Leached Chernozem Research Articles

Sunflower hybrid “Linzi” and its agronomic response to the main soil tillage systems in the region of South Dobrudzha

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus – hybrid “Linzi”) yield obtained under different main soil tillage systems in 4-field crop rotation (common bean-wheat-sunflower-grain maize), is strongly influenced by the properties of the slightly leached chernozems the (Haplic Chernozems) and the climatic conditions. This study was carried out at the stationary field trial of Dobrudzha Agricultural InstituteGeneral Toshevo from 2016 to 2018. The influence of seven main soil tillage systems (MSTS) on the yield and the physical properties of sunflower seeds were investigated. The aim of this study was to trace the influence of different types of main soil tillage on seed yield, oil content and seed physical properties of sunflower hybrid ”Linzi”. Regardless of the meteorological conditions during the studied period, the main tillage systems are a powerful agrotechnical tool for managing sunflower productivity in all its aspects. The yield of seeds and kernels of hybrid ”Linzi”, as well as that of their oil content, is highest in years with a relatively favorable distribution of precipitation during the growing season. For the region of haplic Chernozems in Dobrudzha, the most effective systems for sunflower are the systems including the mould board plough of the soil. The best results were obtained when, in the 4-field crop rotation against wheat, deep tillage was replaced by Disking or No-till. The obtained oil yields are respectively: 2420.10 kg/ha (Plowing- -Disking); 2280.80 kg/ha (Plowing-No-till) 2244.70 kg/ha (Plowing-Plowing). The largest seeds were obtained in the under permanent shallow treatment against all crops in crop rotation - 62.66 g (Disking-Disking). The best results for the hectoliter weight were obtained in the two deep treatments with and without turning/inversion of the cultivated layer. However, the heaviest seeds were obtained when deep plowing is interrupted with direct seeding or disking, respectively. The positive correlation with the production of husks and kernels is strongly expressed. Averaged over the period, the correlation between the yield of seeds and that of husks has lower values compared to each of the years.

Photosynthetic activity - as a factor in the formation of yield and quality of the new grain fodder oat variety Irtysh 33

The purpose of the research is to assess the influence of photosynthetic activity of the new promising oat variety Irtysh 33 on the formation of its yield and quality of green mass. The experiments were performed in 2017-2022. The soil of the experimental plots is ordinary leached chernozem with a humus content of 5.7…7.5 %. The experiment was carried out in 4 repetitions. The seeding rate is 4 million viable seeds/ha. The area of the plots is 10 m2. The object of research is a new promising oat variety Irtysh 33, the standard variety is Orion. Optimal moisture supply was observed in 2019 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.10), excess moisture in 2018 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.39), and dry conditions in 2017, 2020-2022. (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.58-0.77). On average, over the period of research, the variety Irtysh 33 was characterized by a more developed leaf apparatus (35.5 and 24.9 % higher than the standard for leaf surface area in the sweeping and flowering phases, respectively). The new variety was characterized by an increased mass fraction of dry biomass, exceeding the Orion standard by 14.6 % in the heading phase and by 10.2 % in the flowering phase. The Irtysh 33 variety provided photosynthetic potential 30 % higher than the standard. The new variety generated forage yields that were 7.3 and 3.2 t/ha higher than the standard in the heading and flowering phases, respectively. An increased quality of forage mass of the Irtysh 33 variety in the heading phase was also noted - higher than the standard for the mass fraction of protein by 0.4 %, for protein collection by 1.07 t/ha and 0.7 % lower than the standard for the mass fraction of fiber. Indicators of photosynthetic activity had a direct impact on the formation of the yield and quality of green mass of the Irtysh 33 variety, depending on the development phase. From spawning to flowering, the role of accumulation of dry biomass on the formation of the mass fraction of fiber (from r=0.515±0.02 to r=0.684±0.103, respectively) and yield (from r=0.479±0.008 to r=0.602±0.015) increased, as well as the role of net productivity of photosynthesis (for the accumulation of dry biomass from r=0.115±0.004 to r=0.419±0.017; for yield from r=0.460±0.020 to r=0.601±0.051). The average direct degree of conjugation of the assimilation surface of the leaf with the mass fraction of protein, noted in the sweeping phase (r=0.640±0.19), in the next phase changed to the average reverse (r= -0.508±0.021).

Issues of forming yields and improving the quality of green fodder based on winter barley

The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of green fodder based on winter barley was studied to identify optimal cultivation methods. The research was carried out in 2018–2020 on low-humus heavy-clay drained leached chernozems of Adygea. Double disking at 12–16 cm was used on five backgrounds of fertilizer application: 1. Control sample (0.0 kg/ha a.s.). 2. Background N24Р104 (128 kg/ha a.s.). 3. Background + N30 (158 kg/ha a.s.). 4. Background + N45 (173 kg/ha a.s.). 5. Background + N60 (188 kg/ha a.s.). The formation of productivity took place under conditions of nutritional deficiency. Nitrogen yield was 128.3–303.7; phosphorus yield- 43.7–48.9; potassium yield – 100.9–335.1 kg/ha. It was established that The average yield was established to vary from 3.9 to 15.2 t/ha. The effectiveness of fertilizers was noted. Reliable increases in yield were obtained (1.2–10.5 t/ha, NSR05 1.4–2.4 t/ha). A significant degree of dependence of the crude protein content was revealed (r 0.5; R2 0.29; increase in 14.5–21.2%), a strong correlation of digestible protein (r 0.719; R2 0.517; 12.4–18.2%) and crude fiber (r 0.96; R2 0.92; 23.6–34.8%) from increasing fertilizer standards. It was established that application of fertilizer dose of 188 kg/ha a.is. (N24P104 + N60), using a resource-saving method of soil cultivation, made it possible to obtain the highest level of yield for the varieties of Romance – 15.2 t/ha, Dobrynya – 14.7 t/ha, Kondrat – 14.2 t/ha, Carioca – 7.4 t/ha. This cultivation method was the most optimal and expedient economically and energetically. The payback of 1 kilo of a.s. of fertilizers with grass mixture yield was the highest: 56.5; 45.2; 50.4; 20.2 kg, with increase: 15930; 12750; 22 140; 5700 rub. Reduced energy intensity of the varieties of Dobrynya 2.35 – 1.7; Kondrat 3.11 – 1.84; Romance 3.10 – 1.74 GJ/t, indicated the effectiveness of cultivation techniques.

Dynamics of the Agroecological State of the Soils of the Central Chernozem Region during Long-Term Agricultural Us (on the Example of the Belgorod Region)

The paper analyzes the results of eleven survey cycles of arable soils conducted from 1964 to 2022 in the southwestern part of the Central Chernozem region in the Belgorod region. In the steppe zone of the region, ordinary chernozems predominate, in the forest-steppe zone – typical and leached chernozems. During the eleventh survey cycle (2019–2022), the average level of application of mineral fertilizers was 114.4 kg a.i./ha, organic – 9.6 t/ha, liming of acidic soils – 43.8 thousand hectares per year. As a result, the average yield of winter wheat increased to 5.09, sugar beet – up to 45.6, corn for grain – up to 7.15 t/ha. At the same time, the maximum value of the weighted average content of organic matter (5.3%) was recorded in the soils of arable land for the entire observation period. The proportion of acidic soils decreased to 28.6%, including moderately acidic soils, to 3.0%. The value of hydrolytic acidity decreased to 2.7 cmolc/kg. The weighted average content of mobile forms of phosphorus (139 mg/kg) and potassium (161 mg/kg) is the highest in the Central Black Earth region. 85.7% of the surveyed soils belong to the category of low content of mobile forms of sulfur, zinc – 97.2, copper – 92.5, cobalt – 98.8, manganese – 40.1, molybdenum – 21.3%. In terms of the content of mobile forms of boron, 98.2% of the soils are classified as highly rich.

Применение удобрений на клещевине (результаты исследований во ВНИИМК) (обзор)

The researches conducted in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops showed that castor plant yield increased by 0.08–0.20 t/hа after fertilizers application on leached chernozem. The more effective dose of a primary fertilizer under castor is N40P60, which applied in autumn separately under the plowing. Higher doses of the fertilizers are less effective. Application of potassium fertilizers jointly with nitrogen-phosphorus ones in both typical (K40–45) and increased (K80–120) doses did not caused the yield increase of castor plant. Under application of the different doses of the nitrogen-phosphorous or full mineral fertilizers, oil content in castor seeds did not change significantly comparing with unfertilized control, and oil yield was determined by seed yield and increased by 0.06–0.09 t/hа. The local application of N20P30 during castor plant sowing proved the same level of yield comparing with the dose N40P60 – 1.73–1.74 t/hа. The local application of fertilizers during sowing is the most effective when placing the fertilizers strips in a distance of 2 cm sideways of the seeds. Against the backfilling into the soil of 6.2–6.6 t/hа of winter wheat residues, the application of mineral fertilizers under castor plant caused the increase of seed yield by 0.21–0.29 t/hа, oil yield – by 0.11–0.14 t/hа. The dependence of castor plant yield on nitrate nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium contents the in leached chernozem in spring was revealed. It is determined the castor plant does not react positively on the addi-tional fertilizer application when contents of mobile forms of phosphates and exchangeable potassium in a soil layer of 0–20 cm are equal to 26–28 mg/100 g (in the hood by Chirikov F.V.) and 31–32 mg/100 g (in the hood by Maslova А.L.), respectively, and content of nitrate nitrogen in a soil layer of 0–60 cm is more 17–18 mg/kg (by Grandval-Lyazhu).

Peculiarities of the formation of energy biomass by poplar plantations on the leached chernozems of the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the energy biomass productivity of poplar variety 'Robusta' on leached chernozems of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during the first four years. Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical. Results. The data of research on the growth of energy plantations of the 'Robusta' poplar variety during the first four years on leached chernozems of the Central Forest Steppe of Ukrainare presented. The plantation was established using one-year lignified 25 cm long cuttings that have a diameter in the upper section of 0.8–1.0 cm. The cuttings were planted according to two planting design: 2.0 × 0.8 m and 2.0 × 0.9 m. In both variants, at the end of the first vegetation season, the trees had an average height of 1.6 m. In the second vegetation season, the height increase in the first variant was 2 .0 ± 0.05 m, and on the second 2.1 ± 0.05 m. In the third year of cultivation, the growth of poplar trees reached the maximum height and amounted to 3.1 and 3.0 m, respectively, at the end of the year, with the average height of plants reaching 6.8 and 6.6 m, respectively. In the fourth year of vegetation, the increase in height slowed down significantly (to 1.2 and 1.1 m, respectively) and the average increase in plant height began to decrease significantly: their height was 8.0 ± 0.16 m in the first variant and 7.7 ± 0.22 m in the second. The average stem diameter of plants at a height of 1.3 m after the first year was higher in the first variant compared to the second (0.5 cm vs. 0.3 cm). However, already during the second year, the trees of the second (less dense) plantation increased their diameter by 2 cm. The same difference was preserved in the third year, when the average diameter of the trees of these variants was 5.8 and 6.2 cm, respectively. During the fourth growing season, the average increase in diameter in the studied plantations significantly decreased, and their average diameter indicators reached 7.2 ± 0.22 and 8.0 ± 0.31 cm, respectively. At the same time, there was a significant increase in the productivity indicators of such plantations at this time: from 25.78 to 29.94 t/ha, with energy yield ranging from 458.8 GJ/ha to 532.8 GJ/ha. This circumstance indicates the expediency of using a 5–7-year cycle of biomass harvesting on such plantations to obtain maximum productivity indicators. Conclusions. On the leached chernozems of the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine, poplar energy plantations of 'Robusta' variety after three years of cultivation accumulate about 12–15 tons of dry biomass per 1 ha, and after four years from 26 to 30 tons of dry biomass per 1 ha. It is advisable to continue the study of the growth of such plantations in order to establish the optimal rotation of the coppice.

Agrophysical properties of soil depending on crops of grass field crop root summary

Relevance. The agrophysical state of the soil is essential for the successful development of agricultural production. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of grass-field crop rotation on the agrophysical, biological properties of soil fertility and crop productivity in the forest-steppe zone of North Ossetia — Alania.Methodology. The studies were carried out in 2020–2022 in the field stationary crop rotation of the in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the North Ossetia — Alania . The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozems on pebbles. Bookmarking experiments, phenological observations, statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted methods.Results. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the lumpy fraction under crop rotation varied from 13.34 to 49.45%, in the macrostructure — from 48.42 to 81.77%, for an aggregate 0.25 mm thick — from 1.77 up to 7.99%. By the end of the growing season, the proportion of dusty fraction under winter wheat decreased from 8.01 to 1.09%. The structural coefficient varied from 2.22% (corn) to 2.49% (oats + clover). Studies have shown that the studied soil has a good structure, since it contains from 46.0 to 66.2% of water-stable aggregates. On crops of oats + clover (average (0–30 cm) soil layer), the soil density was 0.95 g/cm3 at the beginning of the growing season, 1.19 g/cm3 — during the period of intensive growth, 1.22 g/cm3 — in the end of the growing season. This trend is manifested in all crop rotation crops. It should be noted that grass links are more productive, where the collection of fodder units (16.37 t/ha) exceeds the indicators of the tilled link by 1.98 t/ha. In general, the exchange energy of the grass-field link of the crop rotation turned out to be 2.17 GJ/ha more than the tilled one and amounted to 13.43 GJ/ha.

Comparative evaluation of early potato varieties and the mid-season variety Zlatka and ways to improve their seed production efficiency in the forest-steppe of Priobye

The paper provides data on the comparative assessment of early potato varieties on two main soil types in the forest-steppe of Priobye. The experiments were conducted from 2020 to 2022 in the Novosibirsk District of the Novosibirsk Region on leached chernozem soil at the "Praktik" Experimental Farm (a division of Novosibirsk SAU) and on grey forest heavy loamy soil at CJSC agricultural enterprise "Michurinets." The research aimed to study the efficiency of using the modern gene pool of early potato varieties and to explore ways to improve their virus-free seed production. The study achieved high potato variety yields in conditions of leached chernozem soil ("Praktik") and grey forest heavy loamy soil (CJSC agricultural enterprise "Michurinets") located in the northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Priobye. Leached chernozem on experimental plots had a humus content of 6.76%, gross nitrogen of 0.24%, phosphorus of 0.21%, and potassium 1.25%. The concentration of quickly hydrolysable nitrogen was 12.3, mobile phosphorus was 25.2, and exchangeable potassium was 12 mg/100 g of soil, with a pH of 5.89. Grey forest soil contained 3.8% humus with a pH of 5.53; Nitrate nitrogen of about 10 mg/kg; mobile phosphorus of 12.8 mg/100 g; Exchangeable potassium of 9.2 mg/100 g of soil. The research showed that on grey forest soil in open ground conditions, the productivity of early potato varieties was as follows: Red Scarlett - about 32 t/ha, Rozara - 30 t/ha, and the mid-season variety Zlatka - 28 t/ha. It was demonstrated that the seed fraction in the yield dominated these varieties. The authors noted a coefficient of variation of the fractional composition at the level of V=12.6-28%, depending on the array. The highest yield of virus-free tubers was observed in the Terra and Santé varieties. On leached chernozem soil during the study of early types, the minimum productivity was 1024 g/plant for the Rozara variety, 987 g/plant for the Riviera variety, and 986 g/plant for the Kolomba variety, which is significantly higher than the standard (Lyubava variety). It was statistically determined that the yield of early potatoes depended on genotype by 37% and on the year's conditions by 27%.

Ecological monitoring of the impact of agrochemical plant protection products on the adjacent areas of farming enterprises in Ternopil region

The article presents the results of ecological soil monitoring on the territories adjacent to agricultural storage facilities used for storing agrochemical plant protection products in the village of Vyshnivchyk, Ternopil region. The article is based on the study of the ecological monitoring of soil conditions on the territories adjacent to the areas where agrochemical plant protection products are stored. In most cases, these areas do not meet environmental and sanitary standards, posing a potential threat to the environment and the community's health. Inadequate storage conditions, which do not comply with the existing standards, release toxic residues from unused agrochemicals into the soil, water sources, and the air. Consequently, there is a risk of poisoning for both humans and animals. This study also includes an analysis of the composition of agrochemical substances from previous years on the territory of Vyshnivchyk village, Ternopil region (the territory of 'Denys K' Farm). A sheltered storage space near the village of Vyshnivchyk has been operating for more than 30 years. It was constructed in 1978 according to the standards of that time. Both bulk and liquid chemicals have been discharged into the quarry. The problem is further complicated because the landfill has no owner. It is unknown which specific toxic chemicals are present in the abandoned landfill. According to the accompanying documents, 465 tons of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), over 200 tons of hexachlorane, and 7 tons of mercury and arsenic substances have been accumulated there. According to the results of the conducted agrochemical survey, the soil is characterized by a weakly acidic reaction (soil type – leached chernozem (black soil), coarse-silty, light-loamy, soil pH = 5.9; humus content – 3.6 %). Due to wind and water diffusion (pollutant dispersion up to 30 meters from the storage was detected), agrochemicals near the storage facility had the following content: 2,4-D amine salt (0.35), simazine (0.01–0.05 mg/kg), HCH (0.02-0.14), DDT (0.03–0.10), no detected methaphos, but present in the composition (0.19), no detected trichlorfon, but present in the composition (0.10) mg/kg. The productivity and stability of the ecosystems are significantly disrupted within a radius of up to 50 meters from the storage facility site, which hurts the biogeochemical cycling of substances. Therefore, the low presence of plant protection chemical residues near the storage facility in the village of Vyshnivchyk can be attributed to the fact that these pesticides were initially stored in the adjusted facility. However, over time (since the warehouse was established in 1978, and the containers have deteriorated), they have migrated into the soil beyond the storage area.

Fertility of Leached Chernozem as a Result of 85-Year Application of Fertilizers in Grain-Beet Crop Rotation under Conditions of the Central Black-Earth Region

The use of fertilizers in the grain-beet crop rotation for 85 years significantly changed the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem, which were most pronounced in the optimization of the phosphate regime of the soil and least of all – potash. Fertilization changed the nitrogen regime and physico-chemical properties of the soil to a greater extent in a layer of 20–40 cm than –20 cm. It was found that the content of P2O5 in the soil under crops of grain crops was higher than under sugar beet crops, and K2O and pHKCl were less. The greatest changes in the agrochemical properties of the soil under sugar beet crops were noted when using N190P190K190, cereals – with the aftereffect of N135P135K135 + manure 25 t/ha.

АПРОБАЦИЯ НЕПРЯМОГО МЕТОДА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ДНК ИЗ ПОЧВЫ ДЛЯ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ СООБЩЕСТВ ЧЕРНОЗЕМОВ ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННЫХ

The article presents data on the testing of an indirect method of DNA extraction from soil to identify the soil microbiota of leached chernozems based on the analysis of the 16s rRNA gene. For this method, the optimal amount of soil sample was set at 0.3 - 0.4 g. Isolation of DNA from samples depending on the depth of the layer showed that the highest concentration was obtained from samples from depths of 10-20, 20-30 cm. As a result of the analysis, preparations of total DNA were obtained in various concentrations and different optical purity.

The influence of organic–mineral fertilization system and the structure of crop rotation on the humus condition of leached chernozem

Purpose. To study the influence of organic-mineral fertilization systems and the structure of crop rotation on the transformation of organic matter and the state of humus in leached chernozem.
 Меthods. Long-term field and analytical.
 Results. Research data on the amount of organic matter entering the soil, its humification, and the effect on the humus content in leached chernozem, depending on fertilization systems and the structure of crop rotation, are given. It was established that under the mineral fertilization system, the humus content in the soil was the lowest and demonstrated a negative seasonal dynamic. The stability of the humus content in the soil was ensured by traditional and alternative organic-mineral fertilization systems.
 Conclusions. The content of humus in leached chernozem mainly depended on the fertilization system and slightly depended on the crop rotation structure. Application of N90Ρ90Κ90 + straw + green manure or N48.8Ρ45Κ55 + by-products + green manure per 1 ha of crop rotation under sugar beet during 20 years provided the highest humus content in the soil. The content of humus was 4.04–4.07% in the 0–30 cm soil layer and 3.79–3.81% in the 30–50 cm layer, which was higher compared to mineral fertilizations by 0.18–0.20% and 0.06–0.08%, respectively. The alternative organic-mineral fertilization system stabilized the humus content in the soil at the level of the conventional manure-based fertilization system. In the mineral fertilization system, the humus content in the soil of the crop rotations decreased at the end of the vegetation season compared to the initial indicator by 0.02–0.03%, while in the organic-mineral fertilization system it increased by 0.02–0.04%. The humus content remained stable in the 30–50 cm soil layer. The alternative fertilization system with the application of mineral fertilizers, straw and green manure had the highest stabilization effect on the state of soil humus. The application of N90Ρ90Κ90 + straw + green manure provided the highest amounts of organic matter entering the soil in crop rotations − 3.55–3.57 t/ha accompanied by high humification coefficients: 22 % in a crop rotation with two fields of soybean, 41 % with barley and pea mix as preceding crops, and 44 % with pea, vetch and oat mix as preceding crops. The influence of the structure of crop rotation on the state of humus in leached chernozem was found insignificant.

Productivity of corn Ross 140 depending on the level of the chemicalization of zonal soils of the republic of Tatarstan

It is known that one and the same corn plant material can be used to produce silage, cornage, milled grain, or grain for fodder. Each of them contains completely different amounts of nutrients and a wide range of gross yield of fodder units. The results of the research show the direct dependence of the choice of corn use on zonal features of the soil cover and the existing level of chemicalization of agricultural formations of the Republic of Tatarstan, which are considered in detail in this paper. Thus, in order to produce the ploughed grain or corn with the gross harvest of fodder units 7.94–8.82 t/ha and profitability of 78.7% on leached chernozems, which account for 38% of soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is recommended to cultivate corn using the complex application of agromeliorants and calculated norms of mineral fertilizers. Liming of acidic dark gray and gray forest soils with phosphorite and zeolite application in combination with NPK provides increase in gross harvest of fodder units of corn silage from 4.22 to 6.13 and 3.34 to 5.86 t/ha respectively. The high efficiency of agrochemicals application on corn crops and forage harvesting of different types of fodder taking into account zonal features of soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan is also confirmed by economic indicators. The profitability of production of rolled grain reaches the maximum value (78.8%) in the variant with liming and phosphating of leached chernozem combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in rates calculated for obtaining the planned 35 t/ha of green mass. At the same time, on dark gray and gray forest soils as the yield of green mass increases under the influence of agromeliorants the total costs of silage production increases by 13.1 and 16.5 thousand rubles/ha compared with the control variants of the experiment (without agrochemicals). However, the costs of production of 1 000 fodder units are reduced to 9.9 and 10.4 thousand rubles respectively, provided that the sale price is about14 thousand rubles.

Fertilizer efficiency on wheat crops in the northwestern zone of the Kurgan region

The results of long-term (1968-2021) experiment on the use of fertilizers for the 10th and 11th rotations of grain and fallow crop rotation in the experimental field of the Kurgan region are presented. Crop rotation included fallow and three crops of wheat. Fertilizer efficiency varied depending on the combination of the nutrients, the place of wheat in the rotation, and the moisture conditions of the growing season. Moderate effect of phosphorus fertilizer and high effect of nitrogen fertilizer on heavy loamy leached chernozem of the experimental field in these rotations was observed on the crops distant from the fallow. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers gave a higher yield increase. Nitrogen fertilizer also had a positive effect on the quality of wheat, increasing the gluten content and the thousand-kernel weight. With the increase of gluten accumulation in wheat grain against the background of nitrogen fertilizer, the repeatability of wheat quality compliance with the requirements for the 3rd class of grain increased. The effect of fertilizers and the duration of their application on the agrochemical properties of soil became visible. The content of mobile nutrients, humus, total nitrogen and phosphorus increased more noticeably with the use of fertilizers, but the рНsan value decreased. High economic efficiency related to nitrogen fertilizer applied on the second and third wheat after fallow with a payback of 1 kg of nitrogen 12-19 kg of grain. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer was moderate, since the content of mobile Р2О5 in the topsoil remained high. The use of ammophos had a stronger effect on the yield of wheat when the plants were well supplied with nitrogen in the first fallow crops.

Moisture Regime of Leached Chernozem, the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Root Crops under Different Weather and Agrotechnical Conditions in the Сentral Сhernozem Region

The efficiency of moisture use and the yield of sugar beet increased with the use of fertilizers, combined tillage and an increase in the moisture coefficient (according to Ivanov) for 2 months before cleaning. A more favorable soil moisture regime and a lower density of addition in sugar beet crops were formed in conditions of high moisture during combined tillage. The best technological qualities of the root fruits are determined with average moisture and combined processing. The share of the influence of weather conditions on crop yield was 51, fertilizers – 30, tillage – 3%. The highest yield of sugar beet (48.3–48.5 t/ha), energy efficiency (4.6) and profitability of production (95%) were established with multi-depth dump and combined tillage in crop rotation, fertilization and high soil moisture.

Обоснование норм применения минеральных удобрений при выращивании пшеницы озимой в условиях Западного Предкавказья

The influence of rates of mineral fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of soft winter wheat on leached chernozem in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia is considered. The effect of foliar fertilization with a polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis of a type 18 : 18 : 18 + 3MgO + ME on winter wheat crops in the fourth rotation of grain-grass-rowed crop rotation was studied. An agrochemical analysis of leached chernozem was carried out according to the vegetation phases of soft winter wheat: spring tillering, budding and flowering. According to the research results, the average yield of winter wheat in the control variant was 5.08 t/ha, at the application of a single rate of a complete mineral fertilizer (N40P30K20), the yield was 6.0 t/ha. The increase to the control amounted to 0.92 t/ha (18.1%). The application of double (N80P60K40) and triple rates of the mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) increased the yield to 6.75 and 6.85 t/ha, respectively. The increase relative to the control is 1.67 t/ha (32.9%) and 1.77 t/ha (34.8%), respectively. The protein content in grains in the control variant was 10.9%, the protein yield was 553.72 kg/ha. The application of single (N40P30K20), double (N80P60K40), and triple rates (N120P90K60) of the complete mineral fertilizer increased the protein content in grains and amounted up to 11.6, 12.2, and 12.2%, protein yield – 696.0, 823.5, and 835.7 kg/ha, respectively. The gluten content in the control was 20.1%; the maximum gluten content was found in the variant when applied the water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of a triple rate of the complete mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) – 23.8%, which is 3.7% more than in the control variant. Foliar fertilizing with water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of single (N40P30K20), double N80P60K40), and triple (N120P90K60) rates of the complete mineral fertilizer provided a significant in-crease in winter wheat yield, which amounted to 1.60, 2.67, and 2.82 t/ha. This is higher than the control by 31.5, 52.6, and 55.5%. The protein content in grains and protein yield when applying Aqualis at the application of the complete mineral fertilizer ranged from 12.4–12.8% and 976.5–1011.2 kg/ha, respectively.

MONITORING OF LEAD CONTENT IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION OF RUSSIA

Studies on the environmental assessment of Pb content in agroecosystems were carried out in the forest-steppe zone of the Belgorod region, which is located in the south-west of the Central Black Earth region. The soil cover was represented mainly by leached chernozems. As a result of studies, it was established that in the layer of 0–20 cm of arable soils, the average gross content of Pb is 13.1, the concentration of mobile forms is 1.09 mg/kg, which does not exceed the background values and is significantly lower than the levels of APC and MAC. There were no significant differences in the content of Pb in the soil layers of 0–20 and 21–40 centimeters. The excess of background concentrations of this element is established in the soils of roadside ecosystems. The main source of Pb supply to the agroecosystems of the Belgorod region is organic fertilizers, but this does not pose a danger to soil pollution and crop production. The average Pb content of corn, barley and winter wheat grains did not differ significantly and was 0.267, 0.275, 0.292 mg/kg, respectively. Of the studied cultures, the minimum amount of this element was contained in soybean grains (0.155 mg/kg), and the maximum amount in sunflower seeds (0.335 mg/kg). Of perennial legumes, the minimum amount of Pb was contained in clover hay (0.185 mg/kg), and the maximum amount was esparceta (0.344 mg/kg). Exceeding the levels of the maximum permissible concentration and the maximum permissible level of Pb in crop production was not detected.

State of humus and nutrition of leached chernozem under the effect of fertilisation and field of crop rotation

Purpose. To study the state of humus and the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in leached chernozem as affected by fertilisation system and the introduction of leguminous crops into the crop rotation. Меthods. Field experiment and analytical method. Results. The data on the content of humus, mobile phosphorus and potassium in the grain fields of crop rotation under the effect of different fertilisation systems are presented. It was established that the humus, mobile phosphorus and potassium content of soil increased significantly with the application of organo-mineral fertilisation system, while the factor of the field of crop rotation was insignificant. The mineral fertilisation system was inferior to the organo-mineral one in terms of its effect on the key fertility indicators of the soil. Conclusions. The application of mineral fertilisers in both grain fields of crop rotation promoted an increase in the humus content layer by 0.02−0.05% in the 0–30 cm compared to zero fertilisation (control). At the same time, application of N33.3Р13.3K20 and N50P20K30 in the field with pea provided a slightly higher increase in the humus content of soil compared to the control than in the field with buckwheat – 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively. The maximum content of humus in the soil − 4.06% in the 0–30 cm layer and 3.86% in the 30–40 cm layer − was achieved with the application of N50P20K30 + green manure + harvest residues ensuring 0.13% and 0.02%, respectively, increase to the control. Mobile phosphorus and potassium contents of soil were affected mainly by the factor fertilisation system. They were the highest in the field with pea under the organo-mineral fertilisation system (N50P20K30 + green manure + harvest residues): 138 mg/kg and 103 mg/kg in the 0–30 cm layer and 116 mg/kg and 67 mg/kg in the 30–40 cm layer, exceeding the control by 18 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, respectively. The combined application of mineral and organic fertilisers significantly increased the amount of phosphorus and potassium income in the soil and ensured the highest content of their mobile forms. The application of mineral fertilisers was much less effective compared to organic-mineral in terms of the impact on the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium. The introduction of the leguminous crop to the grain field of crop rotation did not significantly affect soil fertility.

Removal and balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of sugar beet under biologization and modernization of the fertilization system

Purpose. To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizers and micronutrients on the balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of sugar beet under an alternative straw-based organic-mineral fertilization system.
 Меthods. Short-term field and analytical.
 Results. Research data on the content, removal and balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of sugar beet under the use of alternative organic-mineral fertilization systems are presented. It was established that in conditions of sufficient soil water content of leached chernozem, alternative organic-mineral fertilization of sugar beet ensured a positive balance of nutrients in the soil only when the leaves were left on the field. With the removal of leaves from the field, a sharp deficit of nitrogen and potassium in the soil occurred; meanwhile, a positive balance of phosphorus was maintained.
 Conclusions. At harvest, the content of nitrogen in roots was 0.82–0.87%, phosphorus 0.20–0.22%, and potassium 0.90–0.95%; in leaves 2.13–2.19%, 0.49–0.51% and 2.62–2.66%, respectively. The accumulation of nutrients in leaf biomass exceeded their content in roots by 2.1–2.8 times and did not depend on the fertilization system. Application of 5 t/ha of straw + P90K130 at ploughing, N120 at seedbed preparation and foliar application of micronutrients along with the main nitrogen fertilization in spring resulted in the maximum removal of nutrients from the soil: nitrogen 213–214 kg/ha, phosphorus 51 kg/ha, and potassium 244–246 kg/ha, which exceeded the control (zero fertilization) by 79–84 kg/ha, 18–19 kg/ha and 93–98 kg/ha, respectively. Nutrient removal with roots was 1.7–2.2 times higher than with leaf biomass. In the studied organic-mineral fertilization systems, a positive soil nutrient balance was provided only when leaf biomass was left on the field. Application of 5 t/ha of straw + P90K130 at ploughing + N90 at seedbed preparation ensured a positive balance of nitrogen in the soil and a high positive balance of phosphorus and potassium, with the intensity of nitrogen balance of 95%, phosphorus 319%, and potassium 132%. Additional foliar application of micronutrients maintained the intensity of nitrogen balance at 91–92%, phosphorus 319–330%, and potassium 126–129%. Restoration of the nutrient regime of leached chernozem was achieved by applying 120 kg/ha of nitrogen at seedbed preparation on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + P90K130 at ploughing and only in the case of leaving leaf biomass on the ground. Under such conditions, the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil was 18 kg/ha, phosphorus 68 kg/ha, and potassium 38 kg/ha at the balance intensity of 114%, 319% and 128%, respectively.

Влияние лесополос на валовое содержание Pb и Сd и их обменные соединения в черноземах выщелоченных

The creation of artificial forest belts is an effective method of land reclamation. Forest belts have a positive impact on prevention of erosion processes, formation of heat and moisture regimes, reduction of turbulent exchange in the surface air layer and reduction of carbon dioxide share in the atmosphere. An important feature of forest plantations is the prevention of soil contamination with heavy metals (HM). It occurs due to profile redistribution of HM and partial remediation of soils. The obtained data confirm this position. Reliable transformation of leached chernozems under the influence of different-age forest belts in comparison with arable soils on the territory of All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov was revealed. Forest vegetation type contributes to more sustainable ecosystems due to stabilization of humus content and its uniform distribution throughout the soil profile. Correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between content of humus, soil solution pH and the gross content, as well as the exchangeable compounds of HM. An increase in the concentration of HM in the upper layer of arable chernozem was revealed; it was caused by active emissions of exhaust gases from agricultural machinery and the application of mineral fertilizers. The design of forest belts in order to restore contaminated soils is planned in the territory of Sichuan Province (southwest China). This project needs additional research, which is planned to be carried out in the future.