Lateral Duct Research Articles

Treatment of Hepatolithiasis by Chemical Bile Duct Embolization

The high recurrence of hepatolithiasis has not been settled effectively until now, which lead us to present a new therapy of the chemical bile duct embolization to resolve it. In our selected 2 patients, multiple biliary calculi, complicated by biliary stricture, were found in the inferior branch of left lateral bile duct via preoperative cholangiography. After the choledochoscopic cholelithotomy, the combination of absolute ethanol and N-butyl-cyanoacrylate were injected into the diseased biliary duct lumen. Two months later, their T-tube cholangiography demonstrated that the targeted biliary ducts were completely embolized, thus effectively preventing the calculous recurrence. Twelve and 15 months later, their computed tomography scan showed that the inferior segments of left lateral lobes were almost completely atrophied and disappeared, thus successfully achieving the chemical "resection" of the diseased hepatic lobe. Chemical bile duct embolization may be a feasible and safe technique to prevent the calculous recurrence and concurrently achieve the effect of chemical hepatectomy for highly selected hepatolithiasis cases.

Polysplenia syndrome with preduodenal portal vein detected in adults

Polysplenia syndrome, defined as the presence of multiple spleens of almost equal volume, is a rare condition involving congenital anomalies in multiple organ systems. We report this anomaly in a 41-year-old female who underwent a left lateral sectionectomy due to recurrent cholangitis and impacted left lateral duct stones. Polysplenia syndrome with preduodenal vein was diagnosed preoperatively by computed tomography (CT) and surgery was done safely. Although the polysplenia syndrome with preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) in adult is rarely encountered, surgeons need to understand the course of the portal vein and exercise caution in approaching the biliary tract.

Suppression of Post-Caloric Nystagmus in Experimental Perilymph Fistula

Albino guinea pigs (

EXPERIENCE WITH OPERATION FOR HEPATOLITHIASIS ASSOCIATED WITH ANOMALOUS BILIARY ANATOMY-A CASE REPORT-

A 30-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of epigastralgia and jaundice. Abdominal ultrasound examination and computed tomography revealed dilated intrahepatic bile ducts in the right posterior and left medial segments. ERCP radiographs showed anomalous biliary anatomy with the right posterior segmental duct inserting into the right anterior segmental duct. In addition, the latter was drained into the left lateral duct. A right posterior segmentectomy and a left medial segmentectomy were conducted. No bilioenteric anastomosis was placed. The patient was discharged on the 21st postoperative day. The general rules for the treatment of hepatolothiasis are to remove calculi completely and to relieve bile stagnation. This case highlights the importance of an awareness of biliary tract anomaly and the necessity of appropriate treatment for hepatolithiasis with anomalous anatomy where a hepatecotmy sholud be employed by making the most use of intraoperative US and cholangioscopy, if it can be a radical operation.

Site Segregation of Thelazia skrjabini and Thelazia gulosa (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in the Eyes of Cattle

One thousand three hundred and twenty-two eyes obtained from slaughtered cattle throughout Alberta were examined for eyeworms. Each eye was partitioned into 9 sites and all eyeworms were recorded by site. Seven hundred eyeworms were recovered from 121 infected eyes. The distribution of Thelazia skrjabini across the 9 sites differed significantly (P < 0.001) from that of Thelazia gulosa. The 2 major lacrimal ducts associated with the Harderian gland contained 58% (354/613) of the T. skrjabini present, whereas the large ventral lateral duct of the orbital gland contained 58% (50/87) of the T. gulosa recovered. Eyeworms occurred more often (90%, 631/700) in a duct as a single species than as a mixed species infection (10%, 69/700). The data suggest that T. skrjabini and T. gulosa are more site specific than previously believed.

The paracaval segments of the liver

Two segments constitute thedorsal sector: I to the left and in front of the inferior vena cava, and IX in front and to the right of the cava; they are united inferiorly by the caudate process. Segment I includes the caudate lobe, and segment IX is incorporated in the posterior surface of the right liver. Small dorsal pedicles, which are quite numerous, arise from the posterior margin of the main portal elements, and ascend upward. Segment I receives twigs from the left or right livers, many from the right lateral pedicle (67 biliary branches enter the right lateral duct, the unique duct in three cases). Segment IX consists of three subsegments. IXb lies under the interval between the middle and right superior hepatic veins, in 40% of the cases examined the veins come from the left portal vein or the bifurcation, in 6 cases the ducts enter the left hepatic duct, in 40 cases the branches extend higher than the plane of the main hepatic veins, in 18 cases reaching the upper surface of the liver. IXc is under the right hepatic vein, and IXd is to the right of a vertical plane passing by the right superior vein. Hepatic veins, enter the cava directly, sometimes the middle or the left hepatic veins.

Comportement et écologie de la Fourmi énigmatiqueLeptanilla japonica Baroni Urbani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae)

The present study ofLeptanilla japonica has clarified for the first time the biology of the Leptanillinae. Males were obtained, which are the first specimens of the subfamily to be collected in association with workers.L. japonica is a totally subterranean ant. Colonies are monogynous with a dichthadiiform queen. Worker population per colony is small, usually 100–200. Development of immature individuals is strictly seasonally synchronized. Colonies often emigrate to the site of paralyzed prey (geophilomorph centipedes). For carrying larvae workers grasp peculiar structures projecting from the larval prothorax with the lower mouthparts. The final-instar larvae have a pair of specialized lateral duct organs on the 4th abdominal segment. Through these organs larval hemolymph is provided for consumption by adults, especially by the queen. Nutrition of the queen depends exclusively on this process. The frequency of larval hemolymph feeding by queens is abruptly elevated when the larvae mature. Owing to this the queen is able quickly to achieve full physogastry, and to lay a batch of 100–200 eggs within a few days. Emergence of new workers from pupae is synchronized with hatching of the 1st-instar larvae from the eggs. In a concluding section the lifemode ofLeptanilla is compared with that of doryline and ecitonine army ants

Bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis without extrahepatic bile duct stones

Bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis is a rare condition, and for this reason a nationwide survey was conducted. Reports on 675 patients with bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis over a 10-year-period were collected. Among these, 258 patients with bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis having no extrahepatic bile duct stones were analyzed. The peak incidence was seen in the fourth to sixth decades. Males and females were equally effected. The stones removed were mainly calcium bilirubinate stones (75.6%). The main clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. Charcot's triad was seen in 29.7%, while 12.4% of the patients had no symptoms. Visualization of each segmental duct of the liver by direct cholangiography was excellent in this survey and ranged from 88 to 97.3% of the patients. The most frequent site of stones was the left hepatic duct (60.1%). The site of bile duct dilatation coincided with the location of stones. The most common sites of stenosis were the central part of the lateral segmental duct (32.5%) and the left hepatic duct (37.6%). Hepatic resection was employed in 49.2% of the patients, and drainage procedures were added in 95.6%. Follow-up studies of 236 patients treated by surgery revealed good results in 67.4%, fair in 13.6%, and poor in 7.6%. In these patients, however, endoscopic lithotomy was often employed intra- and/or post-operatively. Conducting hepatic resection, with adequate biliary drainage procedure and cholangiofiberscopic lithotomy may help to improve the therapeutic results of bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis.

Left hepatic duct anatomy: implications.

A review of the findings of a 10-year experience with biliary interventional procedures in 838 patients led to consideration of the anatomy of the left hepatic duct. To better illustrate the findings, 15 normal human livers obtained at autopsy were fixed and dissected. Fifty-five percent of the patients had a single left hepatic duct that was formed by the intrahepatic union of ducts draining segments II and III (segmental nomenclature follows Couinaud) lateral to the falciform ligament. Central to this ligament, the left duct became extrahepatic and was joined by ducts from segments I and IV. The real and theoretical implications of the unpredictable variability of biliary anatomy, the frequency of right lateral duct drainage into the left hepatic duct, and the extrahepatic contiguous relationship between the left hepatic duct and the left portal vein are discussed.

直角分岐管のキャビテーション流れの研究

A theory was developedf or cavitation flow in a two-dimensional right-angled branch duct. In analysis, the wake model was used. As a numerical example, the shape of the cavity streamline originating from the branch corner, the length of the cavity and the cavity height (thickness) were obtained for the values of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, which was the width ratio of the main duct to the lateral duct. The length and thickness of the resulting cavity were determined as a function of the cavitation parameter and the velocity of the lateral stream to the mainstream. That is, the length and thickness of the cavity increased as the cavitation parameter and the velocity ratio decreased, and as a result, the flow width of the lateral duct decreased. The cavitation parameters on the condition of the supercavitation were increased as the velocity ratio decreased a, nd these parameters agreed well with experimental results of the author's previous paper.

The nasopalatine ducts and associated structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): topography, prenatal development, function, and phylogeny.

Morphological and developmental characteristics of the rhesus monkey nasopalatine duct system and associated primary palatal structures are described along with functional and phylogenetic considerations. Examination of five adult palates and coronal sections of 13 fetal palates together with dissections of a sixth adult specimen and of a 119-day-old fetal palate reveal that the lateral lobes of the tripartate incisive papilla cover clefts leading into the ducts. The ducts pierce the bony palate to enter the nasal fossae in proximity to the incisive suture. The ontogenetic stability of the duct path reflects the retention of ancient duct and primitive choanae relationships and functionally maintains an optimal oral odorant-to-receptor channel. Sixteen timed pregnancy specimens (35-100 days) provided histological material for documenting rostral nasopalatal development. Duct primordia, identified at 35 days, had by 40 days formed the medial duct walls (conjoined septum-papilla from the primary medial palatal component), the lateral duct walls (maxillary processes), and the rostral walls (fused maxillary-intermaxillary components). The caudal walls derive from the fusion of palatal shelves with the papilla (45 days), thus distinguishing primary and secondary fusion modes. Duct epithelial maturation occurs between 70 and 100 days. The absence of a vomeronasal system is attributed to reduction of olfaction in reproductive behavior, while the presence of the coevolved nasopalatine ducts is linked to the persistence of epiglottal-velar valving. The ducts serve as oral food-odor conduits in otherwise functionally separated respiratory and digestive tracts.

The excretory system of nematodes: structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus with some observations on D. dipsaci and Heterodera rostochiensis.

The structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, D. dipsaci and the second-stage larvae of the Heterodera rostochiensis are described. Panagrellus has two lateral ducts, a median duct and a gland. The two lateral ducts are joined over the anterior part of the oesophageal bulb to form a loop. Anteriorly this loop continues as a median duct, which opens to the exterior in an excretory pit, part of the system lies free in the pseudocoelom. The lumen of the lateral excretory duct and the greater part of the median duct is surrounded by capitate tubules, which open into the lumen of the excretory duct. Capitate tubules develop by the invagination of the hypodermal membranes and lie embedded in thick cytoplasm surrounded by mitochondria. Ensheathed in cell membranes the excretory duct forms an anastomosis in the loop and at three other places along the length of each lateral excretory duct. At these regions there are nerve endings. The excretory gland opens posteriorly into the loop and is full of Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules.In the system of Ditylenchus and the second-stage larva of Heterodera the right lateral duct is absent while the left lateral excretory duct continues anteriorly past the median excretory duct; a true loop is not formed. The median excretory duct lies embedded almost throughout its length in the excretory gland. Capitate tubules are present along the length of the lateral excretory duct, but, unlike Panagrellus, are not present around the median excretory duct. Anastomosis is not formed in the excretory ducts. In other respects the system of the species studied is similar to that of Panagrellus.The capitate tubules form a system of fine microtubules. Their ultrastructure and, particularly, their association with large numbers of mitochondria, is very reminiscent of structures thought to be concerned with an active transport role, related to ionic and osmoregulation in other phyla.The excretory system is almost certainly hypodermal in origin. Differences between the morphology and relations of the median duct of Enoplus (Narang, 1970), on the one hand, and that of the other forms studied suggest that these ducts may have different origins: the presence of separate nuclei in the lateral duct and gland portions of the system would be consistent with this view. It is considered that the two parts may have originated separately and have become joined during evolution. It is also shown that the excretory system of Ditylenchus cannot be derived either from an H-shaped system or from a primitive gland system.I wish to thank Professor C. Ellenby and Mr L. Smith for their helpful criticism.

Pressure variations in lateral air ducts

The variation of static head along a lateral duct was investigated. A theory was developed to predict the static head in a lateral duct of constant cross-section discharging air uniformly along its length. This theory has been used to suggest a design method for achieving uniform distribution of air from a standard lateral air duct of the wire mesh type.

Pressure losses and drying rates in grain ventilated with various on-floor duct systems

Experiments were carried out to determine pressure losses in a 6 ft cube bin of wheat ventilated with various types of lateral duct. The ducts were placed to represent 6 ft and 3 ft centre-to-centre spacings and data established which may be applied directly to the design of floor-duct systems. Pressure drop was shown to depend on the air escape area provided by the ducts and on their spacing: the distribution of the escape area also had an effect. Drying fronts were predicted from isobars and air flow lines for three types of duct at 3 ft centres. A drying test confirmed the general form of the predicted drying fronts.

Air distribution from a lateral duct with different escape areas in barley

An initial study has been undertaken of the air distribution in a 4 ft deep bed of barley from a grid-type above the floor duct with four different air escape areas. It has been found that there can be large variations in the air distribution in the grain around the duct depending on the air escape area. The smaller this area the better the air distribution, but this will also be associated with a higher duct pressure and consequently a higher fan power requirement.