LBW Babies Research Articles

STUDY OF MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS OF ECLAMPSIA

Background: Eclampsia is still a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in India and across the globe. Material & Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Government Medical College, LaturMaharashtra in 240 eclamptic patients admitted from 1st January 2019 to 30th June 2020, included after permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee & were evaluated regarding eclampsia, its sociodemographic presentation, risk factors, and fetomaternal complications. Epi- info 7.2.5 & SPSS version 2.0 was used for statistical analysis. The incidence Results: of eclampsia in the study was 1.64%. The mean age of eclampsia cases was 21.25 ± 2.47 years. 71.66% of cases were primiparous, 61.25% of cases of eclampsia had no education at all, and 13.33% of cases had a family history of preeclampsia.70% of patients were unbooked, 68.33% of cases were from rural residence while 78.34% cases were referred from different hospitals. 87.50% cases had antepartum eclampsia, 66.98% presented at gestational age less than 37 weeks, and 65.84% presented with severe hypertension with blood pressure >160/110 mm Hg on admission. 63.75% of cases had 2-4 convulsions before the start of anticonvulsant therapy. 67.91% of cases were delivered by lower segment cesarean section while 32.09% of cases had delivered vaginally. 9.17% of cases had HELLP syndrome, 7.5% cases had PRES, 5% cases required ventilatory support, and 2.92% cases developed pulmonary edema. Maternal death occurred in 9 cases. Pulmonary edema was the commonest cause of death in 44.44% of cases of eclampsia. 56.67% of cases of eclampsia had LBW babies, 85% of babies were born alive and there were 15% perinatal deaths. Eclampsia is still major Conclusion: contributor for maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The incidence of eclampsia and maternal deaths are higher in developing countries due to lack of education and lack of antenatal care. Proper antenatal care, early detection of pre-eclampsia, health education about imminent symptoms to patients, and proper management of pre-eclampsia are essential steps for the prevention of eclampsia. The maternal and fetal outcomes can be improved by the better provision of health care facilities, antenatal care, and improvement of socioeconomic conditions.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KEJADIAN BAYI BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH (BBLR) DI KOTA DENPASAR (ANALISIS DATA SEKUNDER MENGGUNAKAN UJI REGRESI LOGISTIK)

Indonesia listed by WHO as occupying the ninth position in the world with percentage of LBW more than 15,5% each year. In 2021 Province of Bali have 2,123 LBW babies and Denpasar City is the first rank of LBW with total 367. This study uses analytical research type with design case control. Sample amounted 267 samples at Wangaya Hospital and Bali Mandara Hospital from January 2020 to October 2022. Sample case are LBW babies with total 89 samples based on method total sampling, while sample control are NBW babies with total 178 samples based on method simple random sampling. Data were analyzed descriptively and relationship between variables used logistic regression test. The results showed three significant variables with LBW, gestational age (OR=17.8;p<0.001), bad obstetric history (OR=0.07;p=0.009), and ANC examination (OR=54.9;p<0.001). However, four variables no significant with LBW, mother's age, parity, disease history, and pregnancy complications. From the study results, expected that the study is able to routinely carry out pregnancy checks, as input for related institution to actively convey factors and risks of LBW, as well as input for the need for further research with different methods and varied research.
 Keywords: maternal factors, individual disease control factors, LBW, NBW

The Maternal Sociodemographic Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Indonesia

LBW is one of the highest predictors of infant and child mortality. In Indonesia, more than 100 thousand newborns experience LBW cases. In addition to birth intervals, there are maternal sociodemographic factors that can explain cases of LBW, such as age, parity, location of residence, marital status, education, and level of maternal welfare. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the association between birth intervals and maternal sociodemographic factors in LBW cases using the 2017 IDHS data. The study results show that 1 in 10 babies is born with LBW. More than half are found in rural areas, with secondary education of the mother, and in the poorest conditions. SRS results show that birth interval has no significant association with LBW. However, from the results of MLR, birth interval, parity, mother's age, residency, education, and the interaction between education and birth interval are significant determinants of LBW. Mothers who have children with short (24 months) or long (48 months) birth intervals, live in urban areas, have a lower level of education, and are under 20 or over 35 years old have a greater chance of giving birth to LBW babies. Meanwhile, mothers with more children have a slight chance of giving birth to LBW babies. These findings show the critical role of family planners in educating partners and parents in Indonesia regarding the potential risks of LBW babies according to the mother's sociodemographic condition.

STUDY OF CLINICAL AND ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF NEONATAL SEIZURES IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Introduction: Neonatal seizure is defined as paroxysmal electrical discharge from the brain. The immature brain seems more prone to seizures. The in-cidence was found to increase with decreasing gestation and birth weight- preterm neonates (20.8 vs. 8.4 per 1000 live-births) while very low birth weight neonates had more than 4-fold higher incidence (36.1 per 1000 live-births). Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the incidence, etiological factor, time of onset, clinical types, and biochemical abnormalities among the different types of neonatal seizures. Methods: This is a hospital based prospective observational study con-ducted in NICU, Department of Pediatrics, SMIMER during the period of January 2020 to March 2021. Results: Total patients with neonatal seizures were 90 in our study. Inci-dence of neonatal seizures in our study was 1.1%. Incidence was higher in pre-term neonates (4.8%) and more in males (56.67%). Incidence of neona-tal seizures was higher in LBW babies (4.3%) and more common in SGA babies (51.11%). Incidence among vaginal delivered babies was 0.9%, LSCS was 1.7% and forceps was 1.1%. Birth asphyxia (41.1%) was the most common cause of all neonatal seizures followed by hypoglycemia (17.8%), neonatal meningitis/septicemia (14.5%), hypocalcemia (12.2%), ICH (7.8%). Subtle seizures (44.4%) were the commonest type of seizure followed by tonic (38.9%), focal clonic (11.1%), multifocal clonic (5.6%). 33.3% of neo-natal seizures occurred in < 24hrs & 40% in 24-72 hrs. The most common biochemical abnormality was hypoglycemia (17.8%) followed by hy-pocalcemia (12.2%). Conclusion: Incidence of neonatal seizures was 11.1/1000 live births (1.1%) & more common in preterm, LBW & LSCS deliveries. Birth asphyxia was the most common cause and subtle seizures were the most common type of seizure. Subtle seizures were more common in 24-72 hours of life. Most common biochemical abnormality was hypoglycemia followed by hy-pocalcemia.

Low birthweight newborns in Vanuatu: A longitudinal follow‐up study

Medical care and technology have increased the survival of low birthweight babies (LBW), but especially in low- and middle-income settings the longer term thriving of such babies is not assured because of their fragility, limited services and difficult access after discharge from hospital. In Vanuatu, a Pacific nation of dispersed islands, improving LBW outcomes and survival remains a significant challenge. In this study, we prospectively document the survival, developmental and nutritional outcomes of a cohort of LBW over the first year of life. We also explored the mother's experiences of caring for an LBW baby in hospital and at home. A prospective descriptive cohort study of 49 newborns weighing less than 2.5 kg, born between April and August 2019. Data were recorded on their hospital stay, and they were followed up at 6 and 12 months post-discharge and outcomes recorded. Developmental milestones were assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test, using milestones appropriate for corrected age. Qualitative interviews were conducted to identify experiences and challenges the mothers faced in caring for their LBW baby. The mean birthweight was 1800 g at 35 weeks gestation (between 2nd and 9th centile). At 6 months of age the median weight was 6.5 kg (9th centile) and at 12 months it was 7.8 kg (9th centile). Three infants died in the first 6 months post-discharge. By 12 months of age, the proportion of infants who had achieved milestones of social and emotional (90%), language and communication (97%), cognition (85%) and motor (69%) development. One had evidence of retinopathy, and 19 had clinical anaemia. Mothers identified several stressors that they attributed as risk factors for premature delivery and outlined the difficulties and isolation of caring for an LBW baby. It is vital that all LBW babies are followed up in the years after discharge: nutritional, developmental and general health outcomes were generally good; however, post-discharge deaths are more common in this group than in the general population. Equally important is the support for mothers of LBW babies to achieve better outcomes.

Hypoglycemia in breastfed neonates: a hospital-based study

Background: Neonates has well-coordinated adaptation system which maintains the blood sugar at certain safe level in extra uterine life. However certain intrauterine risk factors alter this adaptation system leading to hypoglycemia in early post-natal period. Most of the time hypoglycemic episodes are transient but sometimes there may be recurrent or prolonged hypoglycemia leading to permanent insult in brain and neurological deficit in post-natal life. Aims and objective of the study was to find out incidence of hypoglycemia in exclusively breastfeed neonates and the risk factors associated with this in the post-natal ward of a tertiary care centre in North-East India. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted for a period of six month, where 112 exclusively breastfeed neonates who were shifted immediately to post-natal ward were included. Capillary blood sugar was checked at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life. Neonates with capillary blood glucose less than 40 were considered hypoglycemic. All the hypoglycemic babies were extensively evaluated for different intrauterine and post-natal risk factors. Results: Incidence of hypoglycemia was 16% (18 out of 112 babies). Significant numbers (30.5%) of LBW babies had hypoglycemia, where as 6.5% of normal birth weight babies had hypoglycemia. 38.8% of preterm babies had hypoglycemia where as 11.95% of term babies had hypoglycemic episodes. 71.4% (5 out of 7 babies) of neonates born from diabetic mother. All the large for date infants of diabetic mother had hypoglycemia. Conclusions: Our study came to a conclusion that incidence of hypoglycemia is not very uncommon finding in exclusively breastfeed neonates especially those with risk factors. Routine capillary blood glucose screening is utmost important to pick up the babies with hypoglycemia to prevent immediate and long-term complication.

Risk Factor Analysis Of Low Birth Weight Events (Lbw) At Kartika Husada Hospital

WHO and UNICEF data, in 2013 around 22 million babies were born in the world, of which 16% of them were born with low birth weight babies. Indonesia ranks third as a country with the highest prevalence of LBW (11.1%), after India (27.6%) and South Africa (13.2%). In addition, Indonesia is also the second country with the highest prevalence of LBW among ASEAN countries, after the Philippines (21.2%). The impact of LBW on babies is at risk for degenerative diseases, and babies will experience mental disabilities if the baby experiences a lack of nutrition for a long time. Knowing the analysis of risk factors for low birth weight events. Analytical with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 95 babies born at Kartika Husada Hospital Bekasi in January-June 2021 (systematic random sampling). Most pregnant women did not give birth to low birth weight babies (69.5%), aged 20-35 years (89.5%), did not have preeclampsia (94.7%), gestational age 37-42 weeks (76.8%), and did not KPD (84.2%). There is a relationship between maternal age, pre-eclampsia, gestational age and KPD with the incidence of LBW at Kartika Husada Bekasi Hospital in 2022 (p. value <0.005).There is a relationship between maternal age, pre-eclampsia, gestational age and KPD with the incidence of LBW at Kartika Husada Bekasi Hospital in 2022. It is hoped that pregnant women will try to prevent the occurrence of KPD which can cause the birth of LBW babies.

“FACTORS AFFECTING INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING IN LBW AND VLBW BABIES; GROWTH OUTCOMES AT 6 MONTHS OF CORRECTED AGE WITH REFERENCE TO KMC”

LBW infants has higher risk of early infectious disease and growth retardation during infancy and childhood. Advances in NICU in perinatal care has improved survival of LBWto prevent long-term complications. Feeding practices like exclusive breastfeeding along with KMC support child. The objective is to determine factors affecting initiation of breastfeeding in LBW, VLBW babies and describe role of KMC regarding growth at 6 months of corrected age. Methodology:This is prospective study conducted on infants admitted at NICU and followed up for 6months. Parameters like weight, length and head circumference were done to all admitted babies in NICU. KMC was given one group. Results: In our study, 90 babies divided as two groups, Group A (45 babies)- KMC is given; Group B (45 babies)-KMC not given. Mean Birth weight in Group A(1.77kg) and Group B (1.58kg) respectively. Main factors affecting initiation of breastfeeding in babies were LSCS (63.3% and 48.9%), RDS (55.6% and 38.9%) respectively. Rates of exclusive breastfeeding is signicantly increased in Group A (92.2%) than Group B (72.2%). At 6 months of corrected gestational age, mean weight in Group A (5.68kg) is signicantly more than in Group B (4.88kg). Conclusion: LBW babies are more prone for growth retardation, can be prevented by early initiation of breastfeeding and good newborn care. Factors affecting initiation of breastfeeding in LBWand VLBWbabies are LSCS, RDS. KMC care helps to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates and improve growth outcome

The Effectiveness of Nesting and Lighting in Physiological Function for Low Birth Weight Babies in Sidoarjo

One of the goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) is to lower infant and child mortality rates. In 2006 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) infant mortality rate in the world was 49 per1000 births and the most cause of death was Low Birth Weight Babies. In Sidoarjo Hospital the birth rate of BBLR in the last 3 months is still high ranging from 30-38 babies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of nesting and lighting in physiological function for LBW babies in RSUD Sidoarjo. This type of research is a quasy experiment with a nonrandomized pretest and posttest with control group design with purposive sampling in the Infant Room and NICU of Sidoarjo Hospital as many as 61 (40 control groups and 21 intervention groups). Measuring instruments used are luxmeters, heart rate meters, oximeters, thermometers and observation sheets. The independent variables are the use of light shields and nesting and the dependent variables are pulse frequency and oxygen saturation. The results showed there was a difference in value between pre and post test heart rate and oxygen saturation in the intervention group with a value of p< 0.05 and there was a difference between the control group and the intervention group in the respiration rate counts pre and post intervention, the post heart rate intervention, and the post temperature intervention with a value of p<0.05. The physiological condition of the baby is related to temperature, respiration and relatively stable heart rate and the use of nesting and light protection affects the physiological stability of the heart rate and oxygen saturation

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARITY, ANEMIA AND CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIT (CED) WITH INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) is a serious problem faced by the world because it is a cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period. Problems that often arise as complications of LBW are hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hyperbilirubinemia, infection or sepsis and drinking disorders (Reni, 2019). Pregnant women with poor nutritional status or experiencing CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency) tend to give birth to LBW babies and are faced with a greater risk of death than babies born to mothers with normal weight. The research method uses an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population of this study were all mothers who gave birth in the working area of ​​the Talang Pangeran Health Center totaling 323 mothers. The sampling technique was accidental sampling with a sample size of 76 respondents. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between parity (p value = 0.018), anemia (p value = 0.014) and chronic energy deficiency (KEK) (p value = 0.025) with the incidence of low birth weight in the Talang Pangeran Health Center Work Area in 2020.

Clinical profile of low-birth-weight neonates admitted in NICU: a tertiary care hospital-based study

Background: LBW is defined as weight at birth less than 2.5kg irrespective of gestational age. LBW neonate remains at much higher risk of morbidity and mortality than normal birth weight baby. Morbidity and mortality among LBW babies are a major health problem in our country, so it’s important to identify risk factors. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 153 extramural LBW neonates admitted in Neonatal intensive care unit of civil hospital, BJ medical college Ahmedabad from April 2021 to January 2022. Results: Out of 153 neonates, 94 (61.4%) were preterm, appropriate for gestational age and 59 (38.6%) were small for gestational age including 41 (26.8%) term and 18 (11.8%) preterm. 16 (10%) were extremely LBW neonates and 28 (18%) were very low birth weight neonates. 77 (53%) neonates were late preterm and term gestational age. Most common indication of NICU admission was respiratory distress syndrome in 53 (27.8%) followed by sepsis 35 (18.4%), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 22 (11.6%), birth asphyxia 15 (7.8%) and prematurity+LBW 16 (8.4%). Conclusions: Majority of LBW babies were preterm AGA babies. Respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, birth asphyxia, prematurity and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are major causes of admission. While, Respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and birth asphyxia were common causes of expires. Respiratory distress syndrome is most common cause of morbidity and mortality in low-birth-weight babies. Appropriate and effective use of oxygen delivery system, surfactant, safe, early and effective transportation of neonates should be advised.

Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Anemia in Pregnant Women on the Risk of Postpartum Bleeding and Low Birth Weight

Background: Anemia in pregnancy usually occurs in the 1st and 3rd trimesters with Hb levels below 11g% and in the 2nd trimester with Hb levels less than 10.5g%. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women around the world ranges from 41.8% to 43.8%, which means that around 56-59 million pregnant women suffer from anemia. Factors that cause anemia that often appear in pregnant women are malnutrition and iron deficiency, so that iron anemia in pregnancy can result in increased maternal mortality rates (MMR). Anemia during pregnancy can result in fetal death, abortion, birth defects, low birth weight and can cause bleeding during labour. Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model (Population: pregnant women, Intervention: anemia, Comparison: no anemia, Outcome: LBW and postpartum hemorrhage). The databases used are PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with the keywords “maternal anemia” AND “postpartum hemorrhage” AND cohort, “maternal anemia” AND “low birth weight” AND cohort. There were 17 cohort studies published in 2012-2022 that met the inclusion criteria. The total sample in this meta-analysis was 719,172. Analysis was performed with Revman 5.3. Results: 17 articles with cohort research designs originating from China, Taiwan, Japan, India, Bangladesh, England, Scotland, North America and the United States involving 719,172 pregnant women. A meta-analysis of 9 cohort studies showed that anemia in pregnant women increased the risk of giving birth to LBW babies 1.35 times compared to pregnant women who were not anemic (aOR= 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.75; p=0.020). A meta-analysis of 8 cohort studies showed that anemia in pregnant women increased the risk of postpartum hemorrhage 1.99 times compared to pregnant women who were not anemic (aOR= 1.99; 95% CI = 1.24 to 3.18; p=0.004). Conclusion: Anemia in pregnant women can increase the risk of LBW babies and postpartum hemorrhage. Keywords: Pregnant women, anemia, LBW, postpartum hemorrhage, and Meta-Analysis Correspondence: Fahmi Adhimukti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: fahmiadhimukti13@gmail.com. Mobile: +628-5743155133. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2023), 08(01): 58-69 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2023.08.01.06

Study of Clinical and Outcome Profile of Neonatal Sepsis with Thrombocytopenia Patients Admitted at Tertiary health care Centre Nanded

Abstract Background: Thrombocytopenia is a frequent problem in neonatal sepsis and is among the most predictive, independent risk factors for sepsis-associated mortality. The present study was undertaken to correlate neonatal sepsis and thrombocytopenia in terms of severity, clinical course, organism specificity and outcome. Method: Total 384 neonates age <28 days with sepsis and thrombocytopenia were studied and analyzed with their clinical profile, symptoms, lab findings and outcomes. Results: Male babies (55.86%), age <72 hrs (80.35%), preterm (68.70%) and LBW babies (85.58%) were more prone to sepsis. Maternal fever (67.44%), foul smelling liquor (53.79%) and PROM >18 hrs (66.74%) make babies more prone to neonatal sepsis. The Commonest clinical features were not accepting feed (69.95%), lethargy (67.85%) and breathing difficulty (79.04%). Early onset sepsis (82.54%) and probable sepsis (40.26%) were more common and associated with preterm and LBW babies. Leucocytosis was seen in 64.57%, thrombocytopenia moderate degree 45.67% and severe degree 34.65%, MPV >12 69.11%, ANC <1800 47.50%, micro ESR >15 mm 72.16% and CRP positivity 28.60%. Severe degree thrombocytopenia (<50000) was more common with PROM >18 hrs (83.02%), maternal fever (83.09%) and gram-negative organism(61.29%). Leucopenia (<4000) was more common with maternal fever (75.79%), proven sepsis (43.16%) and gram-negative organism (70.31%). Severe degree thrombocytopenia (61.29%), leucopenia (70.31%) and mortality (64.51%) were more commonly associated with gram-negative organism. Outcome was bad with severe degree of thrombocytopenia (62.32%), leucopenia (73.91%), and gram-negative organism (64.51%). Conclusion: Proper antenatal mother care, hygiene and early evaluation for illness can prevent early onset of sepsis in neonates. Severity of degree of thrombocytopenia directly proportional to the worst outcome.

Correlation between Maternal Factors and Risk of Low Birth Weight

This case control study on correlation between maternal factors and the risk of low birth weight were done at RPMCH, Rangpur from January 2010 to April 2010. This study was carried out on 100 LBW babies irrespective of their gestational age to identify the various risk factors related to LBW. Another 100 normal birth weight babies were studied as control. This study showed that 65% of LBW babies were preterm and 35% were term LBW and the mean weight, length and OFC of LBW babies were 1450 gm, 42cm and 29.05cm respectively. The mean gestational age of LBW babies in this study was 34 weeks. The incidence of male LBW babies were higher. Young mothers (less than 20 years) and primipara were responsible for 37% and 40% deliveries of LBW babies. Maternal body weight (below 40 kg) was responsible for 59% of LBW deliveries in contrast to only 28% in the control group of NBW babies. This difference was highly significant (p<0.001). Maternal height (140-150cm.) of LBW babies were 71%. On the other hand, in the control group maternal height in between 140-150cm. These difference was highly significant (p<0.0001). Therefore, this study also is in conformity with other studies that nutritional status of the mother has influence on birth weight of the babies. Other risk factors of LBW having significant associations with maternal characteristics in this study were upto primary level of education (72%). Housewives (84%), poor socio-economic status (55%), no and irregular antenatal checkup (76%). Impact of the adverse maternal conditions on LBW babies are seen as idiopathic (25%), premature rupture of the membrane (24%), twin gestation (14%), toxaemia of pregnancy (10%), hypertension and APH (12% and 3%) were responsible. This study on 100 LBW babies, has been able to detect the risk factors related to low birth weight in our country. Since this study was conducted on relatively small number of low birth weight babies, the findings in the study may not reflect the overall risk ....

We are facing some barriers: A qualitative study on the implementation of kangaroo mother care from the perspectives of healthcare providers.

Health systems at all levels are under pressure to provide comprehensive and high quality of care based on the best evidencebased interventions. The kangaroo mother care (KMC) is one way to care for Low Birth Weight babies (LBW) especially in developing country where the rates of preterm and LBW neonates are higher and the resources are limited. The purpose of this paper is to explore healthcare providers' perspectives of kangaroo mother care implementation in perinatology ward in the rural surgical hospital of East Java Province, Indonesia. We conducted an in-depth interviews to identify KMC implementations. Ten healthcare providers engaged with KMC were interviewed. Data was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Healthcare providers reported positives perceptions of KMC and acknowledged their important roles to give education. The barriers in implementing the KMC including the level of knowledge and the age of the mother of LBW babies. KMC as a method of treating LBW babies is effective intervention care of preterm and LBW babies. This research provides information regarding the need of supports from all levels in KMC implementation.

Anaemia in Trimester III Pregnant Women Unrelated with LBW Incidence

Anaemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin so that it is unable to supply oxygen to the tissues. One of the effects of anaemia in pregnancy is LBW. Data at the Bungatan Health Center, namely 29.1% of babies born with LBW. The incidence of LBW should be 7.5% of the IDHS. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between anaemia in third trimester pregnant women and the incidence of LBW at the Bungatan Health Center, Situbondo Regency. The research design is an analytical survey using a "retrospective" approach. The population was mothers who were >36 weeks' gestation who gave birth to LBW babies or not and detected third trimester Hb levels and did not experience pregnancy pathology. Samples were taken by "Simple Random Sampling" namely 109 of 149 mothers giving birth. The independent variable is anaemia in pregnancy and the dependent variable is LBW. The research data is secondary medical record data analyzed using the chi square test, α = 0.05. Statistical test results x² count = 1.629 < x² table = 3.481 so Ho is accepted, meaning that there is no relationship between anaemia in third trimester pregnant women and low birth weight babies. The conclusion of the study is that there was no relationship between anaemia in third trimester pregnant women and low birth weight babies because there are many factors that cause low birth weight babies, so further research is recommended on other factors that influence low birth weight births.

Determinants of Mortality in Preterm Newborns Admitted in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Findings from a Tertiary Level Maternity Hospital in Nepa

Introduction: Prematurity is a major cause of admission in the NICU in most hospitals. Premature babies are likely to face complications. Understanding the factors contributing to preterm mortality is needed to identify interventions required to reduce neonatal mortality rate. This study aims to determine the causes of mortality in preterm babies. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. All the preterm babies admitted in the sick newborn units were included. Descriptive statistics were performed using frequency and percentage. The bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the causes of mortality in preterm. Results: Total 205 (71.4%) admitted preterm babies had complications at the time of admission. LBW babies were three times more likely to have mortality among preterm admission (p – value < 0.0001). Co-morbidities such as sepsis (p - value < 0.05) and perinatal asphyxia (p – value < 0.0001) were significantly associated with preterm mortality. The duration of stay among preterm babies was higher compared to term babies. The mortality rate was higher among preterm admission compared to term admission (60% vs 40%). Conclusions: Preterm babies with LBW, neonatal sepsis and perinatal asphyxia are at greater risk of mortality. Improved antenatal and perinatal care, quality newborn care and appropriate infection prevention measures can help reduce preterm birth, prematurity related complications and mortality among these vulnerable group of newborns.

Measurement mid arm circumference and study its correlation with the birth weight of the babies

Background: To know the correlation between birth weight and mid arm circumference (MAC). To test the sensitivity and specificity of cut off limits of MAC for the identification of low-birth-weight babies <2000 gm and <2500 gm.Methods: In this observational study, 300 children were enrolled. Birth weight was measured using electronic weighing scale of accuracy 10 grams within 24 hours of life. Right MAC was measured using non-stretchable tap to the nearest of 0.1 cm at the midpoint between tip of olecranon process of ulna and the acromian process of scapula. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Different cut offs for MAC and their sensitivity, specificity to identify LBW babies <2.5 kg was analyzed through ROC. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee.Results: MAC highly correlated with weight (p<0.001). A MAC of <10 cm, predicts a birth weight of ≤2500 gm, with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 49% MAC of ≤9 cm, predicts a birth weight of ≤2000 gm, with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 87%. Regression values were analyzed and formula for detecting birth weight for the given MAC was derived.Conclusions: A positive correlation existed between midarm circumference and birth weight (p<0.001). A cut off value of 10 cm of MAC for identification of low-birth-weight babies weighting ≤2500 gm and 9 cm of MAC for identification of low-birth-weight babies ≤2000 gm with optimum sensitivity and specificity.

Giving Oral Massage is Effective in Increasing the Suction Reflex Stimulus of LBW Babies

Background: Low birth weight is a health problem that requires special attention in developing countries or countries with low socio-economic conditions. One of the impacts of LBW babies is the immaturity of the system in the body, including the baby's sucking reflex. The baby's sucking reflex in LBW has delay which has an impact on the growth and development of the baby. Objectives: this study was to determine the effectiveness of oral massage on increasing the suction reflex of LBW at RS UMMI, Bogor. Methods: Types of a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design and a one-group pre/post-test design with a total of 22 LBW respondents. Oral massage is given once a day for 15 minutes for 10 days Results: The results showed that oral massage affected increasing the suction reflex of LBW with a marked increase in the mean value from 0 to 6, based on its development that on day 10 of the action, 100% of respondents already had a strong suction reflex. Conclusion: The conclusion is that oral massage affects increasing the suction reflex of LBW.

Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain as Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight

Low weight (LBW) is one of the perinatal complications with high infant mortality and morbidity. At Wonosamodro District in 2018, 4.8% of babies were born with LBW. One of the risk factors for LBW is maternal nutritional factors. This study aims to analyze the correlation between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain with the incidence of low birth weight. This study was an analytic observational study using a case-control design. The population was all infants and toddlers with a history of LBW in the case group and normal birth weight (NBW) in the control group in Wonosamodro Sub-District, Boyolali District, born from September 2015 to September 2020. There were 102 samples with consecutive and matching sampling. The characteristics of respondents, BMI, and gestational weight gain processing were done by editing, coding, entry, cleaning, and tabulating. Then, the data analysis used the chi-square test. The study's results at 5% alpha showed that gestational weight gain significantly correlated with LBW incidence (p=0.000). Meanwhile, pre-pregnancy BMI did not significantly correlate with LBW (p=0.096). Mothers with less gestational weight were 5.3 times at risk of delivering LBW babies than mothers with normal gestational weight gain (OR =5.318 95% CI 2.122-13.326). Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is a risk factor for LBW in Wonosamodro Subdistrict, Boyolali District, while pre-pregnancy BMI is not. Further research should use the primary data collection method, a cohort design, a more significant number of samples, and random sampling and examine other variables.