Law Behavior Research Articles

Stability analysis of long-span bridge under static wind load

With the maturity of various technologies and the vigorous development of advanced materials, the design and construction of suspension bridges require larger spans and lighter structures, but at the same time, the problems arising from the dynamic and static responses of the system under wind loads have become more and more prominent. The phenomenon of wind-induced static response occurring before the emotional response has been found in wind tunnel tests at home and abroad. Static instability is also a vital issue in the wind-resistant design of large-span suspension bridges, so studying the static behavior and instability law of large-span suspension bridges under strong winds is of high practical value for the construction of large-span bridges in the future. In this paper, relevant research results of previous researchers based on static wind stability of suspension bridges are sorted out and summarized. Their corresponding fundamental theories are introduced in detail. In addition, the related analysis program is prepared by using the APDL language of ANSYS.

Rule of Law and Tax Compliance Behaviour in Nigeria: Does Tax Morale Matter?

The purpose of this study was to analyse the moderating influence of tax morale on rule of law and tax compliance behaviour of self employed taxpayers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study anchored on social exchange theory and survey research design was adopted with a population of 30, 450 self employed taxpayers. Stratified sampling technique was used to establish the number of trade and artisans self employed individuals grouped into fifteen (15) groups on the basis of line of business. The study was based on nine hundred (900) respondents on an average of sixty (60) participants from the fifteen (15) respondents groups out of which eight hundred and forty-two (842) were used as new respondents due to the number of questionnaires returned. Questionnaire were used as the primary source of data collection after reliability test using Cronbach Alpha and the responses obtained from the respondents were analysed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The multiple regression analysis suggested that rule of law positively and significantly affects tax compliance behaviour of self employed taxpayers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, and tax morale does positively and significantly affects the association between rule of law and tax compliance behaviour of self employed taxpayers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. On the basis of the research findings, the study concluded that there is moderating function of tax morale on rule of law on tax compliance behaviour of self employed taxpayers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study recommended amongst others that, the relevant tax authority (Bayelsa State Internal Revenue Service) should play a more vigorous responsibility in socializing tax laws and regulations to increase the awareness of taxpayers about the significance of fulfilling tax obligations, which will later be used for provision of social goods and services for the wellbeing of the citizens. Furthermore, understanding the social psychological (demographic) of a taxpayer as its relate to tax morale would help in addressing the issue of the rule of law and tax compliance behaviour in Nigeria, and this would also assist the government to formulate the better tax policies for effective and efficient revenue generation.

Analysing The Algorithm of Zoombombing as a Cybercrime in Digital Era: Legal Risks and Challenges

Zoombombing, the act of maliciously disrupting online meetings or gatherings on video conferencing platforms such as Zoom, has emerged as a prevalent cybercrime in the digital era. This paper examines the algorithmic mechanisms behind Zoombombing and explores its legal implications, risks, and challenges. By dissecting the tactics employed by perpetrators to infiltrate and disrupt virtual spaces, this analysis sheds light on the evolving nature of cyber threats in the context of remote communication technologies. Furthermore, it delves into the legal frameworks surrounding Zoombombing, addressing jurisdictional complexities, enforcement challenges, and the adequacy of existing laws in combating such cybercrimes. By considering the interplay between technology, law, and human behavior, this study aims to provide insights into mitigating the threats posed by Zoombombing and enhancing the legal response to cybercrimes in the digital age.

Experimental and simulation research on rupture behavior of coal-based solid waste material backfilling column under non-uniformly distributed load with different loading ratios

Artificial construction backfilling columns underground based on coal-based solid waste materials is an important method to slow down surface subsidence and reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal gangue hills and fly ash. Taking the Xinyang coal mine as an example, based on a self-developed non-uniform load application device, acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring technology, the evolution law of rupture behavior of coal-based solid waste material backfilling columns under different loading ratios was revealed. When the loading ratios are 1, 1.1319, 1.3585, 1.6371, and 2.0631, the average compression strength with the same material ratio is 3.96 MPa, 4.05 MPa, 4.22 MPa, 4.57 MPa, and 3.94 MPa, respectively. It is indicated that an increase in the loading ratio within the critical range is beneficial for stimulating the collaborative bearing of different parts inside the backfilling columns. From the perspective of the internal rupture behavior of the backfilling columns, the increase in loading ratio promotes a significant increase in the proportion of shear cracks, which has increased from 17.07% to 37.02%, resulting in the shear failure of backfilling columns. Meanwhile, as the loading ratio increases, the crack initiation position gathers from the left and right sides to the middle, and the final crack shape gradually transitions from two inclined and parallel main cracks to an inverted "V" shaped intersecting main cracks. The research is of great significance for improving the understanding of the failure law of backfilling columns and the safety evaluation of engineering-bearing structures under non-uniform loads.

The analysis of extension evolution law and damage behavior characteristic for line microcracks on Si3N4 bearing balls

To predict the relation between extension evolution law and damage of line microcracks on silicon nitride bearing balls. Firstly, the 3D point cloud features of line microcracks are obtained based on multi-image 3D reconstruction. Next, the point cloud diagram data is optimized to fit the molecular dynamics geometric model of line microcracks extension process. Then, according to the Si3N4 molecular dynamics deep learning potential, the molecular dynamics mechanical model is established. Finally, Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) is used to numerically solve the extension evolution of line microcracks. The experiment result shows that from the change analysis of single-layer surface mesh, the microcracks extension is concentrated in the central region of the indentation. The new microcracks spread along both sides of the original microcracks. After uniformly distributed load is applied to line microcracks, there is a phenomenon of concentrated swirling microcracks formation under the indentation region. By analyzing the atomic coordination number nephogram, the microcracks extension occurs when the proportion of amorphous atoms is up to 7 % during loading. And the plastic deformation occurs when the proportion of amorphous atoms is dropped to 6 % during unloading. In addition, in the process of indentation loading, plastic deformation and slip zone occur on Si3N4 bearing balls surface. However, the strain is accumulated in the middle region during unloading. The slip zone moves inward and becomes thin, and the elastic deformation partially is recovered.

Numerical investigation of turbulence generation using Zakharov-like model equation

This study investigates the turbulence generation behavior with a Zakharov-like (ZL) equation in a fluid system. The model equation is derived using conservation equations (mass and momentum conservation), and the source of nonlinearity is the high amplitude of the acoustic wave. The Zakharov-like equation has been derived and then solved numerically, then turned into a modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, modulation instability, or Benjamin–Feir instability, of the model equations, which leads to the emergence of Akhmediev breathers, is discussed. The numerical simulation uses a finite difference method for temporal evolution and a pseudo-spectral approach to determine spatial regimes. The outcomes indicate that the situation involving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation case displays a periodic pattern in space and time. The findings also demonstrate that the localization of structure and the Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam (FPU) recurrences are disrupted for the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation and Zakharov-like equation cases. The energy spectrum exhibits a power law behavior that approximately follows k−1.65 in the ZL model equation case, and it is steeper than Kolmogorov's spectrum within the inertial sub-range.

ПРАВОВІ МЕЖІ СУСПІЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН МІЖ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИМ СУСПІЛЬСТВОМ ТА ОРГАНАМИ СУДОВОЇ ВЛАДИ

The evaluation procedure of the judiciary in the modern conditions of the relationship between civil society and the rule of law occupies a key place because the modern conditions for the formation of such relationships emphasize the struggle for the rule of law and the independence of judges. Within the framework of the study, it was found that the relationship between civil society and the rule of law implements the established system of checks and balances in ensuring the balance of social relations (including the recognition of lawful behavior as a perceived necessity) in general and the protection of individuals from the arbitrariness of authorities in particular. Therefore, in this context, the influential importance of the judiciary is given its ability to fully protect the violated rights of the individual and the interests of the state within the framework of the legal field. At the same time, it is necessary to state that the state and civil society, within the limits of their mutual relations, have certain regulatory and control functions regarding the activities of the judiciary. In such a case, the relationship between the state and civil society within the framework of the evaluation procedure of the judiciary's activity should be interpreted as a system that performs specific functions in order to characterize the presence of interconnected elements with clearly defined forms of relationships. At most, these relationships contain a number of specific elements, among which are the following: subjects of interaction, objects of interaction, mutual relations between subjects, and changes caused by the interaction of subjects. It is substantiated that the key feature of the court within the framework of the relationship between civil society and the rule of law is primarily the independence of the court through the independence of judges. The definition of the concept of "independent judge" is proposed, according to which such a judge is a highly qualified specialist who in his practical activities acts exclusively on the basis of the law, making unbiased legal decisions, relying on the requirements of regulatory legal acts, regardless of possible benefit for himself. In turn, the relationship between civil society and judicial authorities has a direct impact on increasing the efficiency of court work through the establishment of the principle of the rule of law, helping to ensure the independence of judges on the one hand, and increasing the level of legal awareness and legal culture of the population on the other hand.

Scaling law of diffusion processes on fractal networks

We investigate diffusion processes on fractal networks at different length scales. This is achieved by the application of a box covering procedure. We find that a clearly scaling law emerges on a great variety of fractal networks. Specifically, a number of metrics for quantifying diffusion processes, such as Kemeny’s constant, the expected search time and its variation, follow a power-law with the number of boxes for covering. Furthermore, we identify a power-law relation between energy and the number of boxes. Remarkably, we show that the expected time for hunting a moving target similarly presents a power law behavior on a given fractal network. Our work reveals that scaling law is a common characteristic of fractal networks beyond their structural organization.

Ціннісні виміри правомірної поведінки

The article provides a theoretical and legal analysis of the definition of lawful behavior, an understanding of its criteria, types, mechanism of formation and implementation in modern circumstances. Lawful behavior as a type of social behavior is a complex process of human and law interaction. This interaction consists in the influence of law on the behavior of an individual who, guided by the value system established in his mind, chooses his own model of behavior. It is the values that form and characterize the inner world of an individual: his spiritual state, will, feelings, mind, attitude to the macrocosm. On the other hand, an individual, being in society, performing certain acts and performing specific actions, may not always be educated about their regulation by law, but is mostly able to analyze his own behavior and evaluate it in relation to the task of harming or benefiting other members of society. Lawful behavior is the basis of the legal order of modern civil society and the rule of law. It is through universal observance of lawful behavior that the state is able to perform its delegated functions realistically and optimally, and the right to realize its direct purpose. Therefore, state legal institutions, realizing that the key to their effectiveness is the ability to adopt fair laws and correct decisions that will be followed by society, should act in such a way that will maximally stimulate a lawful model of behavior. The social role of legal behavior is directly related to the social purpose of law. In the process of its implementation, the goals and objectives of legal regulation are achieved. The lawful behavior of an individual in accordance with its results and objective meaning, and is actually a right in action. Legitimate behavior is a socially beneficial activity of an individual aimed at ensuring state, legal, public and personal interests, values and goals. It is a value for the law precisely because the individual itself is a real value for it. It was found that lawful behavior is based on the following basic value elements: legal awareness and legal culture; an individual's understanding that his rights and freedoms are guaranteed by laws and can be optimally implemented in practice; freedom of choice, which enables the individual to act at his own discretion and without any interference; the presence of a special relationship between the government and the individual, when the latter is an equal partner of the state, who participates in decision-making, exercises control over the activities of the state and its institutions, as well as in other processes.

Prescription Drug Dispensing and Patient Costs After Implementation of a No Behavioral Health Cost-Sharing Law

On January 1, 2022, New Mexico implemented a No Behavioral Cost-Sharing (NCS) law that eliminated cost-sharing for mental health and substance use disorder (MH/SUD) treatments in plans regulated by the state, potentially reducing a barrier to treatment for MH/SUDs among the commercially insured; however, the outcomes of the law are unknown. To assess the association of implementation of the NCS with out-of-pocket spending for prescription for drugs primarily used to treat MH/SUDs and monthly volume of dispensed drugs. This retrospective cohort study used a difference-in-differences research design to examine trends in outcomes for New Mexico state employees, a population affected by the NCS, compared with federal employees in New Mexico who were unaffected by NCS. Data were collected on prescription drugs for MH/SUDs dispensed per month between January 2021 and June 2022 for New Mexico patients with a New Mexico state employee health plan and New Mexico patients with a federal employee health plan. Data analysis occurred from December 2022 to January 2024. Enrollment in a state employee health plan or federal health plan. The primary outcomes were mean patient out-of-pocket spending per dispensed MH/SUD prescription and the monthly volume of dispensed MH/SUD prescriptions per 1000 employees. A difference-in-differences estimation approach was used. The implementation of the NCS law was associated with a mean (SE) $6.37 ($0.30) reduction (corresponding to an 85.6% decrease) in mean out-of-pocket spending per dispensed MH/SUD medication (95% CI, -$7.00 to -$5.75). The association of implementation of NCS with the volume of prescriptions dispensed was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that the implementation of the New Mexico NCS law was successful in lowering out-of-pocket spending on prescription medications for MH/SUDs, but that there was no association of NCS with the volume of medications dispensed in the first 6 months after implementation. A key challenge is to identify policies that protect from high out-of-pocket spending while also promoting access to needed care.

Human behavior: philosophical and legal discourse

The article is devoted to the philosophical and legal problems of human behavior in the context of axiological aspects of anthropocentrism, which consists in observing human rights and freedoms and ensuring the principle of human dignity.
 It is emphasized that the dynamic development of society affects the understanding and interpretation of the criterion of "permissibility" in behavior. The worldview and value attitudes and orientations of a person in society are changing, which causes substantial changes in the perception of legal phenomena as phenomena of social reality.
 It was found that legal behavior is human behavior regulated by legal norms. It can be legal or illegal. Accordingly, the law either supports and encourages such behavior (lawful), or, on the contrary, considers it inadmissible, as it violates the norms of cohabitation (illegal).
 It is emphasized that many scientists support the approach that lawful behavior does not require effort, but only involves the individual's refraining from negative actions. It was noted that such detention is not difficult for a person who was formed in a legal environment where those around him were law-abiding citizens, but on the contrary, it is the norm, but there is another type of person, for whom an environment with illegal goals and attitudes was an example. For such people, in order not to fall under the influence of a marginal, and sometimes criminal environment, it is necessary to make maximum efforts, sometimes even associated with danger to life and health.
 It is noted that in the legal sphere there is a rather dangerous behavior of the so-called "double standards", when a person in general allegedly observes the rules of coexistence in society, observes the norms of the law and moral prescriptions, but believes that some norms and standards can be violated due to the fact that the damage from their violation is not significant.
 Attention is focused on the fact that the value of human behavior lies in its implementation in a legitimate direction, through compliance with the norms of law and social morality inherent in a certain society at a specific stage of its development.

Legal education of minors

The article is devoted to the philosophical and legal problems of the value aspects of the legal behavior of minors, which involves a constant influence on a person with the aim of forming a legal culture and active lawful behavior.
 It was found that legal education occupies a central place in the formation of a law-abiding citizen who not only does not violate the legal norms of society, but also strives to preserve the harmony of the natural-legal space and the state-legal field based on the norms of natural and positive law.
 It was emphasized that today the realities of war have shown Ukrainians the importance of national- patriotic education of youth. No less important is the education of the young generation in respect for the law and the state, but this process should not take place chaotically, but at the level of introducing innovations in the educational space, a system of national-patriotic and legal education should be implemented. The loss of value-legal connections and landmarks during the war is a problematic aspect in the process of legal education of minors, as it can lead to the deformation of legal consciousness and the formation of deviant behavior of young people.
 Children must understand what state they live in, what rights and responsibilities are, what is the difference between lawful and unlawful behavior, and what sanctions the state can apply to citizens, even minors, for violating the rules of law and the law. It is important to involve specialists in this process, namely: representatives of juvenile prevention units, psychologists, and social workers.
 Attention is focused on the need for legal education of children from among internally displaced persons during the period of adaptation in a new place of residence, with the aim of legitimate socialization.
 It is noted that the legal status of the child is guaranteed and protected at the international and national level. The child has rights, but it is necessary to teach the child to use his rights, to teach in accordance with his age, his mental and psychological characteristics. Particular attention has always been paid to the peculiarities of legal education in Ukraine. As for minors, starting with the family, preschool institutions, schools and ending with institutions of higher education (primary courses), children received an idea and understanding of what the norms of behavior are, what morality and law are.

Modeling and dynamic analysis of fractional order nonlinear viscoelastic rod

A fractional order constitutive behavior law is proposed in this paper to describe the viscoelasticity of the nonlinear rod. The fractional governing equation of the nonlinear viscoelastic rod is established. An effective algorithm based on the shifted Legendre polynomials is used to solve the governing equation directly in the time domain. The effectiveness of the proposed numerical algorithm is confirmed by the convergence analysis. Its accuracy is verified by the comparison with the analytical solution of a dimensionless equation. The dynamic response of the viscoelastic rod under various loading conditions is analyzed. The influence of loading parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the rod is investigated according to the evolution of displacement and stress.

Neutral diversity in experimental metapopulations

New automated and high-throughput methods allow the manipulation and selection of numerous bacterial populations. In this manuscript we are interested in the neutral diversity patterns that emerge from such a setup in which many bacterial populations are grown in parallel serial transfers, in some cases with population-wide extinction and splitting events. We model bacterial growth by a birth–death process and use the theory of coalescent point processes. We show that there is a dilution factor that optimises the expected amount of neutral diversity for a given number of cycles, and study the power law behaviour of the mutation frequency spectrum for different experimental regimes. We also explore how neutral variation diverges between two recently split populations by establishing a new formula for the expected number of shared and private mutations. Finally, we show the interest of such a setup to select a phenotype of interest that requires multiple mutations.

Rheological and dielectric behavior of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)/Ca2+ and esterified NaCMC/Ca2+ hydrogels: Correlating microstructure and dynamics with properties

Polyelectrolyte-based conductive hydrogels are being extensively explored for applications in energy storage and as electrode materials for batteries. We synthesized ionically crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), esterified NaCMC, and Ca2+ doped esterified NaCMC hydrogels. This work aims to understand the effect of Ca2+ ions on the NaCMC and esterified NaCMC. FTIR, SEM, Rheology and EIS studies were performed to understand the structure and dynamics of hydrogels. Results confirmed that Ca2+ ions have an important role in determining the rheological and dielectric response of hydrogels. Power law behavior was observed in their rheological response with exponent (n) of 0.81 for G′ and 0.76 for G″ of ionically crosslinked NaCMC, 5.38 for G′ and 4.70 for G″ of esterified NaCMC, whereas, negative exponents −1.44 for G′ and −1.10 for G″ of Ca2+ ion doped esterified NaCMC. Ionically crosslinked NaCMC hydrogels have relaxation times (τ) in the range of 8.9 × 10−5 s–2.8 × 10−5 s may be due to the formation of temporary dipoles by electrostatic bridge formations with dc conductivity of (0.1 S/cm–5 S/cm), whereas, esterified NaCMC showed relaxation times (10−3 s–8.9 × 10−5 s) with increasing ester crosslinks and dc conductivity of (0.05 S/cm–0.8 S/cm). Interestingly, Ca2+ ion doped esterified hydrogels showed multiple dielectric relaxations on Ca2+ ion addition with different relaxation times may be due to change in ionic environment. The understanding obtained from this work may be useful for designing tuneable hydrogels with optimum electrical and mechanical properties.

Metal oxide-based gas sensor array for VOCs determination in complex mixtures using machine learning

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the breath is becoming a viable route for the early detection of diseases non-invasively. This paper presents a sensor array of 3 component metal oxides that give maximal cross-sensitivity and can successfully use machine learning methods to identify four distinct VOCs in a mixture. The metal oxide sensor array comprises NiO-Au (ohmic), CuO-Au (Schottky), and ZnO–Au (Schottky) sensors made by the DC reactive sputtering method and having a film thickness of 80–100 nm. The NiO and CuO films have ultrafine particle sizes of < 50 nm and rough surface texture, while ZnO films consist of nanoscale platelets. This array was subjected to various VOC concentrations, including ethanol, acetone, toluene, and chloroform, one by one and in a pair/mix of gases. Thus, the response values show severe interference and departure from commonly observed power law behavior. The dataset obtained from individual gases and their mixtures were analyzed using multiple machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree, Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine. KNN and RF have shown more than 99% accuracy in classifying different varying chemicals in the gas mixtures. In regression analysis, KNN has delivered the best results with an R2 value of more than 0.99 and LOD of 0.012 ppm, 0.015 ppm, 0.014 ppm, and 0.025 ppm for predicting the concentrations of acetone, toluene, ethanol, and chloroform, respectively, in complex mixtures. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the array utilizing the provided algorithms can classify and predict the concentrations of the four gases simultaneously for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring.Graphical

Adsorption mechanism of asphaltenes and surfactants at oil-water interface: based on dissipative particle dynamics method

The study of emulsion stabilization mechanisms is of great importance in the field of crude oil extraction, transportation and processing. In order to further investigate the roles of asphaltenes and surfactants in the emulsion stabilization process, the adsorption mechanisms of asphaltenes and surfactants at the oil-water interface were investigated using dissipative particle dynamics. The results show that: the asphaltene interfacial film gradually becomes thicker before the saturation adsorption of asphaltene molecules at the oil-water interface, and the interfacial tension decreases with the increase of the number of molecules until it reaches the equilibrium state; different surfactant molecules have different influences on the interface, and the calculations of the radial distribution function and the interfacial tension show that H2T4 molecules have a stronger effect than H4T4 at the oil-water interface and have stronger surface activity. H2T4 reaches saturation adsorption capacity faster than H4T4 and has higher interfacial efficiency. The asphaltene-surfactant composite system can stabilize the oil-water interface more effectively. Competitive and synergistic effects of asphaltene and surfactant in the process of interfacial adsorption. When the concentration of surfactant in the composite system is low, there is a synergistic effect between the two in the interfacial adsorption process; when the concentration of surfactant is high, there is a competitive effect between the two in the synergistic adsorption process. The surfactant H4T4 has both interfacial adsorption and self-aggregation in the competitive adsorption process. This paper provides ideas for exploring the kinematic laws of molecular behavior in the stabilization mechanism of crude oil emulsions.

Experimental characterization of a polydicyclopentadiene thermoset, study of protective metal-polymer and polymer-metal two-layer structures

Multilayer structures are frequently used for military impact protection applications. For low-velocity impacts, they can be made from a wide variety of materials, including metallic and polymeric materials. One proposes to investigate the impact resistance of two-layer structures composed of polydicyclopentadiene thermosetting resin (P-DCPD) combined with DP450 steel or AA2024-T3 aluminum. Structures are subjected to debris impacts of 125 J at 10 m/s. Polymer stacking order is evaluated, highlighting the importance of P-DCPD to be the first layer impacted. To understand and validate these experimental results, the behaviors of DP450, AA2024-T3 and P-DCPD are studied. Experimental tests (quasi-static tension and compression, dynamic compression and Iosipescu shear tests) are carried out to characterize P-DCPD and validate material behavior laws. Finite element simulations using LS-Dyna software are used to validate and explain experimental impact results.

A deeper knowledge tracking model integrating cognitive theory and learning behavior

Knowledge tracing (KT), which aims to trace human knowledge learning process by using machines, has widely applied in online learning systems. It dynamically models student’s knowledge states in relation to different learning factors through their learning interactions. Recently, KT has attracted many researches attention due to its good performance to using deep learning. Although most of KT models have shown outstanding results, they have limitations: either ignore the human cognitive law and learning behavior, or lack the ability to go deeper modeling to trace knowledge state. In this paper, we propose a deeper knowledge tracking model integrating cognitive theory and learning behavior (CLDKT). It united the advantages of memory network and recurrent neural network of the existing deep learning KT models for modeling student learning. To better implement CLDKT, we add the residual network (ResNet) to realize the deep modeling of learning behaviors. Extensive experiments on three open benchmark datasets to evaluate our model. Experimental results demonstrate that (I) CLDKT outperforms the state-of-the-art KT models on students’ performance prediction. (II) CLDKT can deeper modeling to trace knowledge state owing to the ResNet import. (III) CLDKT has better interpretability and predictability, which proves the effectiveness of the knowledge tracing model integrating cognitive law and learning behavior.

A raceless legal psychology in a system marked by race

AbstractDespite the fact that evidence of racial inequality in the U.S. criminal legal system has become overwhelming, the field of legal psychology has largely ignored issues of race and systemic racism. Although legal psychology focuses on a system that has disproportionately affected certain racial groups, and much of the field questions the fairness of the system, its research seems to rarely take a critical approach to account for racial and systemic factors that may shape an individual's psychological experience. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to analyze the lack of attention to race and racism in legal psychology, document the extent to which the field has historically attended to issues of race and systemic racism, and provide best practices for future research to embrace a critical race legal psychology. To document inattention to race and systemic racism, we query, code, and analyze all articles published in two of legal psychology's most influential journals (Law and Human Behavior and Psychology, Public Policy, and Law), finding, indeed, a dearth of articles on these topics.