Late XVIII Research Articles

GOTHIC FEATURES IN KEVIN RYAN’S NOVEL “VAN HELSING”

The Gothic novel, which appeared in English literature in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries, influenced the works of outstanding writers of all subsequent periods. The description of supernatural elements in the Gothic novel filled the reader with horror and fear. The genre of the Gothic novel, known in some sources as the "black novel", is widely developed, primarily in English literature. Gothic novels play an important role not only in English but also in world literature. They had a significant impact on the further development of many literary movements, both in Europe and in other parts of the world.

On the representation of the cultural category of sinfulness in the works of A.N. Radishchev

The subject of the research in this article is the category of sinfulness and the peculiarities of its actualization in the Russian culture of the late XVIII – early XIX century. The author examines the category under study through the prism of fiction, since this historical period is characterized by a special literary centrism, when the social, spiritual, and cultural life of society was reliably reflected in the works of art. The author focuses on the cultural analysis of A.N. Radishchev's treatise "On man, his mortality and Immortality", in which the category of sinfulness is represented through the writer's appeal to such concepts as vice, virtue, the sin of lust, greed, laziness and pride, as well as to the idea of punishment for sins, images of heaven and hell. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the category of sinfulness was considered, an objectification of the sin was found in the work of A.N. Radishchev "About man, his mortality and immortality". In his essay, the writer examines in detail the sin of lust, its causes and consequences, devoting only a few lines to other sins, such as laziness, greed and pride, which allows us to judge their subjective significance. Based on the conducted cultural analysis, the author concludes that the category under study is implicit and is the basic one for the Russian society of the XIX century. In the work of A.N. Radishchev, the main, regulatory function of the category of sinfulness is actualized.

Virtual reconstruction of small architectural forms of the Bogoroditsky Palace and Park ensemble of the estate of Counts Bobrinsky of the late XVIII century

The article is devoted to the virtual reconstruction of small architectural forms of the Bogoroditsky Park of the Bobrinsky estate. In addition to the unique architectural ensemble, this place was famous for its park, and all thanks to its creator – the estate manager Andrey Timofeevich Bolotov. It was A.T. Bolotov who left the most detailed memories of the construction of the park ensemble, as well as a whole album with sketches of the views of the park, which allows us to present the beauty and grandeur of the estate today. The focus of the virtual reconstruction is on the most beautiful part of the park, which was located to the northwest of the palace, closer to the shore of a Large pond. The article discusses the techniques of landscape design used by the estate manager A.T.Bolotov at the end of the XVIII century, the features of the construction of the park and the difficulties encountered in creating objects of small architectural forms. The methods and technologies of computer modeling used in creating a three-dimensional historical reconstruction of small architectural forms, the relief of the park, reservoirs and green spaces based on historical sources are analyzed in detail. The work contains a study on the history of the construction of the Bobrinsky Estate park, its development after the resignation of the manager A.T. Bolotov, development and restoration in the XX – XXI centuries, provides an overview of historical sources, including materials of the Restoration and Architecture LLC project in 2014, which allow restoring the historical appearance of the palace and park ensemble of the estate.

Идеология как субъект и предмет репрезентации в отечественной философствующей литературе

Ideology as a subject (image) and subject (content and plot) is present in Russian philosophical literature, as in any literary classic, constantly – from the moment of its appearance in the late XVIII to the mid-30s of the twentieth century. For almost a century and a half, it had the opportunity, with varying degrees of cen­sorship, in general, it manifested itself quite freely. However, after the 1st Con­gress of Soviet Writers, a ban was imposed on all its manifestations, except those officially permitted within the framework of “socialist realism”, which was lifted only in the second half of the 80s. Nevertheless, since artistic texts remain an im­portant element of culture that influences the existence of the modern ideological landscape, the idea of their ideological content deserves to be developed. What is ideological in philosophical literature, which most often reveals itself as a focus on changing the present, that is, reconstruction, is considered in the first approxi­mation by referring to the texts of D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, N.S. Leskov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky and A.P. Platonov.

The History of Spelling Prefixes with -z, -s in the Pre-reform Period

The article examines the spelling of the words with prefixes ending in -z, -s. Based on the texts of fiction and scientific literature of the late XVIII — early XX centuries, the author analyzes the spelling of words and identifies trends in spelling norms. The paper reveals that at the end of the XVIII century, during the formation of the book style, lexicographic sources took into account the Church Slavonic tradition and recommended writing prefixes with -z, however, there were deviations from spelling norms in written speech practice. Lexicographic publications of the middle of the XIX century reflect the change in the spelling norm. However, whereas the spelling of prefixes voz-, iz-, niz-, raz-that were in front of the voiceless consonants was changed during the historical period from the end of the XVIII century to the beginning of the XX century, the spelling of prefixes bez-, chrez-/cherez- remained stable. The spelling of prefixes was quite stable when the final consonant was in the position before the letter s. In most cases, there is adherence to the rule and the use of the letter z before the root s. The preservation of the final z in the prefix is correct from the point of view of tradition, and its spelling, taking into account the subsequent letter, is correct in regards to phonetics. In the competition of etymological and phonetic principles applied to spelling prefixes on -z, -s, the phonetic principle turned out to be the most resilient.

Reforms of the Military Judicial System of Switzerland in 1799-1800: on the Question of French Influence

The proposed article is devoted to the history of two reforms of military justice in Switzerland – 1799 and 1800. It describes a chronologically small but very important stage of the transition to a new military-judicial organization associated with foreign interference in the affairs of the country. The purpose of the study is to present the main changes in the military justice of Switzerland and the degree of influence on them of the French institutions of the late XVIII century. The object of study here is the military-judicial law of the Helvetic Republic, reflected in the laws of July 27, 1799 and November 24, 1800. The subject of the study is the process of reforming military justice in Switzerland at the reception of the norms of French law. When working on the materials of the topic, the comparative historical research method, contextual analysis of legal documents and structural and functional analysis of judicial and legal institutions of the two countries were applied. As a result, the study showed that the reforms created a new system of military justice, which was connected only with the military organization and did not depend on the cantonal affiliation of military personnel. The reform of 1799 differed from the reorganization of 1800 by the greater radicalism and democracy of the institutions created, which corresponded to the political aspirations of various ruling groups that succeeded each other in the Helvetic Republic leadership. Nevertheless, both reforms were oriented towards the assimilation of the French experience of the military judicial system of the era of the Great Revolution. The borrowing of foreign military-judicial law in Helvetia was not limited to the complete copying of foreign norms, Swiss legislators were able to show a certain originality in their adoption. The main difference of the Swiss military judicial organization was the introduction of a three-tier system of military courts and the preservation of the institution of disciplinary councils, which in the French Republic by the end of the XVIII century already ceased to exist.

Образ авантюристки в романе Дафны дю Морье «Мери Энн»

The study aims to determine psychological techniques in providing insight into the female image in Daphne du Maurier’s novel “Mary Anne” (1954). The protagonist of the work is a real historical figure, the writer’s great-grandmother Mary Anne Clarke. The story of Mary Anne, a famous courtesan, favourite of the King’s brother, the Duke of York, as narrated by Daphne du Maurier is a realisation of the manipulation plot. Daphne du Maurier presents a fascinating story of the dependence of England’s political system in the late XVIII century - the early XIX century on a woman’s gamble. Court intrigues and political feuds are skillfully woven into the narrative of the rise and fall of Mary Anne. Scientific originality of the study is determined in the research methodology. The researcher identifies the specifics of the author’s style in the presentation of historical material in the genre of fiction. The correlation of the historical and the literary forms the basis of philological analysis. As a result of the study, it has been proved that the absence of a subjectively marked unambiguous understanding of a woman’s role in society in women’s writing makes it possible for the author to present an assessment of one and the same historical fact from different angles. The same purpose is served by the interweaving of narrative elements inherent in the detective genre into the traditional manipulation plot. The change of semantic dominants in the text allows Daphne du Maurier to reproduce a unique literary image that is far from unambiguous interpretation.

The politics of aesthetics in German Idealism

The subject of the study is the aesthetic aspects of the German philosophy of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Modern culture, with its anti-traditionalist impulse for autonomy, freedom from external authority, the use of critical reason, universal principles, in terms of which is questioned religion, history, customs, by this time found its internal contradictions. Post-religious and postconventional Enlightenment values - secularism, humanism, the primacy of reason and science - poorly suited to maintaining the moral and social relations, in the course of everyday life, and led to their progressive deterioration. German idealists turned to the area of aesthetic in searh of means of reconciliation between science and morality, the nature and the subject. The article taken hermeneutical analysis of texts submitted in the tradition of German romanticism and idealism in order to identify the aesthetic basis of searches and solutions in the philosophy of this period. Project of aesthetics which emerged in the XVIII century is seen as key to European philosophy and culture "after the Enlightenment," and as having not only theoretical but also of political importance, because it is in aesthesis - subjective field of experiences, feelings, affects, modern man could seek reconciliation with the world after the loss of traditional meanings and authority

МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ И ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ ГРАНИЦ ВОЙСКА ДОНСКОГО В СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОМ ПРИАЗОВЬЕ В XVII – НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the historical and legal analysis of the influence of migration flows in the North-Eastern Azov region on the relationship between the Troops of the Don and the Moscow state, and subsequently the Russian Empire for more than three centuries. The article examines the use by the central government of the resettlement processes stimulated by the liberation movement in Ukraine to establish supremacy over the authorities of the Don Army and the resulting changes in the composition of its territory, as well as further territorial changes that took place in the late XVIII – early XX century.

THE SITUATION OF THE ORTHODOX MONASTERIES OF THE KYIV EPARCHY IN THE LATE XVIII – EARLY XX CENTURY

The article analyzes the influence of Russian imperial policy on the situation of Orthodox monasteries of the Kyiv diocese, reveals the results and tragic consequences of secularization reform for diocesan monasteries, examines the long process of restoring monastic life from the late XVIII to early XX centuries. The research is based on the methodological principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and a systematic approach in combination with general scientific and special historical methods. Their application made it possible to find out the reasons for changes in the territorial boundaries of the Kyiv diocese and the impact of this factor on the number of its monasteries. By the decision of the Holy Synod in 1797, the territory of the Kyiv eparchy was brought in line with the new provincial territorial division. The situation of Orthodox monasteries and measures to change their status are analyzed. It is proved that the implementation of the manifesto on the secularization of spiritual land ownership in the Ukrainian lands dealt a severe and irreparable blow to Orthodox monasteries and monasticism. There was a sharp reduction of Orthodox monasteries with a simultaneous decrease in the number of monks, which had disastrous consequences not only for the church and monastery life of Ukraine, but also for the Ukrainian identity. The study of their position, the process of restoration of monastic life during the outlined chronological period, determined the relationship between the monasteries of the diocese and the outside world.

The Formation of Criminal and Police Proceedings in the Russian Law of the XVIII - Early XIX Century

The author researches the formation of the sectorial differentiation of legal norms regulating the investigation and analysis of criminal acts of different gravity in the Russian law of late XVIII - first half of XIX centuries. It is shown that Russian legislation of XIX century used two methods of formulating procedural norms that regulated the investigation, analysis, prevention and suppression of offences. It is suggested that the first method should be called a centralized one, as the norms of procedural character are contained in one part of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this is the systematization of the criminal procedure norms in Book II «On Criminal Court Proceedings», Vol. XV of this Code. Thus, the question of the existence of the criminal process as a sector of Russian law can be answered positively. The second method, which the author calls decentralized, means that procedural prescriptions are aligned with material norms and scattered throughout different parts of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this are the norms constituting a part of the police law - the police process. The legislation of the early XIX century categorized offences as either crimes or offences of little significance. Offences of little significance did not lead to criminal punishments, and their investigation did not require a full criminal procedure. Procedural actions in cases of little significance, as well as the activities of the police to prevent and suppress criminal actions, were regulated by a large number of legal prescriptions in the Russian law, which could be put together under a common name «the police process». In order to denote the degree of separateness of these norms in the Russian legislation, the author introduces the concept «the direction of legal regulation». It means a stable aggregate of accumulated and somewhat separate measures united by a common subject and key methods of influencing the society. The direction of legal regulation is the predecessor of the sector of law. The conducted research allowed the author to establish that by the XIX century the Russian legislator systematized the procedural norms on the investigation and analysis of crimes and offences of little importance as an independent branch - the criminal process, and the direction of legal regulation - the police process.

Influence of Josephian metric on the situation in the Duchy of Bukovina (on the base of „Index of all areas in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, as well as the Grand Duchy of Krakow and the Duchy of Bukovina”)

The article analyzes the historical background, the process of introduction and consequences of the adoption of the Josephine Metrics, the successor of Maria Theresa, Emperor Joseph II, and its impact on settlement of different ethnic groups, industrial development and economic prospects of the new lands of the Austrian Empire and Bukovina in particular in first half of the XIX century. The analysis of this issue led to the use of the following research methods, among which the etymological analysis made it possible to study the names of toponyms in Bukovina; The method of theoretical analysis in combination with practical calculations made it possible to establish the number of new settlements of ethnic groups living in Bukovina at that time, as well as a comparative analysis of Theresian and Josephine metrics and their individual components. Scientific novelty. The influence of the Josephine metric on the lands of Galicia and Bukovina, in particular, was analyzed for the first time. Conclusions. The analysis clearly shows the positive impact of the Josephine metric on the development of the newly annexed lands of the Austrian Empire in the late XVIII - first half of the XIX century.

INTRODUCTION OF TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL IDEAS AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINIAN WRITERS OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN EDUCATIONAL EDUCATION

Scientific analysis of the problem of development of pedagogical ideas and educational activities of Ukrainian writers in Western Ukraine (late XVIII - 30s of the XX century) is not only relevant but also a productive area of modern historical and pedagogical research and creative pursuits of educators-practitioners. In the modern educational and pedagogical space of Ukraine there is an active search and testing of effective means of improving the education and upbringing of children and youth in order to develop optimal models of self-realization of the individual. Purposeful activities in this area of schooling also contribute to meeting the creative needs and requests of teachers and the study, systematization and promotion of best pedagogical experience. In order to gain students - future teachers - knowledge of trends in pedagogical ideas and educational activities of Ukrainian writers in Western Ukraine in the late XVIII - 30's of the twentieth century. The main tasks should be singled out - an objective analysis of the retro-experience of trends in pedagogical ideas and educational activities of Ukrainian writers of Western Ukraine in the period under study, coverage of the practice of this process in education, extracurricular, public education. Pedagogical reality dictates a change in views on the content and features of education and competencies that must be mastered by future teachers, taking into account the tasks of the school in understanding the content characteristics of education, upbringing and development of students, as well as systematizing pedagogical ideas and generalizing the experience of Ukrainian writers. - the first third of the twentieth century to highlight the educational potential of their creative heritage in the context of reforming the Ukrainian education system.
 Keywords: competence, pedagogy, tendencies, education system, Western Ukraine, education, upbringing, schooling.

Practices of Censorship of Statistical Works in Pre-reform Russia (late XVIII – first half of XIX centuries)

The object of the study is the history of the relationship between state power and statistical science in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. The author examines the practices of censorship supervision over the publication of research papers in the field of state studies – an early descriptive direction of statistical science. The article analyzes the main stages of the development of legislation in the field of the civil press and highlights the key claims that the censorship authorities had against the authors of statistical works. Special attention is paid to the study of the social and political context in which the evolution of censorship restrictions on the dissemination of statistical data took place. It is noted that the tacit ban on the publication of any statistical information, which existed in the middle of the XVIII century, was replaced by the liberalization of censorship legislation at the beginning of the Alexander reign. In the future, with the formation of statistics-state studies as a political science, the attention of the state to the content of these works became more and more intense. The growth of conservative tendencies in domestic politics led to the fact that the government increasingly suppressed the free interpretation of statistical materials. The formation of the institution of departmental censorship in the mid-1820s gave rise to the problem of the plurality of censorship authorities, which became a serious barrier to the development of state studies. It is concluded that a broad interpretation of the norms of censorship statutes made it possible for interested ministries to delay the publication of statistical works for a long time, or not to allow them to be printed at all under the pretext of inaccuracy or secrecy of data.

ВЫДАЮЩИЙСЯ ЗАКОНОИСКУСНИК РОССИИ

This article refers to the role of Z. A. Goryushkin in the development of Russian jurisprudence in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. His contribution to the systematization of the legislation of that time and the training of law specialists is analyzed. Estimates of his work by well-known researchers of the past and present are given.

Armenians and Jews in Ayntab's Economic Life (Late XVIII. Century)

Armenians and Jews in Ayntab's Economic Life (Late XVIII. Century)

General features of the art of wood carving of the late XVIII – early XX century

It can be said that the traditional art of wood carving of the Kazakh people is the continuity of the subject and spiritual culture of our people. Among the people, masters of wood carving were called “household members”, “carts”, “blacksmiths”. In addition, carpenters were able to make household items, household equipment. The woodworkers used flat-relief geometric, two- and three-sided engraving when processing the product. In the course of the study, the general features of the art of wood carving of the late XVIII – early XX centuries are highlighted, they are considered as research artists in museums of Kazakhstan, schematic, engraved, ornamental images of wooden products preserved to this day are differentiated. Their creative heritage includes dwellings, household items, dishes, customs and rituals. The exhibits, which are the subject of special research, are the basis of scientific search. The objects of research are the museum, methods and techniques of engraving products available to some residents, equipment of used craftsmen. The article discusses the art of wood carving in general, the scale of the Kazakh traditional culture, the main areas of its development are embossing, processing, engraving of household products. Key words: housing, Russian-style housing, home furniture, wood, embossing, engraving, Kazakh handicrafts, relief carving.

Hospitality customs of the landed nobility of Belarus of late XVIII – early XX centuries

The article analyzes the hospitality customs of the landed nobility of Belarus in the late XVIII − early XX centuries. The rational reasons for the perception of this tradition in the public opinion of the privileged class of Belarus of the considered period as an unconditional value are determined. A description of the main elements of the gift-giving customs; the basic rules and norms are given. The mechanisms of its functioning in relation to different social groups are shown. The structure of the guest reception ritual is analyzed. Much attention is paid to the phenomenon of table manners in the article. The importance of the hospitality customs and, in particular, the festive ritual in the presentation of the social status of representatives of the privileged class and the identification of intragroup differentiation is noted. It is noted that at the same time it was a tool for the socio-political mobilization of the privileged class and a way to preserve class solidarity.

The evolution of the concept of civilization in the socio-historical science in the late XVIII — early XX centuries

The evolution of the concept of civilization in the socio-historical science in the late XVIII — early XX centuries

КОРМЩИК-ГРУМАНЛАН ФИЛАТ ВОЖЕВОЛЬНЫЙ: ЭТАПЫ БИОГРАФИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РОССИЙСКОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ АРХИПЕЛАГОВ И ОСТРОВОВ АРКТИКИ

The author examines the biography of the skipper Filat Vozhevolny, the son of Semen, who was engaged in fishing in the archipelagos of Spitsbergen (Grumant) and Novaya Zemlya in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The study of the biographies of individual fisherman-hunters makes it possible to understand the peculiarities of the organization of fishing, to identify personal and professional qualities, without which it was impossible to participate in long and dangerous expeditions to the polar archipelagos. Filat Vozhevolny went fishing from Onega and Arkhangelsk merchants, Vygoretsky old Believer community, and in 1808-1810 he sailed to Novaya Zemlya under the flag of the White Sea Company. In the personality of the skipper, knowledge of navigation, fishing and hunting was combined with adventurism and a penchant for risk, which endangered the life of not only himself, but also of the artel entrusted to him.