Response Latency Research Articles

Virtual Machine Placement in Edge Computing Based on Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning

With the popularization of internet of things (IoT), the energy consumption of mobile edge computing (MEC) servers is also on the rise. Some important IoT applications, such as autonomous driving, smart manufacturing, and smart wearables, have high real-time requirements, making it imperative for edge computing to reduce task response latency. Virtual machine (VM) placement can effectively reduce the response latency of VM requests and the energy consumption of MEC servers. However, the existing work does not consider the selection of weighting coefficients for the optimization objectives and the feasibility of the solution. Besides, these algorithms scalarize the objective functions without considering the order-of-magnitude difference between objectives. To overcome the above problems, the article proposes an algorithm called EVMPRL for VM placement in edge computing based on reinforcement learning (RL). Our aim is to find the Pareto approximate solution set that achieves the trade-off between the response latency of VM requests and the energy consumption of MEC servers. EVMPRL is based on the Chebyshev scalarization function, which is able to efficiently solve the problem of selecting weighting coefficients for objectives. EVMPRL can always search for solutions in the feasible domain, which can be guaranteed by selecting the servers that can satisfy the current VM request as the next action. Furthermore, EVMPRL scalarizes the Q-values instead of the objective functions, thus avoiding the problem in previous work where the order-of-magnitude difference between the optimization objectives makes the impact of an objective function on the final result too small. Finally, we conduct experiments to prove that EVMPRL is superior to the state-of-the-art algorithm in terms of objectives and the solution set quality.

The role of glucocorticoid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine in the ICSS procedure in male and female rats.

Tobacco use disorder is a chronic disorder that affects more than one billion people worldwide and causes the death of millions each year. The rewarding properties of nicotine are critical for the initiation of smoking. Previous research has shown that the activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) plays a role in nicotine self-administration in rats. However, the role of GRs in the acute rewarding effects of nicotine are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of the GR antagonist mifepristone and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine on the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure in adult male and female rats. The rats were prepared with ICSS electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle and then trained on the ICSS procedure. Nicotine lowered the brain reward thresholds and decreased response latencies similarly in male and female rats. These findings suggest that nicotine enhances the rewarding effects of ICSS and has stimulant properties. Treatment with the GR antagonist mifepristone did not affect the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine but increased response latencies, suggesting a sedative effect. Mecamylamine prevented the nicotine-induced decrease in brain reward thresholds and response latencies, but did not affect the brain reward thresholds or response latencies of the control rats. These findings suggest that the rewarding effects of nicotine are mediated via the activation of nAChRs, and that the activation of GRs does not contribute to the acute rewarding effects of nicotine. These studies enhance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying tobacco use disorder.

Measuring Speech Discrimination Ability in Sleeping Infants Using fNIRS-A Proof of Principle.

This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure aspects of the speech discrimination ability of sleeping infants. We examined the morphology of the fNIRS response to three different speech contrasts, namely "Tea/Ba," "Bee/Ba," and "Ga/Ba." Sixteen infants aged between 3 and 13 months old were included in this study and their fNIRS data were recorded during natural sleep. The stimuli were presented using a nonsilence baseline paradigm, where repeated standard stimuli were presented between the novel stimuli blocks without any silence periods. The morphology of fNIRS responses varied between speech contrasts. The data were fit with a model in which the responses were the sum of two independent and concurrent response mechanisms that were derived from previously published fNIRS detection responses. These independent components were an oxyhemoglobin (HbO)-positive early-latency response and an HbO-negative late latency response, hypothesized to be related to an auditory canonical response and a brain arousal response, respectively. The goodness of fit of the model with the data was high with median goodness of fit of 81%. The data showed that both response components had later latency when the left ear was the test ear (p < .05) compared to the right ear and that the negative component, due to brain arousal, was smallest for the most subtle contrast, "Ga/Ba" (p = .003).

Harmonization of the fastest and densest responses reflects humanlike reaction time in mice

IntroductionReaction time (RT) is important for evaluating delayed latency in behavior. Unlike humans, whose RT usually reflects a one-to-one stimulus–response relationship, the RT of animals can show two peaks representing the fastest and densest responses in the response distribution due to multiple responses per trial and can be further delayed depending on stimulus duration.MethodsStimulus duration was controlled to investigate whether these two peak latencies align to form a single RT. Sound cues lasting 10, 5, and 2 s, each associated with a food reward of condensed milk, were tested in three groups of 24 mice using delay conditioning paradigm. The frequency and latency of responses, along with basic indices such as accuracy, were analyzed.ResultsIn delay conditioning experiments using sound cues of 10, 5, and 2 s, the 2 s group exhibited the strongest positive correlations between the two peaks, as well as between the number of responses and accuracy rate, suggesting a coupling of the fastest and densest responses and a one-to-one relationship between stimulus and response.DiscussionBased on these findings, I propose harmonizing the two peaks, elicited by stimuli that induce prompt and minimal responses, as a criterion for designing animal experiments to better mimic humanlike RT.

An examination of noun and verb naming differences in aphasia: effects of lesion site, aphasia type and the use of static or dynamic stimuli

ABSTRACT Background Anomia has been extensively researched within the aphasia literature and a dissociation in naming nouns and verbs has been used in diagnostic classifications and related to lesion location. However, there is evidence that action naming is more difficult for many clinical populations as well as for healthy speakers. Confrontation naming tests have often been used to evaluate anomia, but static depiction has been considered a potential source of error in evaluations of verb naming, since actions are dynamic. Aims The first aim of this study was to examine the ability to name objects and actions in a stroke population and non-brain damaged controls and to explore naming ability in relation to lesion location and aphasia type (fluent or non-fluent). A second aim was to determine if action naming is facilitated by using dynamic rather than static stimuli. Methods & Procedures A cross-sectional study was carried out, where 19 participants with aphasia after stroke and 19 matched controls were included. Type of aphasia was based on connected speech samples. Naming performance was compared on two Swedish naming tests consisting of line drawings of high frequency nouns and verbs respectively, and a subset of action pictures was compared to a test using video depictions of actions as verb stimuli. Outcomes & Results There was a significant difference between nouns and verbs in 11 of 19 participants with aphasia. Only one participant, with a temporo-occipital lesion, had a substantial noun-verb difference (≥30%). Individual results showed some agreement with the fluent-nonfluent classification. However, at group level, there was no significant difference between scores on action and object naming for participants with aphasia. While only the control group achieved significantly higher scores on object than action naming, response latencies were longer for action than object naming for both groups. There was no difference in action naming performance that could be related to the use of dynamic or static stimuli. Conclusions The results suggest that a dissociation in naming nouns and verbs is common in aphasia. This finding underscores the importance of testing action as well as object naming. Even though there was some agreement with aphasia type, the relationship between noun-verb dissociation, lesion location and aphasia type is not straight forward. The study adds to previous findings suggesting that action naming is more difficult than object naming. The question whether action naming is facilitated by using dynamic stimuli needs to be further investigated.

Language-dependent knowledge acquisition

Within the research on bilingual learning, first studies have revealed that content learned in one language is retrieved more slowly when participants have to switch language from instruction to testing (i.e., language-switching costs, LSC). These costs are attributed to language-dependent knowledge representations. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying LSC are still largely unknown. We investigated these mechanisms by using strategy as well as translation self-reports and by analysing oscillatory parameters in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Thirty-six university students learned arithmetic facts of three different operations over four days either in English or in German. Afterwards, they were tested in both languages with concurrent assessments of self-reports and electrophysiological activity. As expected, LSC in response latencies were observed in all arithmetic tasks. More importantly, analyses of self-reports and EEG revealed that both translation processes and calculation procedures contribute to LSC, with translation processes being the main cognitive mechanism underlying LSC. These results corroborate previous findings of language-dependent knowledge representations in arithmetic fact learning and shed new light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying LSC and possible educational consequences.

Latencies of conditioned vocal responses to hearing test tones in killer whales (Orcinus orca)

IntroductionPerceived loudness is challenging to study in non-human animals. However, reaction time to an acoustic stimulus is a useful behavioral proxy for the assessment of perceived loudness. Understanding the effect of sound frequency and level on perceived loudness would improve prediction and modeling of anthropogenic noise impacts on marine mammals.MethodsIn this study, behavioral hearing tests conducted with two killer whales were analyzed to capture conditioned vocal response latency, which is the time between the onset of the acoustic signal and the onset of the response (i.e., reaction time).ResultsThe results showed that vocal reaction times decreased with increasing sensation level (i.e., sound pressure level above the baseline hearing threshold), while the effect of frequency on reaction time varied between the subjects. Reaction time as a function of sound duration is described, and equal-latency contours are presented.DiscussionThe data suggest that vocal reaction time decreases with increasing sensation level, therefore supporting the use of reaction time as a proxy for loudness perception in killer whales.

The effect of avatar identity on spontaneous perspective-taking in patients with schizophrenia

Controversy exists regarding whether the spontaneity of altercentric intrusion is impaired in patients with schizophrenia during implicit visual perspective-taking tasks. This study explored the characteristics of spontaneous visual perspective-taking in patients with schizophrenia and the effect of an avatar identity on their perspective-taking. We recruited 65 patients with schizophrenia and 65 healthy participants to complete 4 visual perspective-taking experiments for uncued other-avatar and self-avatar tasks and cued other-avatar and self-avatar tasks. In uncued other-avatar experiments, healthy controls showed a significant reduction in accuracy and an increase in response latency when the number of visible discs differed from that seen by the other-avatar (inconsistent condition), indicating altercentric intrusion. However, patients with schizophrenia did not exhibit this effect. In uncued self-avatar experiments, when the avatar was defined as the participant themselves, patients with schizophrenia did not show spontaneous perspective-taking. However, in cued other-avatar experiments, they showed altercentric intrusion in response latency, and in cued self-avatar experiments, they showed altercentric intrusion in accuracy and response latency. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have the tendency to spontaneously adopt the perspective of others, which is predicated on their awareness of the existence of perspectives. In addition, the avatar’s identity as a stranger hinders the spontaneous perspective-taking processes in patients with schizophrenia.

The Performance of the Acoustic Change Complex Versus Psychophysical Behavioral Measures: A Systematic Review of Measurements in Adults.

The acoustic change complex (ACC) is a cortical auditory evoked potential that shows promise as an objective test of the neural capacity for speech and sound discrimination, particularly for difficult-to-test populations, for example, cognitively impaired adults. There is uncertainty, however, surrounding the performance of the ACC with behavioral measures. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature, focusing on adult studies, to investigate the relationship between ACC responses and behavioral psychophysical measures. Original peer-reviewed articles conducting performance comparisons between ACCs and behavioral measures in adults were identified through systematic searches. The review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for reporting, and the methodological quality of the included articles was assessed. A total of 66 studies were retrieved that conducted adult ACC measurements, of which 27 studies included performance comparisons. Meta-analysis revealed a total of 41 significant correlations between ACC responses (amplitudes, latencies, and thresholds) and behavioral measures of speech perception (2 weak, 28 moderate, and 11 strong correlations), and 12 significant moderate/strong correlations were identified with behavioral measures of frequency discrimination. This systematic review finds that ACC responses are associated with speech perception and frequency discrimination, in addition to other types of sound discrimination. The choice of evoking stimuli, ACC outcome measure, and behavioral measure used may influence the strength and visibility of potential correlations between the objective (ACC) and behavioral measures. The performance of the ACC technique highlighted in this review suggests that this tool may serve as an alternative measure of auditory discrimination when corresponding behavioral measures prove challenging or unfeasible.

Electrophysiological Variations in Auditory Potentials in Chronic Tinnitus Individuals: Treatment Response and Tinnitus Laterality

Background: This study investigates electrophysiological distinctions in auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) among individuals with chronic subjective tinnitus, with a specific focus on the impact of treatment response and tinnitus localisation. Methods: Early AEPs, known as Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR), and middle AEPs, termed Auditory Middle Latency Responses (AMLR), were analysed in tinnitus patients across four clinical centers in an attempt to verify increased neuronal activity, in accordance with the current tinnitus models. Our statistical analyses primarily focused on discrepancies in time–domain core features of ABR and AMLR signals, including amplitudes and latencies, concerning both treatment response and tinnitus laterality. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in ABR wave III and V latencies, ABR wave III peak amplitude, and AMLR wave Na and Nb amplitudes when comparing groups based on their response to treatment, accompanied by varying effect sizes. Conversely, when examining groups categorised by tinnitus laterality, no statistically significant differences emerged. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights into the potential influence of treatment responses on AEPs. However, further research is imperative to attain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms at play.

Inhibition of the Basolateral Amygdala to Prelimbic Cortex Pathway Enhances Risk-taking during Risky Decision-making Shock Task in Rats.

Many animal studies have explored decision-making under risk and punishment, particularly regarding potential rewards, but less focus has been placed on contexts involving net losses. Understanding decision-making under net loss conditions can shed light on the neural mechanisms involved. The basolateral amygdala to prelimbic cortex (BLA→PL) pathway is crucial for risky decision-making. In this study, we investigated how rats make decisions under no-reward but shock conditions, specifically examining the role of the BLA→PL pathway. In the risky decision-making shock task (RDST), rats chose between a "small/certain" lever, which consistently delivered one pellet, and a "large/risky" lever, offering variable rewards with a 50% probability of reward and a 50% probability of 1-s foot-shock. The results showed that the shock condition decreased the preference for the large/risky lever, despite increasing rewards. Importantly, inhibiting the BLA→PL pathway significantly increased the selection of the "large/risky" lever compared to the control. Although rats in the clozapine N-oxide (CNO) group did not exhibit significant differences in response latency between levers, they exhibited heightened sensitivity to rewards and losses, suggesting that the BLA→PL pathway affects the encoding of the relationship between aversive stimuli and reward-seeking. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the neural mechanisms of risk-taking, particularly regarding how inhibition in the BLA→PL pathway can influence reward processing and decision-making under no-reward but shock conditions, with implications for understanding risk-related psychiatric disorders.

Fast-Spike Interneurons in Visual Cortical Layer 5: Heterogeneous Response Properties Are Related to Thalamocortical Connectivity.

Layer 4 (L4) of rabbit V1 contains fast-spike GABAergic interneurons (suspected inhibitory interneurons, SINs) that receive potent synaptic input from the LGN and generate fast, local feedforward inhibition. These cells display receptive fields with overlapping ON/OFF subregions, nonlinear spatial summation, very broad orientation/directional tuning, and high spontaneous and visually driven firing rates. Fast-spike interneurons are also found in Layer 5 (L5), which receives a much sparser input from the LGN, but the response properties and thalamocortical connectivity of L5 SINs are relatively unstudied. Here, we study L5 SINs in awake rabbits (both sexes) and compare their response properties with previously studied SINs of L4. We also assess thalamocortical connectivity of L5 SINs, examining cross-correlation of retinotopically aligned LGN-SIN spike trains and L5 SIN responses to electrical stimulation of the LGN. These analyses confirmed that many L5 SINs, like L4 SINs, receive a strong, fast monosynaptic drive from the LGN. Moreover, these LGN-connected L5 SINs had response properties similar to those of L4 SINs and were predominantly found in the upper half of L5. In contrast, L5 SINs with longer synaptic latencies to LGN stimulation displayed (1) sharper orientation tuning, (2) longer visual response latencies, (3) lower spontaneous and (4) visually driven firing rates, and (5) were found in the deeper half of L5. We suggest that the long-latency synaptic responses in such L5 SINs reflect a multisynaptic intracortical pathway that generates a different constellation of response properties than seen in L5 SINs that are driven directly by LGN input.

Low-Code BPM meets IoT: A Framework for Real-Time Industrial Automation

Abstract:As we enter the age of Industry 4.0 with smart factories, these interconnected systems, industrial automation has come a long way. To enable real time automation of industrial processes, this paper proposes a novel framework for combining Low-Code Business Process Management (BPM) platforms with the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Low Code BPM brings about agility and ease of development as well with IoT offering real time data from sensors and devices closing the gap between generation of data and getting actionable insights. It addresses critical problems including response latency, process inefficiency and scalability limits. The study shows substantial improvements in response time by integrating IoT data streams with Low Code BPM workflows, from 12x faster, to better process efficiency from 70% to 92% and robust scalability to 100 devices with minimal latency. Middleware, edge computing, and intuitive interfaces were used to mitigate challenges such as device integration complexity, data overload and users adaptability. This research serves to support Industry 4.0 goals of predictive maintenance, workflow optimization, and dynamic decisions making. Keywords: Low-code BPM, IoT integration, real-time automation, industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, predictive maintenance, workflow optimization

The development and validation of a Japanese hazard perception task

Objectives This study aimed to validate the hazard perception task developed for Japanese drivers with brain damage. Methods A total of 36 professional driving instructors, 67 older adult drivers, 39 young drivers, and 72 patients with brain damage participated in the study. A video-based hazard perception task measured the hazard perception skills of each group. Participants were instructed to touch the screen as soon as they identified a hazard. Outcome measures included the number of hazards identified and response latency. Comparisons were made between groups for each hazard type: environmental prediction hazard (EPH) and behavioral prediction hazard (BPH). Results Patients with brain damage demonstrated fewer hazard detections and longer response latencies than driving instructors and older adult drivers, regardless of the hazard type. The hazard perception skills of patients with brain damage were comparable to those of young drivers across both hazard types. Driving instructors exhibited the highest number of hazard detections and the fastest response latencies among all groups, with differences being more pronounced for EPH than for BPH. Conclusions Thus, the validity of the hazard perception task developed for Japanese drivers with brain damage was confirmed. Future research should examine the predictive validity of the developed task, particularly its relationship with crash rates in individuals with brain damage.

Understanding the impact of media and latency in information response on the disease propagation: a mathematical model and analysis

Understanding the impact of media and latency in information response on the disease propagation: a mathematical model and analysis

EventHDR: From Event to High-Speed HDR Videos and Beyond.

Event cameras are innovative neuromorphic sensors that asynchronously capture the scene dynamics. Due to the event-triggering mechanism, such cameras record event streams with much shorter response latency and higher intensity sensitivity compared to conventional cameras. On the basis of these features, previous works have attempted to reconstruct high dynamic range (HDR) videos from events, but have either suffered from unrealistic artifacts or failed to provide sufficiently high frame rates. In this paper, we present a recurrent convolutional neural network that reconstruct high-speed HDR videos from event sequences, with a key frame guidance to prevent potential error accumulation caused by the sparse event data. Additionally, to address the problem of severely limited real dataset, we develop a new optical system to collect a real-world dataset with paired high-speed HDR videos and event streams, facilitating future research in this field. Our dataset provides the first real paired dataset for event-to-HDR reconstruction, avoiding potential inaccuracies from simulation strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can generate high-quality, high-speed HDR videos. We further explore the potential of our work in cross-camera reconstruction and downstream computer vision tasks, including object detection, panoramic segmentation, optical flow estimation, and monocular depth estimation under HDR scenarios.

Delayed Cortical Responses During Reactive Balance After Stroke Associated With Slower Kinetics and Clinical Balance Dysfunction

Background Slowed balance and mobility after stroke have been well-characterized. Yet the effects of unilateral cortical lesions on whole-body neuromechanical control is poorly understood, despite increased reliance on cortical resources for balance and mobility with aging. Objective. We tested whether individuals post stroke show impaired cortical responses evoked during reactive balance, and the effect of asymmetrical interlimb contributions to balance recovery and the evoked cortical response. Methods Using electroencephalography, we assessed cortical N1 responses evoked over fronto-midline regions (Cz) during backward support-surface perturbations loading both legs and posterior-lateral directions that preferentially load the paretic or nonparetic leg in individuals’ post-stroke and age-matched controls. We tested relationships between cortical responses and clinical balance/mobility function, as well as to center of pressure (CoP) rate of rise (RoR) during balance recovery. Results Cortical N1 responses were smaller and delayed after stroke (P < .047), regardless of perturbation condition. In contrast to controls, slower cortical response latencies associated with lower clinical function in stroke (Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test: r = −.61, P = .007; Timed-Up-and-Go: r = .53, P = .024; walking speed: r = −.46, P = .055). Paretic-loaded balance recovery revealed slower CoP RoR (P = .012) that was associated with delayed cortical response latencies (r = −.70, P = .003); these relationships were not present during bilateral and nonparetic-loaded conditions, nor in the older adults control group. Conclusions Individuals after stroke may be limited in their balance ability by the slowed speed of their cortical responses to destabilization. In particular, paretic leg loading may reveal cortical response impairments that reflect reduced paretic motor capacity.

A nociceptor-specific RNAi screen in Drosophila larvae identifies RNA-binding proteins that regulate thermal nociception.

Nociception is the process by which sensory neurons detect and encode potentially harmful environmental stimuli to generate behavioral responses. Nociceptor neurons exhibit plasticity in which their sensitivity to noxious stimuli and subsequent ability to drive behavior may be altered by environmental conditions, injury, infection, and inflammation. In some cases, nociceptor sensitization requires regulated changes in gene expression, and recent studies have indicated roles for post-transcriptional mechanisms in regulating these changes as an aspect of nociceptor plasticity. The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster have been developed as a powerful model for studying mechanisms of nociception, nociceptor plasticity, and nociceptor development. Diverse RNA-binding proteins regulate the development and morphology of larval nociceptors, implying important roles for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in these neurons, but the importance of these mechanisms for nociceptive behavior has not been investigated systematically. In this study, we conducted a nociceptor-specific RNAi screen of 112 candidate RNA-binding protein genes to identify those that are required for normal sensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli. The screen and subsequent validation experiments identified nine candidate genes (eIF2α, eIF4A, eIF4AIII, eIF4G2, mbl, SC35, snf, Larp4B and CG10445) that produce defects in nociceptive response latency when knocked down in larval nociceptors. Some of the genes identified have well-understood roles in the regulation of translation initiation and regulation of nociceptor sensitization in vertebrate and invertebrate animal models, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for these mechanisms in regulating nociceptor sensitivity. Other screen isolates have previously described roles in regulating nociceptor morphology and mRNA processing, but less clear roles in regulating nociceptor function. Further studies will be necessary to identify the mechanisms by which the identified RNA-binding proteins regulate sensory neuron function and the identities of the mRNAs that they target.

Empowering drones in vehicular network through fog computing and blockchain technology.

The performance of drones, especially for time-sensitive tasks, is critical in various applications. Fog nodes strategically placed near IoT devices serve as computational resources for drones, ensuring quick service responses for deadline-driven tasks. However, the limited battery capacity of drones poses a challenge, necessitating energy-efficient Internet of Drones (IoD) systems. Despite the increasing demand for drone flying automation, there is a significant absence of a comprehensive drone network service architecture tailored for secure and efficient operations of drones. This research paper addresses this gap by proposing a safe, reliable, and real-time drone network service architecture, emphasizing collaboration with fog computing. The contribution includes a systematic architecture design and integration of blockchain technology for secure data storage. Fog computing was introduced for the Drone with Blockchain Technology (FCDBT) model, where drones collaborate to process IoT data efficiently. The proposed algorithm dynamically plans drone trajectories and optimizes computation offloading. Results from simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, showcasing reduced average response latency and improved throughput, particularly when accessing resources from fog nodes. Furthermore, the model evaluates blockchain consensus algorithms (PoW, PoS, DAG) and recommends DAG for superior performance in handling IoT data. Fog; Drones; Blockchain; PSO; IoT; Vehicular.

Circulating Endocannabinoids Are Associated with Mental Alertness During Ultra-Endurance Exercise.

Introduction: Ultra-endurance exercise events result in central fatigue, impacting on mental alertness and decision making. Endocannabinoids are typically elevated during endurance exercise and have been implicated in central processes such as learning and memory, but their role in central fatigue has never been studied. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four recreational male ultrarunners participated in a 100-km trail run, and 18 of them completed at least 60 km and were included in the analyses. A cognitive test battery to assess median reaction time (MRT) and median movement time during a reaction time task and median response latency during a rapid visual information processing task was completed prior to and immediately after the trail. Blood serum samples pre- and postexercise were analyzed for endocannabinoids and related lipids (anadamide: AEA; 2-arachidonoylglycerol: 2-AG; palmitoylethanolamide: PEA; oleoylethanolamide: OEA; stearoylethanolamine: SEA) via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Ultra-endurance exercise worsened all cognitive parameters and increased abundance of AEA, PEA, OEA, and SEA but not 2-AG. Interestingly, the exercise-induced change in MRT showed moderate, positive correlations with the change in different endocannabinoids, that is, AEA (r = 0.5164, p = 0.0338), PEA (r = 0.5466, p = 0.0251), and OEA (r = 0.5442, p = 0.0239). Conclusion: These results indicate a potential role of endocannabinoids on mental alertness following ultra-endurance exercise.