Changes In Law Research Articles

Exploring Institutional Barriers to Effective Human Rights-Based Climate Litigation in Latin American Courts—Lessons from Chile and Ecuador

Abstract The global climate crisis demands that all branches of government play a role in tackling climate change, including the judiciary. One important mechanism is climate litigation. In the adjudication of climate litigation, courts can advance the protection of human rights, promote environmental values, assist in developing climate change law and policy, and uphold the rule of law. However, some Latin American countries are facing several constitutional and legal barriers to adequately protecting environmental and human rights enshrined in their constitutions. Through analysis of the Chilean and Ecuadorian contexts, this note identifies obstacles and barriers that might prevent human rights’ protection in each jurisdiction when adjudicating climate cases and proposes reforms that may strengthen courts’ performance. Among the options are strengthening existing environmental and human rights provisions, developing new legal frameworks addressing climate change, and enhancing the capacity of courts to hear and decide climate change cases. Furthermore, these reforms must be accompanied by adequate resources, training, and support for the judiciary effectively to advance climate justice through human rights.

Study of spatial temperature features of road tunnel fires under multiple factors

AbstractAfter a highway tunnel fire, the rapid change of the internal ambient temperature directly affects the personal safety of pedestrians. Based mainly on the lateral possibility of fire location and considering the coupling effect of multiple factors in a two‐lane highway tunnel, this study systematically carried out 63 full‐size tunnel fire simulation studies relying on Fluent software. The smoke temperature distribution patterns in the transverse and longitudinal spaces of the tunnel after the fire were revealed. This study shows that the smoke temperature below the tunnel vault is susceptible to the effect of sidewall restraint, making the maximum temperature of the tunnel vault of the offset fire source large; considering the lateral location of the fire source, the maximum temperature prediction formula of the tunnel vault is modified to expose the change law of the longitudinal temperature decay of the vault. This paper reveals for the first time the law of temperature distribution changes at the characteristic height of the human eye on the evacuation platform in the tunnel; the systematic study of the fire source cross‐sectional temperature distribution changes at the key lining structure points, and it is found that a low‐temperature space conducive to personnel escape exists in the lower part of the tunnel away from the fire source side. The results of the study are beneficial to the design of safe evacuation paths in the tunnel and the active emergency evacuation of personnel in the near‐fire source area.

Taking Stock of the Scholarship on the Relationship between International Investment Law and the Need for Raised Climate Ambition

Abstract Increasingly dire warnings about the climate crisis mean that it is more urgent than ever that different legal regimes, including international investment law, are aligned with climate objectives and not implemented in discord with climate solutions. Many works have been produced over the last twenty years which examine whether the norms underlying climate law and international investment law necessarily conflict or can be reconciled. These works reflect deeply contested views amongst scholars as to whether regulation aimed at ensuring climate ambition can, or is likely to, be adequately safeguarded by the international investment law regime that is designed to provide conditions of stability for investors – including those that are large greenhouse gas emitters. This article provides an overview of the different perspectives that have been offered on the relationship between climate change law and international investment law in respect of three role-players – namely, arbitrators, civil society, and states. It concludes by offering tentative thoughts on the course that the interaction between the two regimes may take in the future.

Study on Combustion Characteristics of Low Concentration Coalbed Methane Induced by Hydrogen Jet based on Excess Air Ratio

Low concentration coal bed gas used for power generation is a better treatment scheme at present, which solves the problem of environmental pollution caused by the direct emptying of coal bed gas. Coal bed methane is a methyl alkyl fuel, and slow combustion rate will cause abnormal combustion phenomena such as large combustion cycle changes. The initial ambient gas concentration has a great influence on the development and propagation of the flame. In this paper, a constant volume bomb model is established to change the excess air coefficient of methane air premix in the initial constant volume bomb, and the change law of combustion heat release is analyzed. The results show that when hydrogen participates in the combustion stage, the combustion rate increases with the increase of excess air coefficient. When hydrogen is burned out, the combustion rate decreases with the increase of excess air coefficient.

Heat-fluid-solid coupling heat transfer analysis and parameter optimization in walnut drying device based on finite element method

The moisture content of freshly picked walnuts is very high. In order to facilitate storage and transportation, it needs to be dried to prevent mildew. In this study, the pre-drying simulation and experimental study were carried out on the walnut drying equipment made by the research group to determine the optimal drying parameters. The effects of different inlet temperatures (353K, 373K, 393K), drying wind speeds (1.1 m/s, 1.4 m/s, 1.7 m/s) and drying time (30min, 45min, 60min) on the temperature and velocity fields of fluid and walnuts in the drying device were investigated by using the orthogonal test method of three factors and three levels. FLUENT software was used to simulate the drying process of open walnuts under hot air heating, and the distribution of fluid temperature field and velocity field in the drying device and the temperature change law of walnuts were obtained. The results show that when the inlet temperature is 393K, the inlet velocity is 1.7 m/s, and the drying time is 45min, the temperature field distribution of fluid and walnut in the drying device is the best and the change is the most uniform. In addition, the temperature change of the simulation results is consistent with the test results through experiments, which verifies the reliability of the simulation results. In order to more accurately simulate the change law of temperature and humidity transfer in hot air drying of walnuts, the walnut was modeled as a sphere consisting of three layers: walnut shell, air gap and walnut kernel. The reliability of the parameters was verified by surface response analysis. Taking inlet temperature, velocity and drying time as influencing factors and temperature change rate as evaluation index, the determination coefficient of regression model was R2 = 0.9966, and the correction determination coefficient Adj. R2 = 0.9922, indicating three influences. This study provides a theoretical basis for determining the optimum operating parameters of open walnut pre-drying, and has application value for walnut food processing.

Legal Re-Construction; The Impact of Empty Column Victory Over Single Candidates in Simultaneous Direct Elections of Regional Heads as A New Phenomenon of Legal Politics in Indonesia

This study examines the legal re-construction of the victory impact of an empty column over a single candidate as a new phenomenon of legal politics in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This is a doctrinal normative legal research, which uses the analytical, explorative, explanatory, and qualitative analysis techniques. The result showed that legal reconstruction needs to be carried out on disputes, policies of single candidate pairs and empty columns, nomination requirements and political party support for candidates. The legal construction also needs to be conducted on the phrase "next election," the emptiness of definitive city government leaders, postponement and legal uncertainty, establishment of Provisional Acts (Pjs), as well as the loss of the constitutional rights of communities and regions.. Legal reconstruction also needs to be carried out through the political management of post-conflict local elections with changes in legal policies Law No.10 of 2016, PKPU No.13 of 2018, Minister of Home Affairs Regulation (Permendagri) No. 1 of 2018.

Gender Sensitization and Gender Inclusivity with Respect to Role in Education

Gender sensitization is a way of creating awareness among the masses about issues related to gender equality. The nature of this process is revolutionary and unconventional as it strives to change the previous concepts related to gender stereotypes, so it modifies an individual's behavior, his outlook, and thought process to behold the society with a newer perspective treating male and female both as being avoiding any discrimination. with the changing world gender, gender-sensitive issues have gained the attention of the world due to discrimination and exploitation against girls and women and various movements and protests have taken place from time to time fighting for equality. after home, which is regarded as the first school of a child he enters the formal education setup where he has to gain awareness of gender sensitization. education in present times is following the Gender Sensitive Education models to focus on teaching techniques and methods that promote gender equality through course curriculum and teaching content by propagating gender-positive material. Learning activities involve innovative strategies to develop respect for other gender roles and strive to contribute in this direction. the concept of Gender inclusivity includes the idea of gaining education in equal measure, working together, and inculcating collaborative skills with other gender biases through law and cultural changes. the paper intends to focus on all these issues with special reference to the field of education which plays a crucial role in shaping a society educated in gender-sensitive issues.

Structural Design and Analysis of Large-Diameter D30 Conical Polycrystal Diamond Compact (PDC) Teeth under Engineering Rotary Mining Conditions.

In the realm of engineering rotary excavation, the rigid and brittle nature of the Polycrystal Diamond Compact (PDC) layer poses challenges to the impact resistance of conical teeth. This hinders their widespread adoption and utilization. In this paper, the Abaqus simulation is used. By optimizing the parameters of the radius of the cone top arc, we analyzed the changing law of the parameters of large-diameter D30 series conical PDC teeth, such as the equivalent force, impact force, and energy absorption of the conical teeth during the impact process, and optimized the best structure of the conical PDC teeth. After being subjected to a high temperature and high pressure, we synthesized the specimen for impact testing and analyzed the PDC layer crack extension and fracture failure. The findings reveal the emergence of a stress ring below the compacted area of the conical tooth. As the radius of the cone top arc increases, so does the area of the stress ring. When R ≥ 10 mm, the maximum stress change is minimal, and at R = 10 mm, the stress change in its top unit is relatively smooth. Optimal impact resistance is achieved, withstanding a total impact work value of 7500 J. Extrusion cracks appear in the combined layer part of PDC layers I and II, but the crack source is easy to produce in the combined layer of PDC layer II and the alloy matrix and extends to both sides, and the right side extends to the surface of the conical tooth in a "dragon-claw". The failure morphology of the conical teeth includes ring shedding at the top of the PDC layer, the lateral spalling of the PDC layer, and the overall cracking of the conical teeth. Through this study, we aim to promote the popularization and application of large-diameter conical PDC teeth in the field of engineering rotary excavation.

Mapping the social value creation of renewable energy enterprises in a social open innovation milieu

PurposeAs the backbone of the social open innovation (SOI) system, social enterprises (SEs) are the key drivers of social value creation (SVC). However, at the micro-level, research in this area is lacking, as attention is scantly paid on the comprehensive capabilities of renewable energy enterprises, their industrial heterogeneity and heterogeneous social connections, including bricolage and utility innovation. Drawing from the social resource-based view theory and institutional theory, the research investigates SOI effect on SVC, the moderating role of social ties (ST) and entrepreneurial bricolage (EB) mediation.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology encompassed several key steps. Initially, a research framework was constructed based on a comprehensive literature review. Subsequently, data were collected by surveying 133 middle to senior-level managers. To assess the proposed hypotheses, a structured equation modeling analysis was conducted using a two-stage approach, which involved partial least squares and hierarchical regression techniques.FindingsThe study reveals that SOI affects SVC significantly, and SOI positively impacts EB. Furthermore, political ties strengthen the positive impact of SOI on EB. Moreover, EB positively impacts SVC. Additionally, EB mediates the relationship between SOI and SVC.Research limitations/implicationsFirstly, the measurement of variables relies on a subjective approach. Future research could employ a quantitative comprehensive index evaluation method of assessment, thereby providing additional validation for the authors' findings. Secondly, although cross-sectional data can be utilized to explore the relationships between variables, there may be inherent biases in the results. Therefore, longitudinal data collection in future research would enable the observation of the long-term effects of SOI and EB on SVC and ST. Thirdly, it would be beneficial to examine other potential factors that could contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking SOI to SVC.Practical implicationsFirst, the study underscores the significance of EB in the interplay between SOI and SVC. By embracing innovative approaches and fostering collaborations, SEs can harness EB as a powerful tool for achieving their social missions while overcoming resource constraints. Second, it is imperative for managers to foster a conducive environment for SVC within their organizations, characterized by network ties and partnerships. Simultaneously, they should proactively drive ST initiatives and remain attuned to evolving changes in external environmental laws and regulations. Third, the Malagasy government is actively advocating for social interventions and the establishment of social milieus reminiscent of corporate social responsibility.Social implicationsThis study emphasizes the importance of ST and recognizes the pivotal role of EB in generating social value within an ecosystem that supports SOI. SEs can create lasting positive impacts on society (e.g. improving access to electricity) by embracing these principles and collaborating with stakeholders.Originality/valueThese findings serve to enhance the underlying theoretical context of social entrepreneurship, propose nuanced insight into the methodologies for implementing SVC within the context of renewable energy enterprises and make significant contributions to the ongoing progress of research in the domains of open innovation and social entrepreneurship.

Response of granite residual soil slopes under dry–wet cycles

Granite residual soil is widely distributed in the southern coastal areas of China, and the slopes of granite residual soil are prone to instability and failure under the alternating action of rainfall and drying, which will cause great disasters to human society. In order to study the response mechanism of granite residual soil slopes under the alternating action of rainfall–drying–static–rainfall (RDSR), this study conducted indoor scaling model tests to analyze the response during dry and wet cycles. This study presented the response process of the slope under the influence of dry and wet cycles and discussed the change laws of slope deformation, water content, and matric suction. The results show that, under the alternating action of rainfall–drying–static–rainfall, 1) the network cracks on the slope form a dominant channel for rainwater seepage, which is the main reason for the rapid decline in soil anti-sliding ability within a short time; 2) at a rainfall intensity of 1.7–2.4 mm/min, the erosion effect of rain on the slope is obviously stronger than that of osmotic erosion, and the surface erosion failure of the granite residual soil slope tends to occur without an obvious sliding surface; 3) after the loss of matric suction over a certain period, the phenomenon of channeling and loss failure on the slope serve as a sufficient condition for slope instability failure but is not a necessary condition. The above research results are expected to provide the basis and reference for preventing and controlling landslide hazards in granite residual soil slopes under similar conditions.

TAX PAYMENT USING E-FILLING ON COMPANY IN PERUM GREEN VIEW CITY BATAM: AN INTRODUCTION

The General Directorate of Tax Regulations No. 47/PJ/2008 Article 1 Paragraph 7 states that e-Filing is an electronic method of filing SPT and the Annual SPT Extension Notification through the Application Service Provider. This process can be completed online and in real time. By utilizing the elffiling app, taxpayers may pay their taxes more easily. People with hectic schedules can especially benefit from this app, since it allows them to report their taxes without having to physically visit the tax office. People's faith in the tax system is increased since they can see and understand how tax dollars are spent more clearly. Sensitization and education regarding e-filing and the significance of tax payments are still required on a constant basis, even with a rise in awareness. It ensures that society may take full advantage of technological advancements and remains informed about changes in tax laws. It's critical to keep in mind that these conclusions are broad and flexible enough to be tailored to particular results in the dedicating process.

Experimental study on the influence of water-rock interaction on the time-varying characteristics of coal rock mass.

In order to study the influence of water-rock interaction on the mass time-varying characteristics of coal rocks, coal was selected as the research object and subjected to chemical immersion tests with different pH aqueous solutions for 12days. By experiment, the time-varying patterns of mass change fraction in coal samples, pH value in solution, and ions concentration of calcium and magnesium were obtained. Based on the gray correlation theory, the correlation degree between the mass change fraction and four influencing factors was analyzed. The gray prediction models for the mass time-varying characteristics of coal rocks have been established. The research shows that: (1) the influence waysanddegree of different pH aqueous solutions on the mass changes of coal rocks are different, (2) during the process of water-rock interaction, the change law of pH value, ions concentration of calcium and magnesium in solution are obvious, (3) the multiple regression modelscan be used to predict the mass change of coal rocks accurately under water-rock interaction.

Coupling of horizontal joint and topography effects on seismic response of a single face slope

A concentration of building damage and slope failure near the slope crest has been observed during numerous earthquakes. Documented researches have shown that the combination of topography and geological structure (joint) significantly affects the seismic response of the slope. To investigate this issue, a series of numerical simulation analyses are performed for a slope containing horizontal joints by varying normalized joint stiffness (K), the ratio of normal stiffness to shear stiffness (kn/ks), joint spacing, the slope height, slope angle, and loading frequency. The acceleration amplification factor in the horizontal direction (AAF-X) in the slope distributes fluctuation characteristics when K is less than 1. The AAF-X at the slope crest increases with the increase of kn/ks. Meanwhile, the AAF-X at the slope crest increases first and then decreases with the increasing joint spacing. The AAF-X of jointed slope shows fluctuation change law along the slope surface with the increasing slope height while the AAF-X generally increases for homogeneous slope. The AAF-X at the slope crest of the jointed slope is amplified for different slope heights. A complex interaction exists between the topographic and joint effects on the seismic response of the slope and the two effects cannot be easily decoupled.

Thermal parameter inversion of low-heat cement concrete for Baihetan arch dam

For the first time, low-heat cement was used in the entire dam section of Baihetan Dam, but the thermal properties of low-heat cement under construction conditions have yet to be fully studied. The thermal parameter values of low-heat cement may differ significantly from the indoor test values or specification values due to factors such as ambient temperature, cooling through water, and surface insulation under actual site conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain more accurate values of the thermal parameters, the hybrid swarm intelligence algorithm and field temperature monitoring data are used to identify the concrete thermal parameters of Baihetan arch dam. To overcome the shortcomings of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) that is easy to fall into local optimum and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) that has insufficient development ability, an Integrated Algorithm Based on ABC and PSO (IABAP) is established. Through eight different test functions and comparing with other different algorithms, it is verified that the IABAP algorithm has certain advantages in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. Considering the influence of ambient air temperature and multi-shift water cooling during construction, IABAP is applied to the inversion of concrete thermal parameters with the same strength, different strength and different gradation of Baihetan arch dam. The computational results show the good performance of the IABAP algorithm in engineering applications on the one hand, and the applicability and reliability of the parameter inversion on the other hand, which can meet the accuracy requirements of practical engineering. At the same time, the conjecture that the thermal parameters are consistent in adjacent dam sections was verified by bringing the thermal parameters into the adjacent dam sections for simulation calculations. Finally, the experimental values of thermal parameters of low-heat cement concrete of Baihetan Dam were compared with the inverse values to analyze the change law of thermal parameters, and it was found that the final adiabatic temperature rise of low-heat concrete was smaller than the indoor experimental values during the actual construction.

Identifying Individuals With Early Psychosis in Jail: Lessons Learned for Coordinated Specialty Care Services.

This study sought to establish the feasibility of a two-component intervention embedded within a jail setting that would detect detainees with early psychosis and connect them to coordinated specialty care (CSC) in the community upon release. The two components of the intervention were a targeted educational campaign for correction officers and a specialized early engagement support service to facilitate jail discharge planning. Jail detainees with early psychosis were referred to the project and assessed for positive and negative symptoms, substance use, and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). During a 24-month period, 25 individuals were referred, of whom eight were eligible and interviewed. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the jail detainees were similar to those of individuals in hospital settings. The median DUP was 36 weeks. One of the eight detainees with early psychosis was successfully referred to CSC; for the other detainees, social or criminal legal factors precluded referral. A targeted educational campaign for correction officers and a specialized early engagement support service can be implemented in a jail setting, and referrals can be facilitated. Success of the campaign may depend on having dedicated liaisons within the jail setting (e.g., among correctional health staff) as well as liaisons in local CSC programs and leadership. Changes in the law and policy environments (e.g., criminal legal system reform) and changes in organizational practices and processes for corrections, correctional health, and local CSC programs (such as those made during the COVID-19 pandemic) require ongoing collaborations.

Investigation on the health evaluation of mechanical system in powertrain based on subjective and objective fusion method

The powertrain is a core component of military heavy tracked vehicles, and the accurate evaluation of its reliability and health is gradually becoming a key technology to improve our military combat effectiveness. However, the powertrain is a complex system integrating mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic components, which is difficult to achieve its accurate assessment and comprehensive characterization. Therefore, using data-driven and expert opinion fusion method to evaluate the mechanical system health is gradually becoming a research trend. This paper points out the composition of evaluation system, and puts forward how to calculate the index. Then using subjective and objective fusion method to analyze these indexes of mechanical system health and calculate the weights of each index. Based on the weights, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to score and summarize the change law of mechanical system health. In conclusion, this study enriches the method of effectively evaluating the mechanical system health, and verifies the accuracy of this evaluation method. It will provide an evaluation basis for improving the mechanical system reliability.

Dynamic load prediction of charging piles for energy storage electric vehicles based on Space-time constraints in the internet of things environment

Abstract This paper puts forward the dynamic load prediction of charging piles of energy storage electric vehicles based on time and space constraints in the Internet of Things environment, which can improve the load prediction effect of charging piles of electric vehicles and solve the problems of difficult power grid control and low power quality caused by the randomness of charging loads in time and space. After constructing a traffic road network model based on the Internet of Things, a travel chain model with different complexity and an electric vehicle charging model, the travel chain is randomly extracted. With the shortest travel time as a constraint, combined with the traffic road network model based on the Internet of Things, the travel route and travel time are determined. According to the State of Charge (SOC) and the travel destination, the location and charging time of the energy storage electric vehicle charging pile are determined. After obtaining the time-space distribution information of the energy storage electric vehicle charging pile at different times and in different regions, it is used as the input of the deep multi-step time-space dynamic neural network, and the network output is the dynamic electric vehicle charging pile. The experimental results show that this method can realize the dynamic load prediction of electric vehicle charging piles. When the number of stacking units is 11, the indexes of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are the lowest and the index of R 2 is the largest. The load of charging piles in residential areas and work areas exists in the morning and evening peak hours, while the load fluctuation of charging piles in other areas presents a decentralized change law; The higher the complexity of regional traffic network, the greater the load of electric vehicle charging piles in the morning rush hour.

INVISIBLE ARTISTS: RECOGNITION AND SUPPORT FOR CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PROFESSIONALS IN THE BALTICS

The aim of this research is to define what kind of key challenges and implemented solutions regarding the artist status are common in Europe, and how to develop a systematic approach for artist recognition and support in the Baltic context. Using qualitative research methodology (desk research, qualitative interviews, focus group discussions) the authors analyze the current theoretical and empirical discussion in the European Union member states and especially in the Baltic countries, highlighting different practices and experiences in defining the status and recognition of the artist, and support systems that adjust for specific needs in different countries. Based on international experience, the authors develop suggestions relevant for forthcoming and long-awaited changes in different laws regarding the status of creative persons or professional creative organizations in several countries (Latvia, Estonia etc.).

Duomenų perdavimo sutartys pagal naujausius Europos teisės pakeitimus: naujovės ir paradoksai

The article analyses the most recent trends of data regulation in the EU and the peculiarities of data contracts. The latest regulations adopted or proposed in the EU set an access regime for data, which means that there is no exclusive owner of data, and data may be accessed and used by everyone participating in their production. This approach has caused significant changes in Contract Law regulating data contracts. The most prominent changes are the creation of distinct types of data contracts, the dissolution of the concept of privity, the application of unfair contractual clauses to B2B data contracts, and the facilitation of contractual and pre-contractual obligations with administrative sanctions. In the article, all these novations are critically analysed, and the conclusion is made that some of them constitute paradoxes for the classical Contract Law.

Research on the variation law of floor stress information entropy in upper protective layer mining based on Brillouin optical fiber sensing

The characteristics of floor failure and stress changes during the mining process of protective layers are crucial for determining the effectiveness of pressure relief. Three boreholes were designed in the 21104 fully mechanized mining face of Hulusu Coal Mine to implant optical fibers into the floor of the working face. A fiber optic monitoring system was established to monitor the dynamic evolution of stress in the floor rock mass at different mining distances. Based on the information entropy in information theory, the monitoring results in the fiber optic monitoring system are calculated to obtain the stress information entropy at different mining distances. A quantitative dynamic analysis is conducted on the stress change process of the mining floor rock layer, and the stress change law of the protective layer after mining is verified through numerical calculation and similar simulation experiments. The results indicate that the evolution of stress information entropy can be divided into four stages, namely the original rock stress stage, stress concentration stage, stress release stage, and stress recovery stage. The stress information entropy shows a fluctuating upward trend, indicating that coal seam mining leads to a decrease in the orderliness of the overlying rock system and an increase in disorder. In different spatial evolution processes, there are also significant differences in stress information entropy. In the vertical direction, the entropy value of shallow rock layers changes greatly, while the entropy value of deep rock layers changes slightly. Mining leads to a decrease in the orderliness of the entire overlying rock system, an increase in stress information entropy, and a fluctuating upward trend in stress information entropy. The information entropy of overlying rock deformation and re compaction increases, but the degree of change of the former is greater than that of the latter. The Brillouin fiber optic sensing technology provides a new method for monitoring the stress changes in the protective layer mining floor, achieving quantitative analysis of floor rock failure.