Dodecanol Research Articles

Enhancing the Inhibition Effect and Adsorption Efficiency of Ethoxylated Dodecyl Alcohols on Corrosion of 316 Stainless Steels in 2M HCl

Enhancing the Inhibition Effect and Adsorption Efficiency of Ethoxylated Dodecyl Alcohols on Corrosion of 316 Stainless Steels in 2M HCl

Spongostan™ Leads to Increased Regeneration of a Rat Calvarial Critical Size Defect Compared to NanoBone® and Actifuse.

Bone substitute materials are becoming increasingly important in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Reconstruction of critical size bone defects is still challenging for surgeons. Here, we compared the clinically applied organic bone substitute materials NanoBone® (nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and nanostructured silica gel; n = 5) and Actifuse (calcium phosphate with silicate substitution; n = 5) with natural collagen-based Spongostan™ (hardened pork gelatin containing formalin and lauryl alcohol; n = 5) in bilateral rat critical-size defects (5 mm diameter). On topological level, NanoBone is known to harbour nanopores of about 20 nm diameter, while Actifuse comprises micropores of 200–500 µm. Spongostan™, which is clinically applied as a haemostatic agent, combines in its wet form both nano- and microporous topological features by comprising 60.66 ± 24.48 μm micropores accompanied by nanopores of 32.97 ± 1.41 nm diameter. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) used for evaluation 30 days after surgery revealed a significant increase in bone volume by all three bone substitute materials in comparison to the untreated controls. Clearly visual was the closure of trepanation in all treated groups, but granular appearance of NanoBone® and Actifuse with less closure at the margins of the burr holes. In contrast, transplantion of Spongostan™ lead to complete filling of the burr hole with the highest bone volume of 7.98 ccm and the highest bone mineral density compared to all other groups. In summary, transplantation of Spongostan™ resulted in increased regeneration of a rat calvarial critical size defect compared to NanoBone and Actifuse, suggesting the distinct nano- and microtopography of wet Spongostan™ to account for this superior regenerative capacity. Since Spongostan™ is a clinically approved product used primarily for haemostasis, it may represent an interesting alternative in the reconstruction of defects in the maxillary region.

Experimental charging/discharging studies of organic phase change materials for cold thermal energy storage application

AbstractThis article presents the experimental charging and discharging characteristics of two organic phase change materials (PCMs) for the application of cold thermal energy storage. Lauryl alcohol and butyl stearate were encapsulated in rectangular encapsulation and the experimental study was carried out in vapor compression refrigeration system. The experiment also conducted for different masses of PCMs and the result showed that lauryl alcohol shows stable phase change with less temperature variation of 3.5°C during the charging and discharging which is not evidenced in butyl stearate. Also, the discharging duration is more in lauryl alcohol than butyl stearate due to its high energy density. The discharge in lauryl alcohol occurs for more than two times of the discharge time of the butyl stearate. Both the PCMs produced cooling inside the chamber during the experiment but comparatively lauryl alcohol advances in the real‐time performance and recommended for cold thermal energy storage applications.

Lipase catalyzed esterification of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia and Thermomyces lanuginosus

The selective behaviour of lauryl alcohol to catalyze esterification for the synthesis of tuna free fatty acids (TFFAs) using immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) and Thermomyces lanuginosus lipases (TLL) have been investigated. The characterization of both immobilized PCL and TLL and their support immobead-150 is carried out using particle size analyzer, BET method and FT-IR. The suitable reaction conditions have been determined as lauryl alcohol to TFFAs ratio 4:1 (wt/wt), pH 8.0, buffer to TFFAs ratio 1:1 (wt/wt), temperature 50°C and agitation speed 800 rpm. Reusability of both the immobilized lipases for esterification has also been carried out and the activity was stabilized at 60.9% and 47.6% after 5 cycles of repeated use of immobilized PCL and TLL, respectively. Maximum 93.8 wt% Docosahexaenoic acid is recovered in esters with immobilized PCL after 16 h.

Formation and characterization of debranched starch–alcohol complexes with six aliphatic alcohols

Recently, starch-lipid V-type complexes have attracted widespread attention due to their anti-digestibility. The complexing behaviors of debranched starch (DBS) with six different aliphatic alcohols [n-hexanol (Hex), n-octanol (Oct), n-decanol (Dec), lauryl alcohol (Lau), tetradecyl alcohol (Tet), and cetanol (Cet)] were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). DBS could form V-type complexes with all six aliphatic alcohols. Specifically, DBS formed type I and type II complexes with Oct, Lau and Cet and only type II complexes with other aliphatic alcohols. Moreover, DBS formed type IIa and type IIb complexes with Oct and Lau. With the increase in the carbon chain length, the peak melting temperature and relative crystallinity of the complexes gradually increased. There was a linear negative correlation between the complexing index and the carbon number of aliphatic alcohols. This study will provide new information about starch–alcohol complexes formed by DBS and aliphatic alcohols.

Rapid Synthesis of Chemically Recyclable Polycarbonates from Renewable Feedstocks.

We report the rapid, one-pot synthesis of functional polycarbonates derived from renewable alcohols (i.e., glucose tetraacetate, acetyl isosorbide, lauryl alcohol, and ethanol) and a cyclic carbonate bearing an imidazolecarboxylate. This tandem functionalization/ring-opening polymerization strategy can be performed on multigram scale and eliminates the need for rigorous purification and specialized equipment. A wide range of glass transition temperatures (Tg) was accessible from these renewable pendant groups (>75 °C Tg window). We also synthesized several statistical copolycarbonates to show the thermal properties can be tailored with this tandem method. Additionally, we demonstrate a circular polymer economy via chemical recycling to a cyclic carbonate precursor. This work may facilitate development of sustainable polycarbonates with tailored properties that work toward eliminating plastic waste streams.

Removal of oil from sandstone rocks by solid-liquid extraction using oil phase-free microemulsion systems

The impregnation of oil on solid surfaces is a major challenge currently due to the need to purify environments affected by disasters and accidents related to the oil and gas industry. In this work, microemulsion systems without oil phase were formulated containing nonionic surfactants of different degrees of ethoxylation (10, 8 and 6 ethoxylation bonds) for the solid-liquid extraction of heavy oil impregnated in sandstone rocks. A central composite design was carried out showing the total oil extraction efficiency (%EE) entre 3.680 ± 0.933 e 99.800 ± 0.266. Micellar comparison analyses showed the importance of alcohol in the process, since 20% more oil was removed in the presence of alcohol, and the use of oil-free microemulsions proved to be feasible in cross-current and counter-current processes, especially the system containing lauryl alcohol with six ethoxylation bonds (LA 6EO) that reached satisfactory oil extraction results on both processes (%EE ≥ 90%).

The effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using Ru-Fe/TiO2 catalyst

We describe the effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using bimetallic ruthenium-iron supported on titanium oxide (5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 (5.0 is loading amount of Ru (wt%) and x = 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 is the loading amount of Fe (wt%). Ru-xFe/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized via the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 150 °C for 24 hours, then followed by reduction with H2 at a temperature of 500 °C for 3 h. The catalytic reactions were carried out in a batch reactor system in various organic solvents (e.g., 2-propanol, water, 1, 4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and its mixture solvent). Results of XRD analysis of 5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 showed a typical diffraction peak at 2θ = 44.14°C, which can be attributed as metallic Ru(101). The best solvent used was 1, 4-dioxane: water (4.5:0.5 ml) at 170 °C, initial H2 pressure 4.0 MPa and a reaction time of 5 h, providing 39.4% lauric acid conversion and 5.8% yield of lauryl alcohol using 5.0Ru-1.0Fe/TiO2 catalyst. The yield of lauryl alcohol could be enhanced up to 33% (at 49.2% conversion) after the reaction time was prolonged to 30 h under the same reaction conditions.

Castor Oil and Acrylate based Copolymers as Greener Additives for Lubricating Oil

In this work, the authors synthesized three different acrylates by esterification reaction of acrylic acid with long chain alcohols (octyl alcohol, decyl alcohol and dodecyl alcohol). Homopolymer of castor oil (CO) and three copolymers of castor oil with acrylates were synthesized by free radical polymerization using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. FT-IR and NMR spectral technique were used to characterize the synthesized polymers. The average molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) method was used study the thermal behaviour of the polymers at high temperature. Performances of the polymers as additives in lubricating oil were carefully assessed in terms of viscosity index, and pour point. The experimental results showed that the prepared copolymers are better additives than homopolymer. Disc diffusion method was applied to carry out biodegradability test of all the prepared polymers.

Synthesis and characterization of new organic phase change materials (PCMs): Diesters of suberic acid

Synthesis and characterization of high-chain diesters have been carried out to investigate their properties for thermal energy storage applications. The synthesized compounds include diesters of octanedioic acid (suberic acid) with 1-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol) and 1-hexadecanol (palmityl alcohol). While FT-IR, elemental analysis and GC-MS have been intensively used for purity control and verification, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) are the main instruments for determination of the thermal properties. Properties such as phase change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp), thermal decomposition temperatures and thermal reliability of the diesters are presented in the paper. Based on the MS data, mass fragmentation fingerprints of the compounds are also presented for chemical characterization. DSC analyses indicate that melting onset temperatures range between 37 and 55 °C and they have phase change enthalpy above 195 kJ/kg. The evaluated chemical and thermal data approve that the investigated high-chain diesters can be utilized for thermal energy storage and they can be named as phase change material (PCM) based on their phase change properties and reliability.

Enhancing gelation properties of dioctyl phthalate using urethane and urea‐based gelators to improve mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride

AbstractThis study provides a new approach to promote the mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride/dioctyl phthalate (PVC/DOP) via gelators. It presented the effect of newly synthesized urethane and urea‐based gelators on the plasticizer DOP, and then prepared for PVC. 4,4′‐Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) was reacted with lauryl alcohol (LA), stearyl alcohol (SA), and octadecylamine (OL) to prepare LML, SMS, and SMO, respectively. These gelators were self‐assembled in the common plasticizer DOP to form gels, and then PVC was blended with these gels. SMO exhibited the lowest critical gelator concentration (CGC) in DOP. FEEM observation of xerogels exhibited micro platelet morphology with various sizes. Rheological evaluation revealed that DOPgel enhanced the gelating ability of PVC. Mechanical measurement showed that gelators improved the tensile properties of PVC in the sequence of LML > SMS > SMO. Tensile modulus and the tensile strength of PVC/DOP increased by 74.6% (from 14.6 to 25.5 MPa) and 19.8% (from 13.1 to 15.7 MPa) only by adding 3% LML. These new urethane and urea‐based gelators improved the mechanical strength of PVC without reducing its toughness.

Experimental studies on photovoltaic module temperature reduction using eutectic cold phase change material

An increase in Photovoltaic (PV) module temperature (TPV) affects the photoconversion efficiency (PCE). Annual TPV loss accounts higher than other losses in the PV system for hot climatic conditions. The main objective of this work is to introduce a novel passive Cold-PCM (C-PCM) to reduce the TPV. Commercial PCM’s are more expensive than a eutectic PCM. In this work, Lauryl alcohol and Ethyl alcohol are mixed in a ratio of 75:25 to form a eutectic mixture. The prepared eutectic mixture is having a melting temperature and latent heat of fusion of 21.75 °C and 199 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, C-PCM containers with 3-cm and 5-cm thickness are attached at the back surface of the PV module. It is observed that the 5-cm container exhibits higher heat transfer, which subsequently resulted in TPV reduction at a maximum of 10.3 °C. This decrease in TPV, enhanced the average voltage profile by 2.85%, thereby the average output power is also boosted by 2.8%. Consequently, this eutectic PCM can improve the average performance ratio, electrical efficiency and capacity utilization factor of the PV module by 72.63%, 10.09% and 19.41%, respectively. Thus the experimental results revealed that C-PCM could be a potential replacement to H-PCM for cooling down the TPV.

Effect of Friction Velocity on Tribological Behavior of Coumarin as Mineral Oil Additive

Abstract The tribological behavior of lubricants, prepared with a mineral base oil, lauryl alcohol, and different concentrations of coumarin, was examined using a four-ball tester under constant and variable friction velocity conditions. At constant friction velocity, the maximum non-seizure load (PB) increased from 304 N to 392 N at a coumarin concentration of 0.5 wt%. Lubricants with 0.7 wt% coumarin exhibited optimum lubricating properties, and the maximum reductions in friction coefficient (FC) and wear scar diameter (WSD) were 20.0% and 11.88%, respectively. Further investigation of the tribological mechanism implied that the ester group in the coumarin molecule established a connection with the surface atom, resulting in the formation of a tribofilm, which further restricted the adhesion wear regime. Additionally, under variable friction velocity conditions, increasing the coumarin concentration had an obvious effect on the mixed lubrication (ML) and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regions but not on other lubrication regions. Moreover, a mathematical model was proposed to show the relationship between FC and friction velocity. Importantly, the present work clarifies the effect of friction velocity on the tribological behavior of coumarin and also supports the use of coumarin as a novel additive in mineral oils.

Development, characterization and modification study of eutectic fatty alcohol for cold energy storage application

Phase change energy storage technology is an important technology to solve the contradiction between energy supply and demand and improve energy efficiency. In the fields of fruit and vegetable preservation, cold chain logistics, chemical industry, medicine and other fields, low-temperature phase change materials below 0 °C have great application space, but many phase change materials have large supercooling, low thermal conductivity, mechanical properties and heat. Poor stability restricts its application in practice. In this study, using the principles of phase balance and phase law and a combination of theory and experiment, an efficient, stable, non-toxic and safe composite phase change material was developed. Using decyl alcohol (DA) and lauryl alcohol (LA) as substrates, adding covalently modified hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH) with different mass fractions and adding sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) are used as a dispersant to promote the nanoparticles to be better dispersed in the solution through ultrasonic vibration and to explore the thermal performance and thermal cycle stability of composite phase change materials. The results show that there are no supercooling and no phase separation after DA–LA eutectic. After adding MWCNT-OH and SDBS, the thermal conductivity of the composite phase change material is effectively improved and has little effect on the phase change enthalpy and phase change temperature. DA–LA/MWCNT-OH/SDBS still has good thermal stability after 200 high- and low-temperature cycle.

Effect of organic phase change material and surfactant on HCFC141b hydrate nucleation in quiescent conditions

The effects of organic phase change material (PCM) and surfactant on HCFC141b hydrate nucleation are investigated under quiescent conditions. The surfactants Tween80 and Span80 are chosen as emulsifiers, and the mixture of PCM n-decanoic acid (CA) and dodecyl alcohol (DE) is used as promoter. The emulsion of HCFC141b + CA–DE (the mass ratio of CA to DE is 1:1) + Tween80 or Span80 + H2O is prepared, where CA–DE is dispersed in water and HCFC141b is dissolved into CA–DE. The hydrophobic CA–DE droplets create an increased local HCFC141b concentration, and organize the surrounding water into a clathrate-like structure. Additives of 1 wt% CA–DE and 1 wt% Tween80 have the best promotion effect on the nucleation of HCFC141b hydrate. The nucleation of HCFC141b hydrate has a stochastic nature and the additives (CA–DE, Tween80 and Span80) reduce the scatter of the induction time of HCFC141b hydrate formation.

Experimental investigation on thermophysical properties of coconut oil and lauryl alcohol for energy recovery from cold condensate

Effective use of available energy from air conditioning condensate in a typical cold storage plant is studied. The condensate quantity was estimated for a 17,580 kW cooling capacity at around 150 to 170 liters per day at an average temperature range of 9 °C to 11 °C. Two eco-friendly phase change materials, namely coconut oil and lauryl alcohol were used to recover energy from the cold condensate. Thermophysical properties of selected phase change materials were studied for both pure samples as well as for samples after 250 cycles. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results confirmed that no chemical reaction took place during and after the thermal cycling and that the PCMs were chemically stable even at 250 cycles. Latent heat of fusion of coconut oil and lauryl alcohol decrease by 10.55% and 52.9% respectively after 250 cycles. The variation in specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity at working range temperatures were observed before and after the thermal cycles and the results are discussed. The charging and discharging studies of PCMs (1 kg each) were carried out at 11±1 °C using a constant temperature water bath with a holding volume of 12 liters. The solidification was found to start at 22.3 °C for coconut oil and 23.1 °C for lauryl alcohol. During the solidification, it was found that coconut oil was supercooled from its actual freezing temperature by 2.6 °C. Due to this supercooling effect, the actual freezing time is prolonged by 25 min for coconut oil. However, no supercooling was observed in lauryl alcohol. Discharging of PCMs was carried out in an ambient environment of 32±1 °C. Melting study revealed that coconut oil and lauryl alcohol were melting at 23.2 °C and 23.8 °C respectively, which is almost equal to the human comfort temperature of 24 °C. However, considering the ecofriendly nature, thermal stability and material compatibility, coconut oil could be a better option compared to lauryl alcohol and other organic PCMs.

Insights into the stability of polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous dispersion: Role of surfactant

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has attracted significant interest from both industry and academia owing to its remarkable properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, low surface energy and low dielectric constant. High stability and high solid content (~60%) are primary criteria for PTFE aqueous dispersions toward preparing various end-use articles; however, they are difficult to be achieved simultaneously. Additionally, the stabilization mechanism has not been clearly unraveled and understood till date. Herein, four types of surfactants including cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), anionic sodium dodecylsulfate, zwitterionic lauryl betaine (LB), and nonionic lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene Brij 30, are used to stabilize 60% PTFE dispersions from the as-polymerized dilute mixture. The stabilities of these dispersions are quantitatively and objectively characterized for the first time using a Turbiscan analyzer based on multiple light scattering technology. While DTAB causes flocculation, the other three surfactants can formulate concentrated dispersions. The dispersion with LB loses the stability in a short time, whereas Brij 30-stabilized dispersion exhibits high stability due to the formation of a network of wormlike micelles. It is determined that the instability of surfactant-stabilized dispersion stems from particle sedimentation rather than coalescence or aggregation. The size of dispersed particle and dispersion viscosity play dominant roles in controlling the particle settling rate, thereby affecting the stability. This study affords useful insights into the stability of concentrated PTFE dispersion, which can guide the selection of suitable surfactants to prepare PTFE dispersions with desired stabilities.

Lauryl alcohol and stearyl alcohol eutectic for cold thermal energy storage in buildings: Preparation, thermophysical studies and performance analysis

Abstract Energy storage is recognized as being of pivotal importance in development of sustainable buildings. This research focuses on exploration of a novel cold thermal energy storage material that effectively imparts thermal comfort in buildings. The newly identified eutectic phase change material (PCM) comprises of lauryl alcohol and stearyl alcohol in the composition 90:10. For enabling its use in various cooling applications, the thermophysical properties of the identified PCM requires careful examination. By Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis, the melting point and latent heat of fusion of the new eutectic are 22.93 °C and 205.79 J g − 1, fitting the intended application. Thermal conductivity studies, thermogravimetric analysis and thermal cycling tests ascertain the material competency. The new eutectic also accounts for successful performance during its charge-discharge studies in a thermal energy storage integrated prototype test chamber. It is concluded that the developed PCM is an able material for thermal energy storage and indoor comfort in buildings.

Kinetika Reaksi Hidrogenasi Ester Lemak Menjadi Alkohol Lemak Dengan Katalis Tembaga- Mangan

Fatty alcohol (FAOH) can be produced by hydrogenating of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the copper-based catalyst. Copper-Chrom (Cu-Cr) is the best catalyst for high-pressure reaction condition, which is copper (Cu) as the main active component and chrom (Cr) as a promoter. Since Cr is feared to be toxic, one of the best replacement candidates is manganese (Mn). The research aims is to find the kinetic equation of hydrogenation FAME to FAOH using a Cu-Mn commercial catalyst. FAME with methyl laurate and methyl myristate as the main compounds is used as feedstock. The main products are lauryl alcohol and myristyl alcohol. The reaction was carried out in an isothermal continuous fixed bed reactor under conditions of temperature 220 – 240 oC, pressure 50 bar, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 5-12.5 hr-1. The kinetic equation is determined using the power law model. The FAME hydrogenation on copper - manganese catalyst is the half order reaction. The activation energy value is 86.32 kJ/mol and the Arrhenius constant value is 5.87x106 M0.5/s.

Reduction of Vegetable Oil‐Derived Fatty Acid Methyl Esters toward Fatty Alcohols without the Supply of Gaseous H2

AbstractAn alternative route to the conventional one for fatty alcohol synthesis was investigated. It was possible to synthesize lauryl alcohol from methyl laurate via reduction by transfer of hydrogen and hydride in liquid phase, in noncatalytic reactions and without the supply of H2 gaseous. Pure NaBH4 or alumina‐supported NaBH4 and methanol were used as co‐reactants and 100% fatty alcohol selectivities were achieved. The aim of supporting the metal hydride was to increase its stability and achieve the full recovery of the solid at the end of reaction. When alumina‐supported NaBH4 was used, a final fatty alcohol yield of 93% was achieved. The use of methanol and NaBH4 in amounts higher than stoichiometric is important to generate alkoxyborohydride anions which act as better reducing species than NaBH4. The reaction conditions effect was investigated and the role of short carbon chain alcohol structure was elucidated. The effect of fatty acid methyl ester structure was also studied. Fatty acid methyl esters with shorter carbon chain length and without unsaturation (methyl laurate, methyl myristate) were easily reduced using NaBH4/Al2O3 and methanol reaching high conversions and fatty alcohol selectivities. Unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester with longer carbon chain (methyl oleate) introduced steric hindrance which disfavoured interaction between ester and reducing solid surface and fatty acid methyl ester conversion was noticeably lower. A reaction mechanism based on alkoxyborohydride anions as the actual reducing species was proposed. This mechanism fully interprets results obtained during fatty acid methyl ester reduction using short carbon chain alcohols and metal hydride.