Basil Leaf Research Articles

Uji Beberapa Dosis Minyak Daun Kemangi Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus sebagai Atraktan terhadap Bactrocera spp. pada Tanaman Cabai

Fruit flies, Bactrocera spp., are the primary pests on chili plants (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus). A safe and effective control uses traps combined with an attractant from basil leaf oil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus). This study aimed to determine the attractiveness of basil leaf oil against fruit flies at several different doses. This research was carried out in Organic Chemistry Laboratory STIFARM Padang, in Tabek Patah Tanah Datar area West Sumatra, and in the Pest Disease Observation and Development of Biological Agents Laboratory, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, from June to August 2020. The treatment was in the form of different doses of basil leaf oil, which was 0,5 ml per trap, 1.0 ml per trap, 1.5 ml per trap, 2.0 ml per trap, and 2.5 ml per trap. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. This study found two species of fruit flies around chili plants, namely Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae, which were dominated by male B. papayae. The traps containing 1.5 ml of basil leaf oil attracted the most fruit flies. Temperature and humidity significantly affect the abundance of individual fruit flies.

Etoricoxib and Herbal Adjuvant Containing Nanoparticles Incorporated Gel and Ointment Formulations for the Treatment of Human Skin Melanoma (SK-MEL-2)

Aim: The aim of study was to develop nanoparticles consisting etoricoxib with ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome (GE) and basil leaves (BE) and evaluated against human skin cancer cells (melanoma, SK-MEL-2). Nanoparticles were further incorporated into gel and ointment and characterized. Material: Concentration of extract was varied while etoricoxib remains constant in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were incorporated into gel and ointment, prepared by using tamarind seed polysaccharide and aloe vera gel, respectively. Result: All the batches of nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size and were found from 924 nm (N1) to 1084 nm (N9). The loading efficiency of etoricoxib varied form 66.8 ± 0.05% (N4) to 85.1 ± 0.04% (N9), for GE 60.3 ± 0.04% (N4) to 72.1 ± 0.05% (N9), for BE 59.5 ± 0.04% (N8) to 80.5 ± 0.03% (N9). The consistency of ointment and gel was found smooth. The pH of the nanoparticles incorporated ointment was observed 6.2 ± 0.023 (O6) to 6.2 ± 0.089 (O4), viscosity was found as 0.70 ± 0.098 (O3) to 1.130 ± 0.092 (O1) gm/cm3, and spreadability in the range of 58.3 ± 0.062 (O2) to 66.2 ± 0.098 (O5)%. The pH of nanoparticles incorporated gel was observed 6.2 ± 0.019 (G2) to 6.2 ± 0.098 (G7), viscosity was found as 0.847 ± 0.030 (G7) to 1.130 ± 0.065 gm/cm3 (G9), with spreadability in the range of 62.5 ± 0.045% (G5) to 70.51±0.056% (G4). In vitro cytotoxic studies showed that nanoparticles incorporated gel formulation (G1) was able to control cell growth (SK-MEL-2). Conclusion: It can be concluded that etoricoxib and herbal components consisting formulations were able to control human skin cancer cells.

Use of basil leaf ethanol extract in alginate base edible film

Alginate is usually obtained by extracting from brown seaweed, mainly Sargassum sp which grows almost along the coasts of the islands in Indonesia. One of the efforts to utilize alginate was by employing as raw material in the production of edible film. The disadvantage of films made from carbohydrates is that they are not very good at regulating water vapor migration. One way to improve performance of edible film in inhibiting water vapor transmission is to add vegetable oil. In this study, the effect of adding basil leaf ethanol extract was observed to improve the performance of alginate-based edible film. Basil leaf extract was added at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The resulting edible films were observed for chemical characteristics (moisture content), physical characteristics (thickness, tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate, elongation, brightness, solubility) and antibacterial performance. The results showed that the concentration of basil leaf extract had a significant effect on moisture content, thickness, tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and elongation values. Edible films do not have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The addition of basil leaf extract at a higher concentration resulted in an alginate-based edible film with lower moisture content, higher water solubility, higher thickness, higher tensile strength, lower WVTR, and lower elongation percentage.

English

This research focused on isolation of Silver Nano Particles (AgNPs) using leaf filtrate of Ocimum sanctum and evaluation of their antibacterial action against Bacillus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It is known that plant extracts act as reducing agents, stabilizers and as capping agents. The O. sanctum plant was specifically selected due to its medicinal properties and abundant availability. The change in color of leaf extract was imminent when the silver nitrate was added to the basil leaf filtrates, indicating the formation of AgNPs. The UV-visible spectroscopy and SEM analysis confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Silver ions and nanoparticles are severely toxic to microorganisms; hence they are used predominantly as antimicrobial agents. The silver nanoparticles that were synthesized from O. sanctum leaf extract have exhibited antibacterial activity against Klebsiella, B. aureus, S. aureus and E. coli and the activity varied significantly with the different concentrations of silver nitrate used. The nano particles thus developed have been confirmed by UV along with SEM reports. AgNPs sizes varied from 53.3 to 121 nm. It has been observed that most of the plant extracts yielded silver nano particles of size less than 100 nm. However, the present experimental work yielded particle size of about 121 nm from O. sanctum leaf extract.   Key words: Silver nano particles (AgNPs), Ocimum sanctum, antibacterial activity.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI GEL MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN KEMANGI (Oscimum basillicum L) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

The essential oil of basil leaves (Oscimum basillicum L) has a mixture of chemical compositions, the most common of which are terpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, phenols and ketones. Of these compounds that have antibacterial activity is linalool (51.2-74.73%) which is included in the terpenoid compound group. Objective: This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of the concentration of basil essential oil on the physical quality test of gel preparations and to determine whether there is a difference in the effect of the concentration of basil essential oil on antibacterial activity. The essential oil of basil leaves essential oil hand antiseptic gel was formulated with 4%, 6%, and 8% concentration of basil essential oil. Method: Antibacterial activity test was performed using the Disk Diffusion method. Results: The results of the research for the hand antiseptic gel of the essential oil of basil leaves (Oscimum basillicum L) met the parameters of the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test and adhesion test. Basil leaf essential oil hand antiseptic gel with a concentration of 4% can inhibit bacterial growth with an average of 9mm, a concentration of 6% with an average of 10mm, and a concentration of 8% with an average of 12mm. By analyzing the data using One Way ANOVA, the Sig. 0,000 which means that there are differences in the three formulations. Conclusion: The three formulations are susceptible to strong inhibition.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Basil Leaf (Ocimum sanctum L.) Extract on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Male Rat

Basil leaf have antioxidants such as flavonoids, so it is thought to have a hepatoprotective effect. This study aims to investigate the effect of basil leaf extract on SGOT and SGPT levels in male rats induced by paracetamol. Basil leaf extract was carried out by the percolation method using ethyl acetate solvent, Some 20 male sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Basil leaf extract (400 mg/kgBB and 600 mg/kgBB) and sylimarin (100 mg/kgBB) were carried out every day for 28 days, paracetamol was induced 24 hours after giving the last day of basil leaf extract. The parameters measured were SGOT and SGPT level to assess the effect of basil leaf extract on liver damage caused by paracetamol. The results showed that basil leaf extract (400 mg/kgBB dan 600 mg/kgBB) showed that the activities of SGOT and SGPT levels were statistically significant (p<0,05) to negative control. Basil leaf extract shows the effect of hepatoprotector on liver induced by paracetamol, however the effect given was not able to equate with positive control.

Antibacterial Activity of Basil Leaves (Extract, Chloroform Fraction, and N-Hexane Fraction) against Staphylococcus Aureus and Eschericia Coli

Basil (Ocimum citriodorumVis.) is a plant which is their leaves are commonly eaten as fresh vegetables and have many benefits. Basil leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds that have antibacterial activity such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The purpose of this study was to known the antibacterial activity of some fractions of basil leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and see which fraction was more active. This research included extraction by maceration method using ethanol 96%, then ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane and chloroform, phytochemical screening, then tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus by used agar diffusion method. Phytochemical screening showed ethanol extractcontained alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids; chloroform fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins; and n-hexane fraction contained steroids. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed ethanol extract and chloroform fraction had antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, the n-hexane fraction did not have antibacterial activity. The concentration of 500 mg/ml of chloroform fraction and ethanol extract on S. aureus resulted from an inhibition zone around 24.67-26.90 mm. Furthermore, E. coli produced 22.67-23.84 mm. Ethanol extract had higher antibacterial activity than the chloroform fraction against E. coli and S. aureus

Kinetics and regression analysis of phenanthrene adsorption on the nanocomposite of CaO and activated carbon: Characterization, regeneration, and mechanistic approach

In the present study, calcium oxide supported on activated carbon (CaO@AC) nanocomposite was synthesized using Basil leaf extract as a promoter and used to remove phenanthrene, an environmental pollutant, from aqueous solution. The activated carbon (AC) was prepared by the carbonization of Palm shells under pyrolytic conditions. The CaO@AC nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, and PXRD. The characterized CaO@AC nanocomposite was employed as an adsorbent for selective removal of phenanthrene from wastewater, maintaining the optimized conditions at initial phenanthrene concentration (5 mg/L), catalyst dosage (1 g), temperature (30 °C), and pH (7.6) for all batches. The adsorption isotherm and the kinetic studies for regression analysis were well fitted for the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9956) and non-linear Pseudo (II order) mechanism (R2 = 0.9942). The results showed that the type IV linear form of pseudo-II order kinetic expression was inadequate for the kinetic rate parameters compared to the type I - III models. The CaO@AC was demonstrated as an inexpensive, scalable, recyclable, and eco-friendly adsorbent material for removing phenanthrene from wastewater.

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND TIMES OF APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN ON SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Sweet basil is one of the popular herbs that contains various types of antioxidants and is widely usedin pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Although sweet basil is considered as an easy and fast-growing herb, yet, the production is still insufficient to cater to the rising demand. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase biomass of sweet basil by the application of chitosan at different timing. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Plants were treated with different concentrations of chitosan (0, 2, 4 and 6 ml/L) at three different times of application (20, 40 and 20+40 days after transplanting), and kept for 60 days under open field. Data was analysed by using Statistical Analysis Software (version 9.4), Analysis of Variance was used and means were separated using Least Significant Differences.Based on the findings, all treated plants showed greater value compared to the control treatment. Among the treatments, it was found that plants treated with 4 ml/L at 20 days after transplanting performed the best where the plants reached highest stem fresh weight (44.59 g/plant), root dry weight (2.83 g/plant), leaf fresh weight (54.28 g/plant) and leaf dry weight (8.80 g/plant). The yield was higher than control treatment at 43.45% and 59.71% based on its leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended for sweet basil to be treated with 4 ml/L at 20 days after transplanting. Besides, more details study on compound profiling and its fraction from sweet basil leaf extract can be conducted in the future.Keywords: dry weight; fresh weight; physiology; sweet basil; yield

Leafy vegetables inhibit activities of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in vitro

ABSTRACT One of the processes involved in pathogenesis of diabetic complications is the polyol pathway, which is catalyzed by the enzymes – aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. Inhibition of one, or both, of these enzymes will shut down the polyol pathway ameliorating diabetic complications. Consumption of leafy vegetables is a dietary regime for management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Inhibitory effects of leafy vegetables on activities of the polyol pathway enzymes aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, and mode(s) of inhibition of these enzymes by the most effective plant were evaluated. Aqueous extract of leaves of African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.), fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook.) and clove basil leaf (Ocimum gratissimum L), were incubated with substrates (glucose and sorbitol) and enzymes, and their percent inhibition of enzymes determined spectrophotometrically. Due to low IC50 value, the aqueous extract of bitter leaf was used to assess kinetics of both enzymes. With exception of African eggplant, all plants displayed stronger inhibition of sorbitol dehydrogenase than aldose reductase. Vernonia amygdalina exhibited the lowest IC50 for aldose reductase (78.03 µg∙mL−1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (22.17 µg∙mL−1). Vernonia amygdalina inhibited aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in a noncompetitive, and mixed non-competitive manner, respectively. The V. amygdalina extract displayed potent inhibition of polyol pathway enzymes, and it needs to be determined if consumption affects the responses.

H2O2-Scavenging Activity and Hyaluronidase Inhibition Scutellarin and Apigenin in Basil Leaf Extract

The potential utilization of flavonoid compounds, especially scutellarin, and apigenin, contained in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaf extract to manage the aging effects on the skin, that occurs because of over-activated hyaluronidase enzyme and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, is not well known. This study was conducted to assess the H2O2 scavenging activity and the inhibition of hyaluronidase from scutellarin and apigenin at various concentrations. The study was conducted by measuring H2O2 scavenging inhibition and hyaluronidase inhibition of scutellarin and apigenin in various concentrations using the spectrophotometry method. The various activity was tested using the One-Way ANOVA test followed by Tukey post hoc test. IC50 values were calculated based on linear regression equations of H2O2 scavenging inhibition and hyaluronidase inhibition. The analysis showed the highest H2O2 scavenging activity was found in scutellarin with IC50 158.76 μg/mL. Scutellarin has greater scavenging activity than apigenin. Hyaluronidase inhibition of scutellarin with IC50 35.25 µg/mL, while apigenin was 162.86 µg/mL. Scutellarin has higher hyaluronidase inhibition activity than apigenin. Antioxidant and antiaging effects of basil leaf extract caused by phytochemical compounds contained, especially scutellarin.

Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Daun Kemangi sebagai ‘Hand Sanitizer‘ di Lembaga Pendidikan alFalah, Sei Mencirim, Deli Serdan

<p>ABSTRACT. Hand sanitizer is a non rinsed sanitizer which is can used to clean our<br />hands without water. Through community service activities, it is hoped to improve society’s insight about the importance in using hand sanitizer which is considered more effective than using soap and water to prevent the spread of virus so it can help people to avoid deseases which is caused by microbes. However, using hand sanitizer which contains high alcohol is dangerous because it can cause viral inflammation.. Using natural hand sanitizer which is made of Basil leaves is better<br />hand sanitizer solution naturally. Utilization of natural antiseptic which made of<br />basil leaves extract is socialized in Al Falah School at Sei Mencirim village in order<br />to give information and insigt to students, parents’ students, teachers and staf there<br />about how important to do prevention and avoidance deseases especially in pandemic covid-19 by keeping their hands clean through natural hand sanitizer use. <br />Keywords: Hand sanitizer, Basil Leaves, Natural antiseptic</p>

Antioxidant Activity Of 70% Ethanol Extract Combination Of Kemangi Leaf (Ocimum Americanum Linn) and Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Using DPPH

Basil and binahong leaf are plants that can be used as medicine. Basil leaf contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Binahong leaf contain alkaloids, flavonoid and tannins. These compounds have the ability as an antioxidant to inhibit free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of a combination of basil leaf extract and binahong leaf. The method used in testing the antioxidant activity is the DPPH free radical scavenging method (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrihidrazil). Simplicia powder of basil leaf and binahong leaf were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. Each extract and extract combination was tested for antioxidant activity against DPPH by measuring the absorbance of DPPH at a wavelength of 516.5 nm. The results showed that the IC50 value for ethanol extract of basil leaf was 42.33 ppm, ethanol extract of binahong leaf was 51.57 ppm, and the IC50 value from each of the combination of ethanol extract of basil leaf and binahong leaf at a ratio of 1:1; 1:2 ; 2;1 was 59.71 ppm ; 77.18 ppm ; 24.33 ppm. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of the combination of ethanol extract of basil and binahong leaf is very strong compared to the singular both. The combination of ethanol extract of basil leaf and binahong leaf in a ratio of 2:1 has very strong antioxidant activity.

The hardness analysis of noodles made from modified cassava flour, spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and basil leaves extract (Ocimum sanctum L.)

The alternative solution for high import costs of wheat flour is by substituting wheat flour with mocaf (modified cassava flour). Mocaf is a modification of cassava flour made by fermentation treatment using lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid or enzymes. However, mocaf has a low gluten and protein content so it might produce noodle products with a poor texture. Therefore, it is necessary to add other ingredients in order to increase protein content and change the appearance, one of which is fortification with spirulina. Spirulina has a natural aroma like the smell of fresh seaweed with a slightly fishy aroma that comes from the high protein content. Hence, it is necessary to add basil leaf extract which can give a distinctive smell of basil to overcome the fishy aroma of the noodles. This research was conducted to determine the texture of modified noodles from mocaf with the addition of spirulina and basil leaf extract using a texture analyzer. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the addition of basil and spirulina leaf extracts could affect the texture of mocaf noodles to become more chewy, dense and not easily broken.

Development and Evaluation of Nutraceutical products from Soybean, Sorghum and Basil leaf using Response Surface Methodology

A central composite orthogonal experimental design (CCOD) was used to develop a nutraceutical product from soy protein isolate, sorghum pyrodextrin and basil instant soluble powder using their levels incorporation as the independent factors while functional, and antinutritional parameters served as the responses. The haematological and biochemical parameters of albino wistar rat fed with the preferred nutraceutical product were determined. Sensory profiling by 30 panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale was conducted. The response surface analysis of the dependent variables of the products revealed both quadratic and linear fitted effects (P<0.05).The developed nutraceutical product had water absorption capacity, 1.69g/g, oil absorption capacity, 0.78g/cm3 bulk density, 6.82 pH, 1.40mg/g trypsin inhibitor, 0.73mg/100g phytate, 0.54mg/100g tannin, and 2.15HU/mg haemagglutinins. The nutraceutical product boosted the homopeitic activities, reduced the fasting blood glucose and cholesterol of the experimental rats, while biochemical analysis indicated no toxicological implication. A regression graph of the observed and predicted physicochemical properties of the product showed a highly fitted model of R2 = 0.999. Consumer acceptability tests showed that the developed nutraceutical product was accepted by the panelists.

Antinociceptive potential of methanol leaf extracts of Cissampelos parreira (Linn), Lantana camara (Linn) and Ocimum gratissimum (African basil)

The effects of Cissampelos pareira (Linn), Lantana camara (Linn) and Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) leaf extracts on pain have not been biologically determined despite their frequent traditional use in pain management. The present study evaluated the effects of methanol leaf extracts of these three plants on formalin-induced pain in Swiss albino mice. Leaves of C. pareira, L. camara and O. gratissimum were harvested, cleaned, shade dried, crushed, extracted in absolute methanol and concentrated to dryness. The quantitative phytochemical screening of the three plant extracts was first carried out. Then, the pain assay tests constituted eight groups of five mice each: normal control group, positive control group, negative control group and experimental groups of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250mg/kg bw extracts. The animals were administered with various treatments thirty minutes before induction of pain through injection of 0.01ml of 2.5% formalin solution into the sub-plantar region of the left hind paw. Paracetamol at the dose of 50mg/kg bw and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide were used as the positive and negative controls respectively. The plant extracts were administered intraperitoneally and orally. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test. Phytochemical screening on separate extracts of C. pareira, L. camara and O. gratissimum revealed fatty acids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. The different dosages of methanol leave extracts of C. pareira, L. camara and O. gratissimum reduced pain significantly (p˃0.05) in mice. The significant reduction of pain was associated with fatty acids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids revealed in the plant extracts.

Study on the morphological and physiological changes of the peltate glandular trichome development in holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaf

The essential oil is a main product of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). It present mainly in the peltate glandular trichomes. Therefore, the morphological and physiological changes during the development of peltate glandular trichomes are of great interest. In this paper, the morphological changes of glandular trichomes, the relationship between glandular trichomes and leaf development, and the physiological changes during leaf development of Holy basil were analyzed. The Holy basil peltate glandular trichomes were formed at the early stage of leaf development (leaf primordia) and continuously renewed during leaf development. The development of peltate glandular trichomes of Holy basil included four main stages: initiation, shaping, secretory cavity formation and essential oils accumulation. The formation of peltate glandular trichomes started at the beginning of leaf rapid growth while the accumulation of essential oils occurred at the slow mature growth and strongly increased at the stationary growth phase. The intensity of photosynthesis and respiration of leaves increased strongly during the period of rapid growth. The activities of auxins and cytokinins in leaf were very high at the beginning of the rapid growth stage while gibberellin activity was high only at the end of the rapid growth stage. Treatment with 1 mg/L gibberellic acid increased the length of branch, area of leaf, and the content of the essential oil.

Thin layer drying models and characteristics of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and lemon basil leaves (Ocimum africanum)

The effect of air temperature on the drying kinetics and characteristics of scent and lemon basil leaves were investigated using a vacuum oven dryer at 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C. Suitable drying models were obtained to describe the drying process. Falling rate drying phenomenon was observed for both leaves. Six thin layer drying models namely: Lewis model, Page model, Modified Page model, Logarithmic model, Two term model and Midilli model were fitted to the moisture ratio data for both scent and lemon basil leaves. Highest coefficient of determination (R2), and least sum of square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values were determined for the Logarithmic model for scent leaf as 0.9998, 0.0002, 0.0081, and 0.9961, 0.0034 and 0.0222 for lemon basil leaf. The Two term model showed the same values for scent leaf as the Logarithmic model and 0.9967, 0.0024 and 0.0185 for lemon basil leaf. They were the best fit models for all the drying temperatures. The results showed that scent and lemon basil leaves can best be dried at 70 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The specific energy consumption and the effective moisture diffusivities (Deff) of scent and lemon basil leaves were determined at different drying air temperatures. Deffranged from 4.76×10−13to 1.47×10−12m2/s and 4.80×10−13 to 2.06×10−12 m2/s for scent and lemon basil leaves respectively, as temperature increased. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (Do) were determined as 25.01 kJ/mol and 8.19×10−9 m2/s for scent leaf and 32.35 kJ/mol and 1.49×10−7 for lemon basil leaves. Therefore, the Logarithmic and Two term models are recommended as the best models for the drying kinetics of scent and lemon basil leaves from the experiment.

Evaluation of Basil Plant Ocimum Sanctum L. as Attractant to Fruit Flies

An experiment was conducted in mango, guava and vegetables farm located at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U P.) on the attraction of fruit flies with basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) plant extracts. The treatments include: leaf extract (T1), stem extract (T2), inflorescence extract (T3), root extract (T4) and methyl eugenol (control). In mango, maximum numbers of fruit flies were attracted with basil leaf extract (mean 12.67) in 21st standard month (SM); and with inflorescence extract it was nil. In guava, maximum fruit flies were attracted to inflorescence extract (51.67) in 50th SM, and the least with stem extract (0.67- 4th SM). In vegetable farm, maximum fruit flies were attracted with leaf extract (65.67- 12th SM), and the least with the stem extract (5.00 in 3rd SM). In general, the leaf extract was superior in attracting the fruit flies in mango and vegetables, while it was inflorescence extract in guava. Basil being the cheapest source of methyl eugenol can decrease substantially the pest attack. This study observed that seven species were attracted to basil plant parts viz., Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. (Zeugodacus) diversa, B. correcta, B. caudata and B. nigrotibialis.

EFFECTIVENESS OF LOTION EXTRACT OF VARIOUS TYPE OF PLANTS AS Aedes aegypti MOSQUITO REPPELENT

Effort to control DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) vectors without toxic substances by using natural and enviromentally friendly materials was natural repellent made using plants that were widely available in the community.Many types of plants contain various secondary metabolite compound substances that have the potential to be used as natural insecticides, especially as repellent of the Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The research needs to be done to determine the effectiveness of basil leaves, citronella leaves, clove leaves and betel leaves as a repellent against Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. This research method was an experiment in the laboratory. The materials used for this research were basil leaves, citronella leaves, clove leaves, and betel leaves. The extracted leaves were then made lotions with certain formulas, tested as a natural repellent against Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. The concentrations used were 20%, 40% and 80% as well as negative control (0%) and positive control (brand x lotions). The number of mosquitoes used in the study were 25 x 4 treatments = 100 mosquitoes. The replication or repetition was done 10 times. To find out the difference in the number of Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes that perch on the hands of probandus which has been smeared with basil leaf, citronella leaf, clove leaf and betel leaf extracts uses Anova Statistical tests and kruskal wallis. To see the difference between concentrations was tested with LSD or Mann-Whitney test. The calculation result of the number of Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes that perch before and after applying the lotion, the lowest was the lotion of citronella leaf extract 0% (11); 20% (2); 40% (1); 80% (1); The highest protection capacity of extract lotion is citronella leaves with concetrations of 20% (81,1%); 40% (95%), 80%(98,2%); There were no significant differences between the lotion concentrations of 20% and 80%, while the concentration of 40% is significantly different. Then the LSD follow-up test finds that the protective capacity of lotion of clove leaf extract is negative and citronella leaf extract is positive. The most effective protection capacity against Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes was lotion of citronella leaf extract with concentration of 40% (95%) and a concentration of 80% (98,2%), proven by the value of protection capacity that is stable even though it has been used for up to 6 hours and can exceed the protection capacity of lotion x (90,3%). It is reccomended that further research needs to be developed to optimize the lotion of citronella leaf extract 40% and 80% with orgonolaptic test of color, aroma, stickness and comfort of its use.