Changes In Law Research Articles

Mass transfer research on solid-liquid separation of extracted coal tar residue based on diffusion model

A large amount of coal tar residue (CTR) produced in the process of coal coking and tar processing is recognized as hazardous industrial waste with a high carbon content and strong carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through solvent extraction, CTR can be separated into economically valuable tar and fixed carbon, and waste recycling can be realized. In this paper, a mathematical model of CTR solid-liquid extraction is established based on a diffusion model and experiments, and the mass transfer law, mass transfer equation, and influence of different conditions of solid-liquid separation of CTR from toluene extraction are studied. First, the empirical formula is used to derive the change in the mass transfer coefficient kf outside the particles during extraction, and the kf gradually decreases as the extraction progresses. The particle swarm optimization is used to obtain the best effective diffusion coefficient Deff, inside the particles, which is 9.65 × 10−14 m2/s. The effective diffusion coefficient, Deff, was determined and corrected based on experimental data. A second-order function was fitted to describe the variation of Deff with temperature. MATLAB software was used to solve the model the concentration change law and extraction law during extraction were obtained. According to the model simulation, the influence of different conditions such as agent residue ratio, stirring speed, particle radius, and temperature on the extraction process is calculated.

The impact of investment treaties on domestic governance in developing countries

AbstractThis paper empirically examines the impact of investment treaties on domestic governance in developing countries, through cross‐country quantitative analysis and a detailed qualitative case‐study on Myanmar. We clarify a variety of mechanisms that plausibly link investment treaties to impacts on domestic governance. Considering incentive, acculturative and political economy mechanisms, we find little evidence that the treaties lead to changes in domestic law, institutional structure or policy‐making. The treaties also have surprisingly limited relevance in investor‐state bargaining outside formal adjudicatory processes. Overall, our findings point to a profound decoupling between investment treaties and domestic governance; they also clarify the conditions under which such decoupling can persist, notwithstanding material incentives for states to ensure tighter alignment. Rather than interpreting decoupling as a failure of domestic implementation, our case study suggests that the problem is with the treaties themselves, in that they place obligations on developing countries that cannot realistically be implemented.

Об особенностях идентификации переменных термомеханических характеристик функционально-градиентного прямоугольника

The inverse thermoelastic problem of identification of the variable properties of a functionally graded rectangle is studied. Unsteady vibrations are excited by applying mechanical and thermal loads to the upper side of the rectangle. To solve the direct problem in Laplace transforms, the method of separation of variables and the shooting method for harmonics are used. Transformants are inverted by expanding the origin in terms of shifted Legendre polynomials. The method proposed for solving the direct problem is verified by comparison with a finite element solution. The influence of the laws of change of variable characteristics on the boundary physical fields is analyzed. The displacement components give additional information on the mechanical loading, and the temperature measured on the upper side of the rectangle over a certain time interval – on the thermal loading. Assuming that the additional information admits expansion in Fourier series, the two-dimensional inverse problem is reduced to one-dimensional problems for various harmonics. The solution of the obtained nonlinear inverse problems is carried out on the basis of an iterative process, at each stage of which, in order to find corrections for thermomechanical characteristics, systems of Fredholm integral equations of the 1st kind are solved. The possibility of simultaneous reconstruction of several characteristics is investigated. The results of computational experiments on the phased reconstruction of thermomechanical characteristics are presented. The influence of the thermomechanical coupling parameter on the results of the thermal stress coefficient reconstruction was clarified.

Effects of surface geometry on light exposure, photoacclimation and photosynthetic energy acquisition in zooxanthellate corals.

Symbiotic corals display a great array of morphologies, each of which has unique effects on light interception and the photosynthetic performance of in hospite zooxanthellae. Changes in light availability elicit photoacclimation responses to optimize the energy balances in primary producers, extensively documented for corals exposed to contrasting light regimes along depth gradients. Yet, response variation driven by coral colony geometry and its energetic implications on colonies with contrasting morphologies remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of the inclination angle of coral surface on light availability, short- and long-term photoacclimation responses, and potential photosynthetic usable energy. Increasing surface inclination angle resulted in an order of magnitude reduction of light availability, following a linear relationship explained by the cosine law and relative changes in the direct and diffuse components of irradiance. The light gradient induced by surface geometry triggered photoacclimation responses comparable to those observed along depth gradients: changes in the quantum yield of photosystem II, photosynthetic parameters, and optical properties and pigmentation of the coral tissue. Differences in light availability and photoacclimation driven by surface inclination led to contrasting energetic performance. Horizontally and vertically oriented coral surfaces experienced the largest reductions in photosynthetic usable energy as a result of excessive irradiance and light-limiting conditions, respectively. This pattern is predicted to change with depth or local water optical properties. Our study concludes that colony geometry plays an essential role in shaping the energy balance and determining the light niche of zooxanthellate corals.

RPIOSL: construction of the radiation transfer model for rice leaves

The radiative transfer model of vegetation leaves simulates the transmission mechanism of light inside the vegetation and simulates the reflectivity of blades according to the change law of different components in the process of plant growth. Based on the PIOSL model, this paper combines PIOSL with the structure of rice leaves to construct a radiation transfer model for rice leaves. The parameters of each layer of the RPIOSL model are determined by the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-III. (NSGA-III.) algorithm. The reflectance spectra of 218 rice leaf samples in different periods were simulated using the RPIOSL model. The results show that the mean (RMSE) between the simulated and measured spectra of the constructed RPIOSL model is 0.1074, which is 0.0191 lower than that of the PROSPECT model. Among them, the spectral simulation effect of RPIOSL model in yellow and red light band is the best, and the RMSE at tillering period, jointing period, heading period and grouting period are 0.0584, 0.0576, 0.0724 and 0.0820, respectively. Therefore, the establishment of the RPIOSL model can accurately describe the interaction mechanism between light, which is of great significance for the rapid acquisition of rice growth information and accurate crop management.

Leather squeezing efficiency analysis

This paper presents the results of an efficiency analysis on the pressing of leather after dyeing, determined by the residual moisture content of the leather. The study establishes the law of changes in humidity during the leather pressing process. It was found that as the thickness and initial moisture content of the skin decreases, its final moisture content also decreases. An analytical dependence of the residual moisture content of the skin has been derived, which can be used to determine rational parameters for squeezing machines. The results show that reducing the skin thickness and increasing the roller radius lead to a decrease in the residual moisture content of the leather.

Становление советского законодательства в сфере высшего образования в период с 1917 по 1930 г.

Regulatory and legal reform of higher education has always been a way to solve political and ideological problems, some of which are still relevant. The principles of higher education laid down from 1917 to 1930 are still relevant today. The importance of studying the formation of the higher education system at the beginning of the formation of the Soviet state is caused by the need for a better understanding of modern processes in education policy. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the main stages and principles of higher education reform at the beginning of the Soviet period. Methodology. The following methods are used in the research: historical-legal method, historicism method, sociological method, hermeneutics method. Changes in law occur under the influence of political and ideological processes in a certain historical period. When using the sociological method, law examines a social phenomenon that is formed under the influence of social relations. The hermeneutics method is used to interpret legal acts. Results. The process of formation of higher education management bodies is analyzed. The basic principles of building an educational system are derived based on the study of legal acts regulating the area under study. Conclusion. Approaches to the formation of a professional training system changed during the period taken for study, which shows a fairly prompt response by the state to identified problems. Of course, not all decisions were effective, which is natural, especially during the formation of a new approach to educational policy.

Promoting the well-being of sexual and gender minority individuals: Reflecting on the past and future directions.

There is a long history of institutional and interpersonal stigma, violence, and oppression of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals in the United States and around the world. Structural and sociocultural factors have served to promote and justify criminalization, discrimination, and violence targeting SGM groups. This commentary provides a brief chronological summary of laws and policies that served to pathologize, oppress, and justify violence and discrimination; the evolution of academic study and understanding; activism aimed at changing laws, questioning pathologizing assumptions and practices, and protecting human rights; current challenges; and recommendations for policy, research, and practice. This commentary pays particular attention to the roles the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice and its journal, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, have played to advocate for full recognition of the human rights of SGM individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Optical pressure sensor based on Fano resonance in a coupled resonator system

Optical pressure sensor plays a very important role in micro deformation detection, environmental monitoring, and medical fields. However, the quantitative relationship between the applied pressure and the optical response of the resonator before and after deformation is difficult to obtain. In this paper, a coupled resonator system based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide for optical pressure sensor is proposed. The mechanical properties of the system and the optical transmission properties before and after applied pressure are analyzed in detail by using the finite element method. Simulation results show that the maximum deformation of the resonator has a simple linear relationship with the applied pressure. We give a direct definition of the sensitivity of the optical pressure sensor. And based on the Fano resonance phenomenon caused by the coupling the slot cavity with the groove cavity, the optical pressure sensor with a sensitivity of 6.75 nm/MPa is achieved. In addition, we add stub resonator to obtain double Fano resonance phenomenon, and with the change of external pressure, the two Fano line types show different change laws. Specifically, a suitable pressure value can make a double Fano resonance become a single Fano resonance. The special features of our suggested structure are applicable to detecting optical property changes under different pressures, chemical high pressure experimental measurement and study of chemical reaction kinetics process.

Natural Law with and without God

There is a common perception of natural law theory as characteristically (if not necessarily) theistic. This is sometimes presented as a drawback by secular critics of natural law thinking. Natural law authors themselves differ on the role of theism within their theories. Some have argued that natural law theory presupposes theism, while others have sought to give their views a secular basis. This article explores the relationship between natural law theory and theism. I begin by defining the characteristic features of the natural law outlook. I show that these core aspects of natural law thought can be rendered consistent with both theistic and non-theistic worldviews. However, these worldviews may yield different responses to some fundamental questions about natural law, such as where natural law comes from; how (and to what extent) humans can know about natural law; why humans should follow natural law; and whether natural law changes. I explore the consequences for natural law theories of theistic and non-theistic answers to these questions. I then offer some reasons for thinking that a version of theism incorporating what I term ‘qualified teleological perfectionism’ provides the most coherent foundation for the natural law outlook.

Does pre-charge bail prevent harm? A natural experiment

Abstract In the last decade pre-charge bail (PCB) has been subject to unprecedented scrutiny. Conflicting public policy decisions have been made on the basis that PCB prevents harm. Despite this, there has to date been no empirical examination of the relationship between PCB and crime-related harm. Utilizing bail law reform in 2017 as a natural experiment, this study draws on two comparable samples (n = 746), derived from the Metropolitan Police Service. Analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between harm caused by suspects whilst under investigation before versus after the law change, despite an 85.4 per cent reduction in arrestees being subject to bail. Findings may serve to undermine oft-confident assertion in the public policy arena that it is axiomatic that bail prevents harm. Further, this constitutes a nascent empirical evidence base regarding PCB that enables further research on this under-examined subject.

Research on the Development Change Law of Block A after Fine Potential Excavation

After the comprehensive utilization of well pattern and fine potential tapping based on subdivision water injection in block A, remarkable results have been achieved in water cut control and decline control. With the continuous deepening of development degree, new characteristics have emerged in water drive development, and the change law of indicators has also changed greatly. Therefore, it is necessary for us to find out the change law of fine potential tapping development indicators, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the next sustainable and high-efficiency development. Through theoretical calculation and numerical simulation, this study gives the law of production decline and water cut change in different stages before, during and after fine potential tapping; The laws of water cut and production decline in different stages are evaluated and predicted. It provides a theoretical basis for the fine potential tapping, popularization and application of other blocks.

Привод подачи режущего инструмента фрезерного станка для обработки вафельного фона

The paper describes the process of designing the cutting tool feed drive of a special metalworking machine, which due to the circuit solution and automatic control system will increase the productivity of processing one cell of wafer background on sheet material up to 10–15 seconds. On the basis of the analysis of the technology of milling of a given regular pattern of wafer background and peculiarities of the equipment operation it proposed to replace the traditional ball bearing gear in the cutting tool feed drive with a flat combined crank-slide mechanism. Geometrical parameters of the lever transmission mechanism calculated in accordance with the known dimensions of the regular cell pattern and the recommended value of the angle of motion transmission. The analysis of kinematic and power characteristics of the lever mechanism allowed to justify the technical characteristics of the electric motor. In order to realize the required trapezoidal law of the output link speed change, the inverse problem of kinematics solved, numerical values of the instantaneous angular velocity of the input crank and pulse control signals to the servomotor obtained.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ВЛАГОПОГЛОЩЕНИЯ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ ПРИ ИЗМЕНЕНИИ ДАВЛЕНИИ СРЕДЫ

On the basis of differential equations of material balance in a hermetic chamber and heat and mass transfer in the object under study under given boundary conditions, a mathematical model describing technological processes occurring with changes in medium pressure has been developed. The methodology of experimental studies of the process of material saturation in a unit operating in a periodic mode at varying medium pressure is presented. Birch veneer is taken as a model material for experimental studies, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of which are widely known. The preparation of the experiment consisted in the production of samples of the saturated material, in the form of rectangular plates with dimensions of 30 * 90 mm and a thickness of 4 mm. The results of physical and mathematical modeling are reflected in the form of profiles of changes in moisture content and temperature along the cross section of the material during saturation. It is established that the active process of saturation of the veneer with moisture under changing medium pressure is observed during the first 15 minutes, and by this time the temperature in the center of the material exceeds 120 ° C. The results of mathematical modeling were obtained using the Visual Basic for Applications software environment. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental data does not exceed 15%. The developed mathematical model of the process makes it possible, when the capacities of sources (steam generator) and drains (condenser and vacuum pump) vary, to recommend the modes of conducting the technological process or to select the capacities of the steam generator and pump in accordance with the required law of pressure change in the technological process. For physical modeling of the investigated process in the processing of wood raw materials, an experimental setup was created, on which experimental data confirming the adequacy of the developed model were obtained.

Prediction and optimization of individual skill development patterns in physical education based on big data analysis

Abstract This paper proposes a data-based gray preprocessing neural network optimization model based on the principle of the BP neural network model and its optimization method. SPSS statistical software was used for statistical analysis to compare the student physical education test data of S college students from 2019 to 2023. The GA-BP optimization prediction model is applied to generate and process the raw data of 5-year sports tests to find the law of systematic changes and generate the data sequence with strong regularity so as to predict the condition of the future development trend of things. The results show that the measured and actual numbers have a high rate of conformity, and the maximum error is 0.67%, which is high accuracy. The overall speed and strength of boys and girls in sports is on the rise. The overall endurance level of boys is increasing while the overall endurance level of girls is decreasing. In the future, endurance training should be strengthened as a way to improve the continuing trend of low endurance quality among students.

Application of Adaptive Algorithms in Smart Building Design Optimisation

Abstract How to realize the unity of safety, comfort, and economy of building structures has been a hot spot of concern in the field of construction engineering. This paper searches for optimal particles using a hybrid optimization strategy and optimizes the weights of each index in the fitness function into the same interval. Then dynamic inertia weights are used to improve the performance of the algorithm, and an enhanced adaptive particle swarm algorithm is obtained. After selecting the optimization variables for the building design, the objective function and constraints are designed, and the improved particle swarm algorithm is used to solve the optimal design of the intelligent building. The total weight of the target building structure was reduced after optimization, and 47.04% of the building materials were saved. The outer diameter of the steel pipe concrete at the lowest level of the building increases from 1.73m to 2.06m after optimization, which fulfills the law of column change in building design. It has also been found that the wind resistance of the optimized building structure has improved. This paper provides a reliable basis for the application of adaptive algorithms in building design optimization, and the proposed method also provides an effective reference for the field of construction engineering.

Transformation of Criminal Legislation at the Present Stage

Currently, there are transformational processes in criminal policy associated with a change in the function of the criminal law from protective to preventive, the implementation of a relatively new principle — the economization of the industry, a shift in emphasis in the hierarchy of values from the personal interests of the individual to the national interests, the protection of the integrity of the state. “Subversive” activities (both organizational and economic in nature) aimed at destroying the integrity and security of the State, strengthening the terrorist threat and expanding extremist acts required a timely and adequate “response” from the State by establishing criminal liability for “special complicity” in acts of terrorism and extremism, expanding the number of “conscripts” crimes. Transformational socio-political processes (COVID-19, special military operation) have changed the basic principles of the criminal law industry, refocusing on the protection of state interests with an emphasis on prevention. In the long term, such an approach will allow rational use of criminal law tools, which will lead to the economization of the industry. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the criminal policy development, confirming that modern criminal legislation is at the stage of transformation. The dialectical method of cognition was used as a methodological basis, which made it possible to build a general strategy of scientific search. To obtain concrete results, general scientific (analysis, synthesis, abstraction) and private scientific methods (logical-legal, axiological, synergetic) were used. Conclusion: since 2000, the changes introduced into the criminal law have led to the dominance of the preventive function over the protective one, which indicates profound changes in the criminal law, i.e. transformation. Socio-political changes in Russian society and Russia's role on the world stage confirm the need to strengthen responsibility for criminal encroachments on the security of the state, its territorial integrity and constitutional system in compliance with the doctrinal principle of economization of the industry, which consists in the rational use of means of criminal law response, as well as the possibility of expanding the norms of a compensatory nature in relation to crimes in the economic sphere. The unity of the nation, the departure from social egoism is possible only if criminal legislation is formed aimed at preventing crimes against the national interests of Russia. In addition, the preventive potential of the criminal law in the long term will minimize the number of serious and especially serious crimes committed against the security of the state and its territorial integrity, which will save state resources.

Dampak UU Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan Terkait Perlakuan PPN Perusahaan Pertambangan

Regulations regarding Value Added Tax (VAT) have undergone changes with the enactment of Law No. 7 of 2021 on Tax Regulation Harmonization. One of the changes in the Tax Regulation Harmonization Law is the change of coal from non-taxable goods to taxable goods. This change will have an impact on the additional reporting obligations and the burden of collecting VAT on coal companies. In terms of input tax credit, companies can choose either to be credited to reduce output tax or to be charged, thus reducing the company's profits. PT XYZ is a private company engaged in the coal mining sector. The data used in this study are primary data in the form of interview results and secondary data in the form of documentation related to the imposition of coal as a taxable good. This study provides an overview that changes in the treatment of coal from non-taxable goods to taxable goods have an impact on the company's financial performance. With the inclusion of coal as taxable goods, companies must adjust their tax management whether to credit input tax or finance their input tax.

On the Epistemological Foundations and Issues of the Modern Legal Understanding Doctrine

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis and understanding of existing epistemological approaches to the study of legal understanding. The paper reveals modern doctrinal concepts in relation to the definition of the category “legal understanding”, its ontological, axiological and problematic aspects, provides and critically analyzes some methodological approaches to the organization of the content of the legal understanding doctrine. In particular, the author focuses on the theoretical characteristics of such ontological categories of legal understanding as the essence and definition of the concept of law, considered as its internal content and complete (idealized) form, their axiological problem and epistemological positioning in the structure of modern legal knowledge. From the standpoint of general scientific methods and requirements, the idea of the inadmissibility of ignoring the objective system- and structure-forming properties of these ontological categories, their universal (global) significance and the need to exclude their multivariance (multiplicity) is substantiated.It is concluded that the theory of legal understanding represents the fundamental direction of legal science for developing reliable, objective, and substantiated knowledge about the essence and understanding of law. The theory of legal understanding should be determined by specific (strict) requirements of scientific rationality, such as finding objective laws of change and development of law, establishing its essence, creating an idealized theoretical construct (concept definition) of law, and development of scientific foresight and forecasting of the future of law, etc.

Amendment of Public Procurement Act 2063 and Regulation 2064: Implications on Development Projects in Nepal

This research delves into the significance of public procurement in ensuring fair, competitive, and economical government activities, emphasizing the crucial role of well-structured laws and regulations in this domain. The study particularly focuses on the amendments made to the Public Procurement Act 2063 (PPA 2063) and Public Procurement Regulation 2064 (PPR 2064) in Nepal, exploring their effects on development projects. The subsequent amendments, occurring three times for PPA 2063 and twelve times for PPR 2064 within fifteen years, create an environment of instability, particularly evident in the frequent changes to PPR 2064 within the last four years. The primary factors prompting amendments include Force Majeure, contractors' and clients' interests, faulty rules, and political considerations. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic further accentuated the need for adjustments in procurement laws to address unforeseen circumstances beyond control. The concerns arise regarding the extension of project completion time and costs due to amendments in PPR 2064, often without clear justifications. Project quality, sustainability, and functionality were unaffected by amendments, but an increase in project safety was noted, coupled with a decrease in construction risks. Disputes among stakeholders escalated due to the frequent and abrupt changes in procurement laws, emphasizing the need for stability and consistency in the regulatory framework. Keywords: Amendment, Procurement law, Construction projects, Force Majeure, COVID-19, Project completion time, Stakeholder disputes, Sustainability.