Late XVIII Research Articles

I. B. KRAMER’S PIANO WORK IN THE ASPECT OF INTERRELATION OF PERFORMANCE AND COMPOSITION

Background. The article is devoted to the piano work of the famous English pianist, teacher and composer Johann Baptist Kramer (1771–1858), whose 250th anniversary is celebrated in 2021. I. B. Kramer, like other pianists of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, tried to solve a significant problem – mastering the basics of composition, its laws, principles, techniques, their combination with the game nature and capabilities of the piano. Objectives. The purpose of the article is to reveal the relationship between performing and compositional means in I. B. Kramer’s piano works. Methods. The basis of the methodology is a systematic approach, through which musicological research methods are combined with historical ones. The main document of the era in the field of musicological research is the musical text, so the analysis of musical works is carried out from the standpoint of performance at the levels of performing technical means, musical thinking of the composer and performer. Other components of the texture, the development of its individual layers in the whole system, as well as the coverage of one or another feature of the playing nature of the piano are also taken into account. Conclusions. I. B. Kramer’s pedagogical system is considered, which is a system of technical means of performance, which contributed to the embodiment of the game nature of the instrument. In works of art, the composer used these techniques as needed to create a certain figurative sphere. Analyzed “Pathetic Fantasy” op. 87 (1837), four notebooks Suite – arrangements for piano chamber works of classical composers, where the composer embodied ensemble thinking on the piano, introduced the principles of dialogicity and comparison of registers as a method of artistic development of musical material. Results. Continuing the work of his teacher M. Clementi, I. B. Kramer contributed to the development of concert activities in Europe, the differentiation of pedagogy, performance and composition into independent musical activities. His methodical works and opuses of etudes were the basis of pedagogy for the next generations of pianists, defined the foundations of piano pedagogy as a scientific discipline. The piano instructional material created by I. B. Kramer allowed to master the techniques of piano playing in a short time. Along with L. V. Beethoven, I. B. Kramer made an important contribution to deepening the content of musical works by means of composer’s writing. The perfection of the presentation of piano technique had a positive effect on the development of compositional techniques in the works of the musician – the development of contrasting themes, the principles of development of musical material, the improvement of musical forms. The sphere of dramatic pathos and heroism defined the image of pathos in music, which corresponded to the possibilities of the instrument and at the same time contributed to the formation of a romantic style in piano art.

Results and Prospects of Studying the Process of Settlement and Development of Crafts in the Southern Settlements of the Trans-Urals (late XVIII – early XX centuries)

Results and Prospects of Studying the Process of Settlement and Development of Crafts in the Southern Settlements of the Trans-Urals (late XVIII – early XX centuries)

Moralizing literature in curriculum for female students (the late XVIII — early XIX centuries)

The subject of this research is the analysis of didactic works used in the late XVIII — early XIX centuries in the educational process of the first Russian institutes for women — the Educational Society of Noble Maidens and School of the Order of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg. The new secular upbringing and education – one of the core ideas of the European Enlightenment, at that time was perceived in Russia as a state task, which required the establishment of closed educational institutions, such as cadet corps and institutes for women. The primary method for distribution of pedagogical ideas was moralizing literature of the Western European educators, which were translated into the Russian language and became available for the audience; and the second half of the XVIII century marks the emergence of publications of the Russian authors. This article is first to follow the sequence of changes of textbooks and “books for reading” selected for the students of the Educational Society of Noble Maidens and School of the Order of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg using hermeneutic method, as well as conduct their historical-comparative analysis based on the principle of historicism. The translated works of the Western European educators were replaced by the curriculum specifically created for the Russian female students at the request of the Empress Maria Feodorovna, which included the advanced ideas of both Western and national educators. It was another step in a difficult path towards establishment of the national pedagogical system.

The typology of Muslim minarets. Iranian specificity

The subject of this research is the Muslim minarets in general and Iranian minarets in particular. The goal consists in forming a typological classification of Muslim minarets, and based on that determine the specificity of the Iranian types of minarets. The article employs iconographic, iconological and cultural methods, and stylistic analysis. The author set the following tasks: determine different types of Muslim minarets; select the Iranian examples among them; determine the degree of prevalence of these types namely in the Iranian architecture; formulate the peculiarities of the architectural image of minaret that emerged in the context of Iranian architecture. For objectivity, the author established the timeframe –since the VII century to the late XVIII century, which marks the Iranian medieval Muslim culture. The scientific novelty is defined by the importance of knowing the characteristics of Iranian minarets, which are perceived as a symbol of Iranian faith. Familiarization with the architectural peculiarities of the minarets reveals the specificity of the Iranian religious architecture and Iranian culture as a whole. The acquired results demonstrate that the Iranian minarets are notable for their cylindrical shape, unique decoration, pairs of towers, location next to the doorway of the mosque ornamenting the sided. One of their primary functions to accentuate the major portal of the mosque. For the most part, Iranian minarets are rather representative and decorative, than resemble a fortress.

Historical and Legal Research of the Bases of Organization and Functioning of Judicial Authority in Crimea in the Composition of the Russian Empire (late XVIII – Beginning of XX Centuries)

In the Russian Federation, one of the priority vectors of the development of the state is to improve the quality of justice, the guarantee of which is the effective judicial system. For the most optimal mode of functioning of the judicial system, an understanding of the main trends in its development is necessary, which requires a high level of generalization and scientific potentiation of the foundations of the organization and functioning of the judiciary, and is possible only if all previous stages of its development are analyzed. The main objective of the study: 1) determine the features of the development of the judicial policy of the Russian Empire in the regions, in particular in the Crimea; 2) to trace the evolution of the judicial system in the Crimea during its stay in the Russian Empire. When writing the work, methods of scientific research were used: dialectical, historical-legal, formal-legal, systemic, comparative-legal, historical periodization, diachronous, institutional-legal. The main results and conclusions of the study can be defined as: 1) judicial reform was a priority in the state legal policy of the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII – early XX centuries; 2) the author's periodization of the reform of the judicial system in the Crimea. Such a consistent consideration of the organization and functioning of the judiciary allows for its comprehensive study as a historical phenomenon with its own genesis of organization and activity The article is of high scientific value, since it is the first generalizing study in the historical and legal literature devoted to the problems of the formation, development and modernization of the judiciary in Crimea as part of the Russian Empire (1783–1917), in which it was first used that were not previously included in the scientific circulation Sources of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea of the Russian Federation.

Philosophical and historical-cultural context of establishment of the doctrine of creativity as the fundamentals of understanding the Early German Romanticism in philosophy

The subject of this article is the prerequisites for the establishment of the doctrine of creativity in the philosophy of Early German Romanticism. The source of the romantic concept on creativity is the I. Kant’s “Theory of Genius”, the meaning of which the Romanticists spread onto the entire human nature. The article highlights and analyzes the two groups of prerequisites for the establishment of the Romanticist doctrine of creativity as the fundamentals of understanding. The first group includes the elements of historical approach, which gained widespread in the German culture of the late XVIII century, while the second group includes the concepts of nature and emergence of the language that manifested during this period. The research leans on the principles of historicism and dialectics, method of historical and philosophical reconstruction, as well as elements of hermeneutical and comparative methods. The author considered not only philosophical works dedicated to Romanticism, but also literary, religious, and culturological works on Romanticism. An opinion is substantiated that the philosophical and historical-cultural context of establishment of the concept of creativity in philosophy of the Early German Romanticism indicates both, rational and non-rational components, which is especially evident in the Romanticist Theory of Language. In this field, the methods of scientific study of language and culture naturally align with the idea of “poetic” origin of the language, which has religious-mythological grounds.

Osobennosti rasprostraneniya kitajskogo tradicionnogo teatra (sicyuj) v russkoj kul'ture konca XVIII — nachala XXI v.

The publication is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the advancement of the Chinese traditional theatre (xiqu) in Russian culture of the late XVIII and early XXI centuries. The main features are intended which are inherent to this type of art. Special attention is paid to Peking Opera (jingju) which is the most famous representative of xiqu. It is revealed that the popularization of the Chinese traditional theatre in Russian culture was mainly carried out with the help of printed publications as well as a result of the touring activities of Chinese theatres from different provinces.

ПЕРВЫЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ШКОЛЫ ИРКУТСКА: ИСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

Introduction. The paper addresses the issues of the establishment and development of the first general educational institutions in Irkutsk. These are the City (“Gradskaya” in old Russian) School and the Main National School that functioned in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The topic of the education development in Irkutsk in this period is of interest to the history of pedagogy, as it demonstrates the forms and methods of teaching and learning in Russia in their historical aspect, shows the uniqueness of school work, the position of the school, teacher, and student in a Siberian city-the provincial center of the country. Based on the available archival materials and those made available for the scientific use, the quantitative and social structure of students in different periods of the development of the city first comprehensive schools, the quantitative and social structure of teachers are presented, a comparative analysis of the development of general education in large cities of Siberia is carried out, and a conclusion is made about the leading position of Irkutsk. The study aims to cast light on the activities of the first general education schools in Irkutsk as the center of the vast East Siberian region in close connection with the development of public education in Siberia. Materials and methods. The study relies on the comparative analysis of historical sources and reconstruction of the historical period. The results of the study. The activity of the first Irkutsk educational institutions in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries is presented. The following trends are to be emphasized: the improvement in the quality of student knowledge, quantitative growth in the number of students, general enhancement of the education and literacy in Irkutsk residents. The results of the schools’ activities are presented. The first educational institutions of the city prepared, mainly, employees, officials, teachers, and gave general basic knowledge. The paper indicates the social structure of students. The teaching staff, who had a pedagogical education, is characterized. It is worth noting that the personal approach is applied to describe the process of functioning of the first general educational institutions in Irkutsk, which allows us to outline the trends in the study on the emergence of the Siberian intelligentsia. In terms of the number of students in the three main public schools opened in Siberia, Irkutsk had the highest. Furthermore, despite the quantitative fluctuation in students in general, their number grew. The paper concludes that the development of public education in Irkutsk in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries ranked fi rst in Siberia. Therefore, it is no mere chance that Irkutsk school was the first in Siberia in 1805 to be transformed into a gymnasium, playing a significant role in training literate people. Keywords: City (“Gradskaya” in old Russian) school, the Main National School, the composition of students and teachers, education, the quality of student knowledge, the training program, student performance

Culture as a communicative factor of diplomacy S. R. Vorontsov’s activity in London (late XVIII – early XIX centuries)

Culture as a communicative factor of diplomacy S. R. Vorontsov’s activity in London (late XVIII – early XIX centuries)

РЕЦЕНЗІЯ НА МОНОГРАФІЮ Л. В. ГУБИЦЬКОГО «ТОРГІВЛЯ КИЇВСЬКОЇ ГУБЕРНІЇ (1793–1861 рр.). Київ: Київ. нац. торг.-екон. ун-т, 2018. – 388 с.»

The monograph by L. V. Hubytskyy «Trade of Kyiv province (1793–1861)» was reviewed. It is noted that the peer-reviewed monograph is the first comprehensive study of the history of trade in the Kyiv province in historiography. It outlines the property, demographic, social changes in the merchant class, describes in detail the transformation of the trade strata as the basis of a new leading state of society. New tasks that arose before the trading system of Kyiv and the province in the late XVIII – first half of the XIX century, and the means and methods of their solution are described. It is shown how the trading system provided the income of the provincial, city and private farms and compares the income from trade in food and non-food products. Regularities of evolution of periodic provincial trade are established and analyzed; transformations of constant trade as a system are revealed, it is substantiated when and how feedback affected the credit and financial system and what was their effect. It is concluded that the peer-reviewed monograph as a whole makes a positive impression; the author managed to perform research tasks. The work is a significant contribution to the historiography of the Kyiv province.

Temple Architecture of Rural Areas of Malmyzhsky Uezd in Vyatka Province in Late XVIII - Early XX Century

Temple Architecture of Rural Areas of Malmyzhsky Uezd in Vyatka Province in Late XVIII - Early XX Century

STATE RELIGIOUS POLICY AND PROPERTY OF THE MONASTERIES OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (LATE XVIII - EARLY XX CENTURY)

The article examines the state policy on the monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in the late XVIII - early XX centuries. It was also examined the Russian government’s secularization policy on church property, especially monastic landownership and peasants, leading to the liquidation of many monasteries, and the remaining ones were deprived of their main sources of income and placed in economic dependence on the state. The monasteries that continued to exist were divided into three classes, the size of their funding and the staffing norms of the monks were set. All other monasteries that did not receive funding from the state became “regular” and could only exist at their own expense. During this period, the number of monasteries almost halved. The size of their land also decreased. It was found out that in the post-reform period the financial situation of the monasteries improved significantly, their sources of income were analyzed. They started becoming large landowners again, thanks to which they could significantly expand economic activity, the financial and economic position of the monasteries became quite strong. In particular, attention is focused on the economic activities of the Kyiv-Brotherhood Epiphany Monastery of the Kyiv Diocese. With the change of authorities in 1917, there were changes in the attitude of the state to Orthodox monasteries. The first decrees of the Soviet government concerning the issues of confiscation of monastic land holdings and property, their nationalization are analyzed. Monasteries and church communities were deprived of property rights and legal personality. All property of religious institutions, including monasteries, was transferred to the People’s Commissariat of Social Security. In the vast majority of Orthodox monasteries, the Soviet authorities turned them into economic objects or subjected them to complete destruction.

Formation of traditions of financial support of activity and banking development on the Ternopil region’s lands

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of traditions of financial support of private business and public associations in the lands of Ternopil region. The main trends in the formation and development of banking in the Western lands of Ukraine, including Ternopil region, are described. The main types of financial and credit companies that operated in the lands of Ternopil region in the late XVIII - early XX centuries are considered. It has founded out which banks were among the first in the city of Ternopil and region. It is investigated which institutions now function in the buildings of the first banks. The main reasons and purpose of creation of financial and credit societies by territorial communities at the end of XVIII - the beginning of XX centuries are substantiated. The role of rural cooperatives and banks in the life of Ukrainians during the Polish and Austro-Hungarian occupation is considered. The analysis of transformations of financial and credit institutions of Western Ukraine and Ternopil region after the Second World War and the arrival of the Soviet occupation regime is carried out. The main trends in the development of banking after Ukraine's independence have been studied. (The way which the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region was considered). How the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region is considered. The main directions and areas of activity that commercial banks have lent in large amounts, as well as those industries that are constantly underfunded by both the state and the banking sector are identified. The impact of the reform of the banking system of Ukraine in 2014-2015 on the economic activity of banking and entrepreneurial business of Ternopil region is considered. Negative tendencies in the change of the structure of bank capital were revealed – not in favor of national capital. The existence of risks of growth of foreign capital share in the banking sector of the national economy is substantiated. The main problems of development of credit unions under modern conditions (in the current circumstances) are revealed. The existence of interrelation and interdependence between the share of the national component in the capital of financial institutions and the level of development of strategically important economic and social state-building processes is proved. The main problems and ways to solve them are identified in order to expand the opportunities for financial support of national businesses and local communities.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ПО ДЕЛАМ ВОЙНЫ И КОЛОНИЙ И АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЕ БРИТАНСКИХ КОЛОНИАЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В КОНЦЕ XVIII – НАЧАЛЕ XIX ВЕКА

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the Ministry of War and Colonial Affairs and the admin-istration of the British colonial territories in the late late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The article examines the pro-cess of creating an effective system of administration of the British Empire in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. An important part of which was the formation of the Minis-try of War and Colonial Affairs, which actually became the first body of the central administration of the colonies of Great Britain. The end of hostilities in 1815 gave a new impetus to the development of the Ministry of War and Colonial Affairs as the institution which main activity was to consider colonial cases in all their diversity. In this regard, emphasizing the main part of the work of this body, in the post-war period, the Ministry began increasingly to be called simply Colonial.

Analiza prve autohtone subkulture u istoriji mode - antimodni stil enkroajabla i mervejeza ("Incroyables" i "Merveilleuses")

This scientific article is devoted to an extremely intriguing topic, so relevant among connoisseurs of fashion history and fashion costume (but not enough among ordinary fashion lovers) and is of great benefit to today's science, fashion and fashion industry, as it relates to the question of how socio-political events can greatly influence the construction of a completely new costume, radically different from the conventional one. One of the main goals of this scientific work is to reconsider and critically analyze the costumes of the most rebellious young people who lived in the late XVIII century. The so-called "Incroyables" and "Merveilleuses" emerged as the first autochthonous subculture in the history of fashion, contributing to fashion through the characteristic elements and variations of men's and women's costumes, thus defining a completely new social ideal of beauty, embodied and expressed with the help of fashionable women's and men's suits from this period. On the other hand, thanks to the knowledge and study of this new way and method of structuring the costume, the horizon is born in which it becomes clear how the new young people appeared after the second half of the 20th century, and the designers of the new age cleverly use accumulated historical material in their creative practice and embody the same in a way so characteristic of the spirit of the time. Due to the fact that fashion has various manifestations, I have also used cross-cultural research methods -attracting certain parts of sociology and structural and systematic analysis..

Manuscripts of Azimkhoja Eshan and his Dewans

This article provides information about the life and work of the sheikh and poet Azimkhoja Eshan, who lived and worked in the literary environment of Kokand in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries, and the known manuscripts of his works. In particular, the manuscripts of his office are stored in the fund of the State Museum of Literature named after Alisher Navoi of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan under the number No-189, the fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhan Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Professor Hamid Sulaymon Manuscripts No. 6354, inventory digital manuscript No-5992/II kept in the main fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, main features of manuscripts No-6209, No-6750, No-6806 information about.

«Политическая свобода» versus «свобода от политики»: европейские странствия Карамзина как прототип русских поисков общественного идеала

Exploring the genesis of the search for social ideal one finds it in the late XVIII century writers – Prince Andrey I. Vyazemsky and historian Nicolay M. Karamzin. Both were «involuntary travelers», shunning anti-Masonic persecution launched by Catherine the Great. The surviving entries of Vyazemsky in his diary are extremely fragmentary, while Karamzin’s «Letters of the Russian Traveler » give us a rich and in many respects unexplored source if historical information. This philosophical travelogue, among other things, is an exposition of types of European regimes (German, Swiss, French, English) as a kind of competitive «social ideals». Karamzin elects Switzerland and in England, as the countries he loved from his youth. The author arrives at conclusion that, perceiving merits and demerits of social structures, Karamzin kept thinking that Russia, being European and Christian country, was capable of creating a harmonious society based on its own traditions.

ВЕЧЕРА В ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИХ ГОСТИНЫХ КОНЦА ЭПОХИ ЕКАТЕРИНЫ II КАК ФОРМА МЕЖЛИЧНОСТНОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the culture of communication of nobles at evenings in the capital's living rooms of Russian nobles at the end of the era of Catherine II, when a subculture of educated representatives of high society was already formed under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment. The purpose of the study is to identify the culture of St. Petersburg aristocrats of the late XVIII century, the features of which were manifested in their daily interaction. The tasks of the study are to study the degree of popularity of evenings in the living rooms of nobles, Catherine II's perception of the opinions of nobles, the style of nobles’ behavior, the subject of their conversations, a combination of innovations and traditions in leisure life, and in determining the attitude of Petersburgers to foreigners. The sources of the study are the memoirs of foreign and Russian contemporaries: Polish aristocrat A. Czartoryski, French artist E. Vige-Lebren, Anglicans Martha and Catherine Wilmot, Russian journalist F. V. Bulgarin, notes by Catherine II. The methodological basis of the work is the concept of a new cultural history, which involves the study of the person in the context of the social environment, its value guidelines, life attitudes, and norms of communication. In historical literature, the leisure of the capital's nobles is studied, but the features of their interpersonal communication in the evenings in the living rooms of the end of the era of Catherine II are not sufficiently analyzed. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: metropolitan aristocrats showed great interest in interaction, evenings in the living rooms performed a communicative function, stimulated the study of European literature and art, languages, and contributed to the development of polemic skills. The culture of Russian nobles of the end of the era of Catherine II in work is characterized as «Russian European», combining knowledge of French literature, art and the properties of the Russian mentality: generosity, hospitality, respect for the monarchy, perception of serfdom as the natural state of peasants. The nobles spent evenings in the living rooms of contemporaries explained their desire for communication, which satisfied their needs of social, spiritual and entertaining nature.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СУЧАСНОЇ ПОПУЛЯРНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

The article deals with the problem of modern understanding the phenomenon of «popular culture». At the same time, classical approaches to the consideration of the complex of issues of «popular culture» without losing their relevance are needed reinterpretation of concepts and theoretical models to understand the key-elements of the content and understanding of new realities. Popular culture can be characterized as an extremely dynamic phenomenon that continues to take new forms, changing its nature. Author defines its essence as the presentation of a set of content available for understanding by the vast majority of people, regardless of social background, financial status and education. Modern popular culture is characterized by a pronounced syncretic nature. It is emphasized that today there is no universal approach to understanding the term «popular culture». Some countries have their own internal models of representation, due to the peculiarities of national scientific schools. In the concepts of information society development, one of the most relevant areas for the humanities research remains the dichotomy of «human» and «mechanical». The formation of concepts of popular culture is assigned to commercial institutions of highly developed countries, which is associated with the new role of information and communication opportunities. Attention is drawn to an important feature of the representation of the term in Anglo-American historiography, namely the fundamental difference in the understanding of the terms popular culture for the period of the late XVIII – mid XX centuries and for the second half of the twentieth century when the «ethnological» component is leveled and there is a gradual identification of the terms «popular culture» with «mass culture». Instead, the term «folk culture» is used in the Ukrainian scientific tradition, which at the present stage may have intersections, but is completely incomparable with the term «popular culture».

History in stone: the provincial town' cultural space of the late XVIII - early XX cent.. (on the example of the Volsk city architecture)

History in stone: the provincial town' cultural space of the late XVIII - early XX cent.. (on the example of the Volsk city architecture)