Dodecanol Research Articles

Preparation of magnetorheological fluid with excellent sedimentation stability

ABSTRACT In order to prepare magnetorheological fluid with excellent sedimentation stability, various surfactants are applied to coat carbonyl iron powder. The prepared magnetorheological fluid shows excellent sedimentation stability when the surfactants are respectively sodium lauryl alcohol phosphate, compound sodium fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate, ethylene glycol monostearate and glyceride monostearate. Orthogonal tests are carried out for the optimal combination of surfactants and thixotropic agent. The experimental results show that the optimal combination of additives for MRF is 1.5 wt% of sodium lauryl alcohol phosphate, 1.0 wt% of compound MES, 1.5 wt% of ethylene glycol monostearate, 1.5 wt% of glycerol monostearate and 1.0 wt% of hydrophobic fumed silica. Magnetorheological fluid is prepared by the compound scheme, of which the viscosity is 1.09 Pa·s at 25.9°C and the sedimentation rate is 1.61% after one-week placement. The novel MRF is in excellent sedimentation stability and fluidity.

Development of composite phase change cold storage material and its application in vaccine cold storage equipment

Abstract According to the temperature requirements of pharmaceutical cold chain logistics, the aim is to develop phase change materials with a phase transition temperature of 2 °C ~ 8 °C. In this study, a mixed solution of tetradecane (TD) and lauryl alcohol (LA) was selected as the base liquid. In view of the low thermal conductivity of organic phase change materials, expanded graphite (EG) was added to TD-LA to improve the thermal conductivity. This study also developed a new type of cold storage equipment for vaccine, which can monitor the temperature of the vaccine in real time on the user's mobile phone. The cold storage equipment is equipped with a special cold storage box of vaccine. The vaccine reagent tube can be placed in the storage hole of the cold storage box. It can ensure that the cold storage agent in the cold storage box releases and transmits the cold quantity more evenly among the goods. Coupling the developed low temperature phase change material with the cold storage equipment can ensure that the vaccine is always in the required low temperature environment in the process of transportation for a long time to ensure its quality.

Hydrotrope as surface agent for wettability alteration in carbonate oil reservoirs

The application of a hydrotrope as a rock wettability modifier was successfully carried out, and the results compared to two commercial wettability modifiers, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) and lauryl alcohol ethoxylate phosphate ester, which are frequently used in the literature as wettability modifiers. Contact angle, spontaneous imbibition tests, and core flooding tests for the rocks treated with phosphoric esters of glycerol (PEG-H) and with surfactants were reported. The results have shown that the hydrotrope can successfully increase carbonate rock hydrophilicity and, consequently, increase the oil recovery factor, without a significant IFT reduction, which can cause the formation of stable emulsions during oil recovery. Naphthenic acids (NA) dissolved in decane and mineral oil were used as a model oils to render calcite surfaces oil-wet.

Extremely fast synthesis of polythioether based phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage

Phase change materials (PCMs) are smart systems for thermal energy storage. In this study, we prepared long alkyl groups tethered polythioethers in the blink of an eye from diesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid with fatty alcohols (lauryl alcohol, stearyl alcohol or docosanol) and various dithiols by using a 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) catalyzed alkyne-thiol polymerization which is a straightforward and extremely rapid method. All polymers were obtained in excellent yields (71–99%). All monomers and polymers were characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopies and the molecular weights of the polymers were determined by GPC. The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of these polymers were found to change between 13.3 and 167.3 kDa. Phase change properties of these polythioethers were characterized by DSC and the thermal stability of the polymers were determined by TGA. The thermal reliability after 20 successive heating and melting cycles were also determined. According to our results, polymers prepared from docosanol based acetylenedicarboxylate monomer and 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol were found to be superior. The heat of the melting of this polymer was found as 68.76 J/g and decreased to 67.28 J/g after 20 cycles. The Tm and the Tc of this polythioether were found as 56.44 °C and 47.75 °C, respectively.

Tannin-derived bimetallic CuCo/C catalysts for an efficient in-situ hydrogenation of lauric acid in methanol-water media

Integration of aqueous-phase reforming of methanol (APRM) into the production of value-added fatty alcohols via hydrogenation of fatty acids is an attractive and efficient process in biomass conversion. Herein, we present tannin-derived carbon-supported monometallic Cu/C, Co/C and bimetallic Cu-Co/C catalysts with different Cu/Co ratios for in situ hydrogenation of lauric acid in a methanol-water hydrothermal system. The catalysts were made by a simple mixture of tannin and the metal salts, followed by pyrolysis in an H2 atmosphere. Through synergism induced by Cu-Co interactions, the bimetallic Cu-Co/C catalyst with Cu/Co ratio of 1:4 (CuCo4/C) exhibits higher catalytic activity than monometallic Cu/C catalyst towards lauric acid conversion, as well as higher selectivity to lauryl alcohol than monometallic Co/C catalyst. The CuCo4/C catalyst is composed of metallic Cu, metallic Co, and amorphous carbon, characterized by high surface area (194.5 m2/g) and hierarchical structure. The obtained lauryl alcohol yield in the methanol-water hydrothermal system is significantly higher than other alcohol-water systems, namely ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropanol hydrothermal systems, highlighting its higher generation rate of hydrogen. Also, the effects of process parameters including the quantity of methanol, catalyst loading and reaction time on the conversion of lauric acid were systematically studied and optimized.

Incorporation of Phase Change Materials in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

An investigation on some methods for the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) into concrete and their effect on its properties is presented. PCMs are characterized by high latent fusion heat, which can increase thermal mass of concrete and contribute to the bioclimatic design of buildings. Concrete compositions with different aggregates (limestone, lightweight or their combination), as well as with different PCMs (paraffinic and dodecyl alcohol) were prepared by different incorporation methods (impregnation to lightweight aggregates or immersion of concrete specimens). Properties of fresh and hardened concrete were studied, as well as hydration heat, thermal response and flammability. The results revealed that the selected PCMs do not significantly affect the properties of concrete. Regarding hydration heat, the presence of the PCM in concrete contributes to a decrease of the temperature peak during hydration which also occurs delayed. Thermal response measurements showed that concrete with purely pumice aggregates has a much better thermal behavior than the other two compositions, while the existence of PCM causes large or small increase of concretes heat capacity, in temperature near to each PCM’s melting point. Finally, appropriate application of PCMs is needed in order to moderate the reported effect on concrete’s fire resistance

Effect of ethoxylation and lauryl alcohol on the self-assembly of sodium laurylsulfate: Significant structural and rheological transformation

Fatty alcohols are added to the surfactant solutions to modify foaming and lubrication properties, while the degree of ethoxylation is increased to improve mildness to the skin. However, it is envisioned that both parameters are capable of manipulating rheological and morphological properties. Therefore, an efficient control over the carbon chain length, amount of fatty alcohol and degree of ethoxylation could modify the surfactant self-assembly in an unprecedented way. The present work is focused on understanding the structural transformation, intermolecular interactions and rheological properties of the colloidal systems containing various amounts of lauryl alcohol (LA), and surfactant with varying degrees of ethoxylation. Combined small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, rheological and morphological studies were performed to elucidate these properties. The results reveal that an increase in LA content increases the system viscosity ultimately forming a gel, and drives the assembly pattern of the surfactant from ellipsoidal micellar to lamellar via a vesicular and vesicular/lamellar mixed intermediates. On the other hand, higher degrees of ethoxylation delay the onset of morphological transformation and gel formation. The interplay between hydrophobic and polar interactions coupled with hydrogen bonding interactions drive the overall rheological and morphological transformations. Therefore, fine-tuning residual chemicals can offer a novel tool for optimization of the product formulation.

Study of a novel ceramsite-based shape-stabilized composite phase change material (PCM) for energy conservation in buildings

Building envelope with phase change material (PCM) embedded is able to optimize the thermal utilization and reduce energy consumption in buildings. However, the leakage of molten PCM, the low thermal performances (latent heat and thermal conductivity) and the inappropriate melting temperature limit the application of PCM in buildings. This work aims to propose a novel shape-stabilized composite PCM with encouraging thermal performances and effective encapsulation for applying to the building envelope. Firstly, a binary PCM with appropriate thermal properties for buildings was studied by using lauryl alcohol, stearic acid and nanoparticles, marked as LA-SA/Al2O3. Then this prepared LA-SA/Al2O3 was absorbed into ceramsite and encapsulated by styrene-acrylic emulsion and dry cement powder for shape-stability, a ceramsite-based PCM (LA-SA/Al2O3/C) was formed. Finally, the thermal-physical performances of the mixture of LA-SA/Al2O3/C and concrete were tested. The thermal performances of LA-SA/Al2O3 and LA-SA/Al2O3/C were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the chemical and thermal stabilities were tested by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric (TG). Results show that the optimal proportion for LA-SA/Al2O3 is 82 wt% LA + 18 wt% SA with 0.5 wt% Al2O3 nanoparticle, for which the melting temperature and latent heat are 21.3 °C and 205.9 kJ/kg respectively. The LA-SA/Al2O3/C has the ability to prevent the leakage of PCM, owning the excellent melting latent heat of 133.4 kJ/kg, which is relatively high comparing with the values in other references. The concrete based-CPCM with 15% LA-SA/Al2O3/C embedded shows satisfied mechanical performance and has great potential to reduce the indoor temperature fluctuation caused by outdoor ambient, and cut down the energy consumptions of heating and cooling devices in buildings.

Study on the Lubrication Performances of Rolling Oil for Cold Rolled Laminated Cu/Al Composite Sheet

Three kinds of ester base oils (D85, D100, D115), dodecyl alcohol, dodecyl acid, butyl stearate as oiliness agents, and thiophosphate, fatty alcohol phosphates and dibutyl phosphate as extreme pressure agents were used to prepare and investigate the tribological properties of rolling oils for cold rolled laminated Cu/Al composite sheet by an orthogonal experiment, and lubrication performances of the rolling oils were studied through rolling experiments. Surface roughness and the interface of Cu/Al composite sheet were analyzed. The results show that the optimum tribological properties of the rolling oil is compose of D100 as basic oil, butyl stearate as oiliness agent and the compound ratio of fatty alcohol phosphates and thiophosphate of 3:1 as extreme pressure antiwar agent. The PB value reaches 1020 N, the coefficient of friction is 0.0795. Basic oil is the main factor of rolling capacity. The rolling oil contented D115, showed the best rolling capacity while the minimum thickness was only 0.045mm. The addition of butyl stearate improved the surface quality of both copper and aluminum side of the rolled stripes and make the sheet surface roughness decreased. After cold rolling, new composite interface, which is clear and tightly bound replaced the brittle mesophase.

Preparation and Properties of Lauryl Alcohol-Caprylic Acid Eutectics/Activated Charcoal Composites as Shape-stabilized Phase Change Materials for Cold Energy Storage

A novel form-stable composite phase change materials for cold energy storage were prepared using physical blending adsorption method. In the shape-stabilized composites, lauryl alcohol (LA) and caprylic acid (CA) were employed as phase change materials, which were blended together at specific mass ratio based on theoretical calculations. Activated charcoal (AC) was selected as supporting material due to its advantages like large specific surface area and high thermal conductivity. The composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results of FE-SEM and FT-IR displayed that the eutectics of LA and CA was well absorbed and dispersed homogeneously into the porous network structure of the AC and the melted eutectics was not easy to leak from the reticular structure. Moreover, there was only physical absorption between the eutectic mixture and AC. The results of DSC and TGA indicated that phase change temperature and latent heat of the prepared composites increased with the increase of the binary eutectics mass ratio and AC can enhance the thermal stability of composites. The composites with the mass ratio 60% of the eutectics melted at – 0.21 ℃ with a latent heat enthalpy of 28.08 J/g and solidified at – 2.33 ℃ with a latent solidification enthalpy of 29.70 J/g. The prepared composites will contribute to cold energy storage of low temperature range.

Evaluation of carbonized waste tire for development of novel shape stabilized composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

This work is focused on the preparation of an activated charcoal by carbonization of waste tire rubbers (WTRs) and its evaluation for shape-stabilization of dodecyl alcohol (DDA) as an organic phase change material (PCM) used for thermal energy storage (TES). In the composite, DDA had TES function as carbonized waste tire (CWT) acted as supporting and thermal conductive frameworks. CWT prevented leakage of melted DDA during phase change due to its good adsorption ability until the weight ratio of DDA reached 78%. The shape-stabilized composite PCM was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, DSC and TGA techniques. The DSC results revealed that the composite PCM had very appropriate melting point of 21.68 ± 0.12 °C and considerable high latent heat capacity of 181.6 ± 1.2 J/g for thermoregulation of buildings. Compared to DDA, thermal degradation temperature of the composite PCM was extended as about 50 °C. The 500-cycled composite PCM had still showed reliable TES properties. Additionally, thermal conductivity (0.431 ± 0.010 W/m·K) of the composite PCM was measured as about 2.3 times higher than that of DDA. The heating and cooling periods of the composite PCM were reduced by 17.2 and 20.0%, respectively compared to that of DDA due to its enhanced thermal conductivity. All results suggested that the produced CWT as low-cost and environmental friendly supporting material can be evaluated for absorbing PCMs used for passive solar TES utilization in buildings.

Energy efficient pumpable cement concrete with nanomaterials embedded PCM for passive cooling application in buildings

The growing energy demand and energy requirements in the construction sector have paved way to the development and incorporation of the energy efficient materials and technologies in building envelopes. This research work is aimed at investigating the suitability of a pumpable cement concrete with nanomaterials embedded phase change material (PCN-PCM) for achieving energy efficiency in buildings through passive cooling application. In this work, an attempt was made to mix the flyash and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as replacement materials for the cement along with the super plasticisers. To this engineered pumpable concrete, different sequential processes of adding the organic PCM (lauryl alcohol) embedded with nanomaterials (ZnO and hybrid Cu-TiO2) have been carried out. The mixing process was then optimised based on the incorporation of the PCM (0% to 20% with incremental steps of 5%) and the nanomaterials (0.01%–0.05% with incremental steps of 0.01%) into the cement concrete. The as-prepared PCN-PCM was characterized and tested from both thermal and structural aspects. The XRD results suggest that, the nanomaterials prepared were highly crystalline, and the adsorption of the Cu nanoparticles on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles were significant as observed from the FESEM images. The FTIR results confirm that the PCN-PCM composite were chemically stable for the mix-design combinations. In addition, the as-prepared composite achieved a characteristic compressive strength of 20 MPa, which confirms its structural stability. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that, the PCN-PCM composite exhibited good latent heat potential by storing thermal energy and thereby; regulated the indoor air temperature of the test room around 24 °C. Based on the aforementioned attributes, the as-prepared PCN-PCM composite is expected to serve as an energy efficient candidate for achieving good thermal storage capabilities and structural integrity through passive cooling in buildings.

Research on the application of green energy-saving and environmental protection decoration materials in building decoration construction

The thesis takes refined solid paraffin, liquid paraffin and dodecyl alcohol molten mixture as environmentally friendly decorative materials. By adding chlorinated paraffin, graphite fibre and other materials to improve its phase change sensitivity, high-performance composite phase change materials are prepared for use in construction under construction. Combining high-performance composite phase-change materials and interior decoration energy-saving and environmentally friendly decorative material systems, a set of indoor self-temperature-adjusting energy-saving and environmentally friendly decorative material systems based on composite phase-change materials was designed. The green energy-saving and environment-friendly decorative material system can cause the phase change material to undergo phase change to absorb or release heat when the season changes or the indoor temperature fluctuates, thereby realising self-adjustment of the indoor temperature and reducing energy consumption for cooling or heating. It is practical and efficient when combined with decorative ceilings and environmental protection integrated internal partition wall panels for interior decoration.

Research on the application of green energy-saving and environmental protection decoration materials in building decoration construction

The thesis takes refined solid paraffin, liquid paraffin and dodecyl alcohol molten mixture as environmentally friendly decorative materials. By adding chlorinated paraffin, graphite fibre and other materials to improve its phase change sensitivity, high-performance composite phase change materials are prepared for use in construction under construction. Combining high-performance composite phase-change materials and interior decoration energy-saving and environmentally friendly decorative material systems, a set of indoor self-temperature-adjusting energy-saving and environmentally friendly decorative material systems based on composite phase-change materials was designed. The green energy-saving and environment-friendly decorative material system can cause the phase change material to undergo phase change to absorb or release heat when the season changes or the indoor temperature fluctuates, thereby realising self-adjustment of the indoor temperature and reducing energy consumption for cooling or heating. It is practical and efficient when combined with decorative ceilings and environmental protection integrated internal partition wall panels for interior decoration.

Reactive separation of gallic acid using tributyl phosphate dissolved in 2-octanone, laurylalcohol and heptane

Abstract Currently gallic acid is produced chemically from hydrolysis of naturally occurring compounds tannins. Recent advances show that it can be produced through bio-route involving the bioconversion of tannins by natural enzyme tannase produced by various microbes. This study presents the reactive extraction of gallic acid from aqueous phase with various diluents such as 2-octanone,lauryl alcohol, n-heptane using tributyl phosphate as extractant. Liquid liquid extraction (extraction with diluents alone) yields poor distribution of acid to organic phase and therefore the use of extractant is necessary to achieve any further separation.Distribution coefficient (KD) were obtained in the range of 1.94–27.57 for 2-octanone,1.12–8.83 for lauryl alcohol, and 0.20–22.07 for n-heptane. The extractant TBP was used in the range 10–40% (v/v) in diluent.

Cold thermal energy storage with lauryl alcohol and cetyl alcohol eutectic mixture: Thermophysical studies and experimental investigation

Abstract The surging demand for thermal energy storage (TES) directs considerable attention towards the development of phase change materials (PCMs). This study has the objective to develop a eutectic PCM for effective cold thermal energy storage. The work involves preparation, thermophysical property analysis and experimental studies of a novel binary eutectic mixture. The technique of Differential Scanning Calorimetry is used in determination of thermophysical properties of the prepared eutectic. Results show that the 80:20 eutectic composition of lauryl alcohol and cetyl alcohol with melting temperature of 20.01 °C and latent heat of 191.63 J g−1 is fit for use in cold thermal energy storage. The material also proves to have good thermal conductivity. Thermal stability and reliability studies which are carried out using accelerated thermal cycling tests and thermo gravimetric analysis provide positive reports for the new mixture. An experimental investigation on the effectiveness of the identified PCM is carried out by using it in a cold storage chamber. Experimental studies report a solid improvement in cold energy containment of the PCM incorporated storage chamber resulting in considerable energy savings.

Improvements in filler dispersion and tensile properties of natural rubber vulcanizates applying lauryl alcohol

Lauryl alcohol as one type of fatty alcohols was used to raise degree of silica filler dispersion and also tensile properties of silica filled natural rubber (NR) applying a system of semi efficient vulcanization. The NR was reinforced by silica filler with a settled loading at thirty phr. The lauryl alcohol was incorporated into the silica filled NR at one, two, three and four phr. The results showed that lauryl alcohol expanded the time to scorch but reduced time to cure and minimum torque. Lauryl alcohol also reduced tensile modulus but expanded elongation at break. The other properties such as crosslink density, torque difference and tensile strength were expanded up to three phr of lauryl alcohol. The swelling properties confirmed that three phr of lauryl alcohol was an optimum concentration where silica filled NR vulcanizate with three phr of lauryl alcohol showed the highest tensile strength. As a plasticizing agent, lauryl alcohol expanded tensile strength by increasing the degree of silica dispersion.

Thermo-physical investigation and experimental discharge characteristics of lauryl alcohol as a potential phase change material for thermal management in buildings

This article focuses on the investigation of thermo-physical properties of lauryl alcohol, an organic fatty alcohol as a potential phase change material for thermal management in buildings. The thermal properties of lauryl alcohol over repeated accelerated thermal cycles were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry. The chemical stability was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The commonly used heat exchanger construction materials such as copper, aluminium and stainless steel 316 were subjected to corrosion analysis and the results were presented. Further, the experimental discharge characteristics of lauryl alcohol as phase change material in a prototype test chamber with internal and external load were performed. In case of internal load condition, the internal chamber air temperature is a key factor for the temperature drop in the chamber and in case of external load condition, better results are obtained in experiments conducted with high inlet temperature and low inlet air velocity.

Environmental and energetic effects of cleaner production scenarios on the Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate production chain

Abstract Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate is an important surfactant used by the Specialty Chemical Industry. However, little quantitative information regarding its environmental impacts in a systemic perspective is available. Therefore, this study assessed the environmental performance of 1.0 ton of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate containing 3 mol of ethylene oxide (SLES 3EO), by means of a ‘cradle-to-gate’ Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental impacts were quantified in terms of Global Warming Potential and Primary Energy Demand (PED). Carbon Footprint was also estimated according to ISO 14067 guidelines. The Global Warming indicator was calculated as 1.87 t CO2eq/t for the baseline scenario, while PED was estimated as 71.7 GJ/t. Based on the main sources of impact, four individual alternatives aiming at environmental performance improvement were proposed, based on the Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production philosophy: S1) production using palm kernel oil from Brazil; S2) production from synthetic lauryl alcohol; S3) generation of thermal energy from biomass; S4) SLES 3EO synthesis using ethylene oxide obtained from sugarcane. Possible synergies deriving from the combinations of these propositions were also assessed, considering seven additional scenarios (S5 – S11). It was observed that lauryl alcohol performance was very influential and decisive for the results. Moreover, thermal energy from biomass was beneficial in terms of Global Warming, while increasing the renewable fraction of the PED indicator. On the other hand, ethylene oxide production from sugarcane ethanol was not an advantageous alternative, due to high fuel and thermal energy demands throughout its production chain. The Carbon Footprint assessment according to the ISO 14067 standard indicates a beneficial change in the impact profiles between the scenarios presenting renewable source assets participating in their life cycle, with a strong reduction in relation to the results obtained by applying the IPCC approach. Synergy among cleaner production propositions was observed and highly influenced by the amount of biomass incorporated to SLES 3EO life cycle. This can be considered an innovative approach regarding the Brazilian context. As a pioneer initiative, it is expected that the outcomes from this investigation would contribute to future initiatives investigating detergent formulation from an environmental perspective.

A real‐time experimental investigation of building integrated thermal energy storage with air‐conditioning system for indoor temperature regulation

AbstractIn this article, a novel concept of the latent heat thermal energy storage system combined with the conventional cooling system is proposed for the application of indoor thermal comfort. Lauryl alcohol with a melting point of 22‐25°C is selected as phase change materials (PCM) for the study. From the results of experiment conducted with different mass of PCM, there is no change in temperature drop achieved while increasing PCM mass but there is increase in discharge time. The average air temperature in bottom chamber is maintained at 26°C which is in thermal comfort range throughout the experiment. For the experiments with different inlet air temperatures, higher drop in top chamber outlet air temperature is achieved for higher inlet temperatures. The temperature of the room can bring down to human thermal comfort range with a minimum duration of time with the proposed system irrespective of initial room temperature. The proposed system helps to maintain the buildings in human thermal comfort range with less‐energy consumption when the conventional air‐conditioning system is not in operation which in turn decreases the major energy consumption by the building sector through other auxiliary energy source.