure crops. The present study entitled, “Response of different pre- sowing seed treatments with Biofertilizers, Biostimulants and Botanicals on growth, yield and yield attributing traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) var. desi himmat”, was carried out in rabi 2021-2022 at crop research farm, SHUATS, Prayagraj with rhizobium, vermiwash, neem and tulsi leaf extracts of varying concentrates at duration of 12hrs. in three replications with randomized block design with an objective to assess the effect of these priming treatments on chickpea and to find the promising pre-sowing treatment. The results depicted that priming is an alternate strategy to improve the growth, yield and it recorded significant variation for all the parameters that were studied on comparison to the untreated control (T0). Seed priming with T5-Vermiwash at 10% for 12 hrs. recorded field emergence of 90% and 35.00 pods per plant, 1.66 seeds per pod, 14.70 g seed yield per plant, 24.79 g of 100 seed weight, 37.65 g of biological yield per plant and 39.08 % of harvest index. Thus, priming with T5-Vermiwash at 10% for 12 hrs. was found so productive on chickpea and can be suggested for cultivation on commercial scale.

Comparison of Effects of Azadirachta indica Mouth Rinse on Streptococcus mutans and P. gingivilis

Background: Leaves of Azadirachta indica have been studied vastly to observe their pharmacological properties. The leaves of the Neem tree and the constituents present in the leaves have reported antibacterial, antihyperglycaemic, immunomodulatory, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antiviral, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. Conventional mouthwashes, containing chlorhexidine, used for their antimicrobial effect against bacteria in the oral cavity have certain adverse effects including alteration in taste, tartar formation and staining of teeth, restoration, and sometimes tongue. Hence the study was aimed to analyze the antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica mouth rinse against Streptococcus mutans and P. gingivilis colonies.&#x0D; Methodology: It was an in-vivo preclinical experimental study conducted at Baqai Medical and Dental College Karachi., from February 2022 to March 2022. The calculated sample size was n =60. The participants were given an envelope for group randomization. The organisms were grown on appropriate media and extract was prepared and diluted. The extract was diluted in distilled water at 1:4 (Extract: Distilled water) concentration. Study participants were instructed to not brush their teeth before sampling. Study participants were divided into three groups (negative control, positive control, Neem tree extract rinse group) each group had 20 participants. Diluted neem tree extract was given to the experimental group for rinses, distilled water was given to the negative control group and positive controls were given a standard commercially available mouth rinse. The next sample of plaque was collected after two hours to observe the effects of neem tree leaves extract on bacterial colonies.&#x0D; Results: The growth of colonies was calculated on growth media plates in samples collected before rinsing and samples that were taken after the rinsing. The pre and post samples showed a significant (p-value &lt;0.05) decrease in the number of colonies in the positive control group (conventional rinse) and neem leaf extract group. The intragroup comparison of negative and positive control showed a significant difference in the number of colonies and the same was observed with the neem leaf extract rinse. However, the positive control and the Neem leaves extract comparison was insignificant.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Azadirachta indica leaf extract has better or equal efficacy against oral microflora when compared with the standard chlorhexidine containing conventional mouth wash.

MANAGEMENT OF WHITE MOLD DISEASE OF CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA) THROUGH DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS AND CHEMICALS

The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. The cabbage white mold is one of the destructive diseases prevalent worldwide. The present study reports the finding of four fungicides and botanicals for the management of the pathogen. The efficacy of four fungicides was evaluated against the pathogen Sclerotiorum sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary on PDA medium through the poisoned food technique. The recorded data advocated that the percentage inhibition of the fungal growth increased as the concentration of the fungicides increased. According to the results, fungal mycelial growth inhibition ranged from 92.91% to 34.69% after 96 hours. Similarly, the efficacy of three plant extracts was examined under laboratory conditions at four concentration levels viz. S, S/25, S/50 and S/75 by poisoned food technique on PDA. The radial growth of the fungus was recorded after 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours of incubation. The inhibition percentage was measured and the results revealed that the garlic extract among all the three tested plant extracts was the most effective to inhibit the mycelial growth (49.54, 58.67, and 73.90%) of S. sclerotiorum at S/50, S/25, and S respectively after seven days followed by neem leaf extract (32.77, 44.97 and 61.73%). Leaf extract of safeda gave the least inhibition percentage of fungal growth of S. sclerotiorum.