Late Medieval Age Research Articles

Comprehend the Women in the Middle Ages from The Parisian Household Book

The late Middle Ages is a crucial period in the history of Western Europe for the transition to modern times. The social outlook of this period has changed a lot compared with the previous times. People who were in this context have generated their own expressions corresponding to the society at this time, mainly manifested as the change of views and values. This paper is aim at selecting the material called The Parisian Household Book (Le Mnagier de Paris) to do primary source analysis, then extensively collecting other documents about women, marriage and family in the Middle Ages for a more comprehensive interpretation. Through the research, we know the living conditions of urban women in the late medieval ages and the requirements of family or society to them from this instruction manual. Meanwhile, the following conclusions are drawn: in medieval marriage, both husband and wife had rights and obligations to fulfill. Some men with high social status taught their wives to manage the family well in order to maintain the stability of their class. For women, those who came from the countryside to the city were willing to accept such guidance, because these might become favorable tools for the improvement of their social standing.

Seyfi Kenan & Selçuk Akşin Somel, Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the Late Medieval Age to Modernity: In Memory of Metin Kunt

Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire is a book dedicated to honoring the life and academic career of Prof. Metin Kunt. Unfortunately, due to a significant delay in its publication, this book could only be released posthumously following his passing. Kunt, a distinguished scholar, made noteworthy contributions to Ottoman history, establishing himself as a pioneering figure across multiple disciplines. His unique perspectives on Ottoman studies and broad research interests have played a pivotal role in advancing scholarly understanding in various fields. As an individual who was once a student of Kunt and holds a particular interest in the early modern period, I regrettably observed that his remarkable contributions to the field have not received adequate recognition within the realm of revisionist historians. Furthermore, his pioneering work remains undervalued, failing to receive the level of appreciation it rightfully deserves. I hope that this book, dedicated to his memory, will make a humble contribution to the academic reception of Prof. Kunt’s works and scholarly heritage.

Methodology for the Study of the Vulnerability of Historic Buildings: The Reconstruction of the Transformation Phases of the Church of the Abbey-Castle of Santo Stefano in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy)

The study presented here concerns an analysis of the structural vulnerability of the arm of the church of the Castello di Santo Stefano Abbey in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy). The ancient monument is located on a small “Peninsula” between two ancient natural harbors, 3 km from Monopoli and 5 km from the archaeological site of Egnazia. Studies on the abbey-castle, have revealed different construction and deconstruction phases relating to historical periods of the Roman age, late antique age, medieval age, modern and contemporary age. The castle is typically attributable to a closed courtyard with four arms. The last one, close to the wall on the port of Tramontana, was added at a contemporary time. The arm of the church is characterized by the crypt with opus reticulatum walls from the two surviving bays of the former Benedictine church, from the residential palace of the 18th century, and from the residential extensions of the 20th century. The north-east and north-west arms, born in the 16th century as defensive earth-filled walls with respective bulwarks (north-east pentagonal and north-west at the tip of a spear), were redeveloped between the 17th and 18th centuries into residential buildings with panoramic loggias and overlooking new ditches enclosed by high walled defenses. The study was conducted with non-invasive methods such as: thermographic surveys; archaeological survey; stratigraphic survey of the walls; stratigraphic survey of plants; photogrammetric survey; 3D returns; Morpho-typological survey of the building material making it possible to acquire data on degradation, on the historicization of instability, on the phases of “growth” of the 18th century and of stylistic “reconstructions” of the 19th century. The data acquired, compared with each other, documented: the deterioration and instability of the foundation wall structures (the crypt) and that of the elevated structures: surviving spans of the church and residential building. Alveolization of the building material, deformations, variations in the geometric shape, lack of resistance of the foundation walls due to the typological and qualitative characteristics of the material (opus reticulatum in soft tuff) with high porosity and problems of the church roof system.

Anna Kalinowska and Jonathan Spangler, editors, with Pawel Tyszka, Power and Ceremony in Europe History: Rituals, Practices and Representative Bodies since the Late Medieval Age

Find information about UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press is Canada’s leading academic publisher and one of the largest university presses in North America, with particular strengths in the social sciences, humanities, and business. The Book Publishing Division is widely recognized in Canada for its strength in history, political science, sociology, Indigenous studies, and cultural studies. Internationally, UTP is a leading publisher of medieval, Renaissance, Italian, Iberian, Slavic, and urban studies, as well as studies in book and print culture.

Maksilarni meziodensi u kasno srednjovekovnim arheološkim ostacima skeleta iz Rudine, Hrvatska

Introduction: The occurrence of mesiodens is somewhat rare, but amongpatients with any kind of supernumerary teeth, it is rather common. From an anthropological point of view, it is interesting to confirm the development of mesiodens in various historical ages. Case report analyses a mesiodens and the surrounding skeletal remains dating from the late medieval ages (13th -16th centuries) which confirms the incidence of the mesiodens and presents the conclusion that historically, mesiodens, as a form of supernumerary teeth has been present throughout history. Conclusion finding of a mesiodens in an archaeological context proves that the occurrence of this type of accessory teeth has been present for at least half a millennium.

THE LATE MEDIEVAL CITY OF THE CHU VALLEY (XIII-XVI CC.)

This article examines the role of the Aspara settlement. The article provides archaeological data on the topographic features, found elements of material culture, the possibility of reconstruction of cultural, social life, based on historical, archaeological, ethnographic data about the medieval city. Archaeologi­ cal research in recent years has largely clarified the state of sedentary culture in the Shu­Talas valley. The circle of monuments of the late Middle Ages expanded, collections of material culture were replenished. In the cities of the late Middle Ages, the cultural layers are not very pronounced; they are of certain inter­ est as an indicator of the general state of the sedentary culture of that period. In addition, the archaeo­ logical materials of the 13th­16th centuries, despite their paucity, deserve attention, since the presence of a local agricultural population in medieval sources and folk was noted in the absence of cities. Aspara is a city surrounded by long walls with dimensions strikingly different from other settlements that existed at that time. Long walls were a kind of indicator of economic and political influence. According to this and other criteria described in this article, Aspara is a unique archaeological site of medieval urban culture on the territory of Kazakhstan. Key words: late Medieval age, culture, archaeology, the Shu Valley, Aspara, Andas Batyr.  

Adoption and Fosterage Practices in the Late Medieval and Modern Age. Maria Clara Rossi and Marina Garbellotti, eds. Viella Historical Research 3. Rome: Viella, 2015. 218 pp. €35.

Adoption and Fosterage Practices in the Late Medieval and Modern Age. Maria Clara Rossi and Marina Garbellotti, eds. Viella Historical Research 3. Rome: Viella, 2015. 218 pp. €35.

A Journey of the Soul: Catharsis and Salvation in the Mosaic of Casaranello (Italy, 6th Century)

The church of Santa Maria della Croce in Casaranello (Casarano, Italy, 6th century) is an important paleo-Byzantine testimony in Southern Italy. The building is well preserved and corresponds more or less to its original structure because in the late-medieval age the community of Casaranum decided to move the residential area up the hill overlooking the original hamlet. The German art historian Arthur Haseloff (1872-1955) visited the church in 1907, intrigued by a bibliographic indication by Wladimir De Gruneisen, and he found it in the miserable condition of stall for sheep and goats. When he entered the church, he immediately realised he was in front of one of the most important jewels of the paleochristian art: a treasure fallen into oblivion and whose value deserved to be highlighted. Haseloff summarily analysed the site of Casaranello, paying particular attention to the mosaic. This research promoted a new awareness towards Santa Maria della Croce and laid the basis for the restoration interventions carried out during the second half of the ‘900s. In particular, the restoration and preservation interventions performed between 1971 and 1979 outlined new guidelines for the study of the building and its artistic heritage. In 2018 the writer of this essay published a new interpretation of the mosaic of Casaranello for the Esperidi Editions. In 2020, with Alessandro De Marco, first for Christian-Albrechts-Universität of Kiel (Germany), then for the Edizioni Universitarie Romane, he completed this research with further historical, architectural and artistic notes on the entire building. An unknown figure, depicted in fresco, has been identified as the emperor Constantine the Great, while the mosaic revealed its symbolic message: a cathartic journey of the soul <i>per aspera ad astra</i>.

Shroud and Portrait of a Medieval Ruler

The research is concerning two unusual evidences of the late Medieval art, which could be seen in the Museum of the cathedral St. Stephan in Vienna. Both of them are related to Herzog Rudolf IV of Austria (1358 - 1365). One artefact in the museum is his silk gold woven shroud elaborated with especial mastership from Chinese silk in Tabriz, a city in present Iran. Especially important for this fabric is that thanks to the interwoven name of the ruler it could be dated precisely. The road of this Near East fabric to Europe and to the tomb of the Herzog in Vienna could be reconstructed. Rudolf IV died suddenly during the visit to his relative Bernabo Visconti in Milano who was one of the richest men in Europe by that time. Probably the fabric was brought across the Silk Road to Constantinople and further across the sea to Genova and to the city of silk Lucca and then to Milano. Such gold woven fabrics from the Islamic world could be found not rarely in the European ruler’s tombs. The second unusual object in the cathedral museum is a portrait of the Herzog. So far this portrait was attributed to a Prague artist. But it could be proved that it originated from Upper Italy and probably was painted by an artist from Verona who was associated to the society around the great humanist Francesco Petrarca. This portrait rises the question about the emergence of early ruler's portraits in Eu-rope and in this aspect is also related to achievements of the „Palaeologus Renaissance“ art in South – East Europe. The two objects are considered as expression forms of the ruler’s funeral culture of the late Medieval age. In the context formed by the comparative approach new possibilities for analysis are created which cross over the traditional methodology of History of Art.

Social history of agriculture at medieval rural sites in the northern of the Iberia Peninsula: Aistra and Zornoztegi (Alava, Spain)

In the last few years, large-scale archaeological projects carried out at medieval sites in the Basque Country have obtained a significant collection of archaeobotanical assemblages, creating the opportunity to address, from a fresh perspective, a social history of agriculture in the region. This paper presents the study of the village of Zornoztegi (occupied from the Chalcolithic to the Late Medieval Ages, ca. 2500 BCE-1350 CE) and the estate centre of Aistra (settled during the Early Medieval period, 500–1000 CE), both of them located in the Province of Alava, 5 km apart. The comparison between the two sites, characterized by different food consumption patterns, architectures, everyday assemblages and social structure, sheds light upon food and productive practices, the socio-political structure of early medieval rural sites and the sources of social power in non-Carolingian areas. This paper also discusses site formation processes and their impact on the interpretation of the sites, crop productions and consumption patterns in the context of northern Iberia, and some remarks regarding agriculture production.

OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense)

ABSTRACTThere are few papers that focus on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of earthen mortars. These mortars are abundant in historical buildings in northwestern Spain. The Basílica da AscensiónyForno da Santa building is an unfinished church built on a previous structure that was transformed into a crypt (Allariz, Ourense, NW Spain). Previous archaeological studies established a sequence of phases of construction, the first dating back to the Iron Age, with significant changes occurring in the Early and Late Medieval ages. The only datable material in the crypt is earthen mortar. Thus, eight mortar samples (seven joint mortars and one wall infill) were taken, seven of them dated by OSL. The dose rate was assessed, and the expected equivalent doses estimated based on the established archaeological age. Several grain sizes (from fine to coarse) were used in small multigrain aliquots to assess the equivalent doses and ages. No evidence of partial bleaching was observed in most samples and grain sizes. The resulting ages are younger than expected for most samples. This is explained by the fact that joints were repaired with new mortar from the 16th century onwards.

USING GEOMATICS TO UNDERSTAND AND VALORIZE HERITAGE, THREE DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OF STUDY: SYRIA, ITALY, AND FRANCE

Abstract. Such innovative meeting dedicated to Cultural Heritage: challenges, new perspectives, and technological innovation are ‘vital’ in order to exchange different experiences, needs, opportunities, and, above all, to find new approaches to preserve, at least, the memory of heritage for further generations. This paper includes some experiences accumulated throughout several topographic projects concerning Christianity during the Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Ages in northern Syria, in Liguria in Italy, and in Provence in France. Geospatial and Geomatics data have been used in these investigations, since 2007, thanks to the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology of Rome, the National Institute for Art History in Paris, Nino Lamboglia Foundation, and Marc de Montalembert Foundation. The Geospatial data highlighted for the first time, after about a century of research, much un- published data about Syrian monasteries. One of our goals was to understand what the exact differences are from all points of view: time, results, and economic costs between Agisoft Photoscan and MicMac. The models of the two applications are well made, but we noticed that the model created by MicMac software is excellent, despite being an open source application. In 2017, due to the positive geomathic results during the last three seasons of our excavations on the site of Capo Don, the first Multimedial Exhibition Space (SEM) of the town Riva Ligure was inaugurated, thanks to Comune of Riva Ligure, and all research team members guided by professor Philippe Pergola. Geomatics is a powerful tool not only for preserving memories, but it is ideal for dissemination heritage on the public levels, exactly like the role of archaeology.

On the origins of the Sakhas' paternal lineages: Reconciliation of population genetic / ancient DNA data, archaeological findings and historical narratives

Sakhas are Turkic-speaking people from Northeastern Siberia, constituting the largest ethnic population in Yakutia. According to popular legends, two heroes who arrived from the Asian Steppe during the late medieval ages, namely Elley Bootur and Omogoy Baay, are the progenitors of all Sakhas. While there is ample historical evidence towards the existence of such legendary characters, archaeological findings and ancient DNA studies provide further insights on actual Sakha ethnogenesis. This study aims to establish the genetic basis of the legendary characters Elley and Omogoy, at least through their paternal lineages, and then to reveal the prevalence of these Y-chromosomes among the contemporary Yakut population. To this end, an attempt was made to delineate fact from fiction with respect to the Sakhas’ paternal lineages through a reconciliation of population genetics data on contemporary and ancient Sakhas, along with archaeological evidence and well-recorded historical narratives. To achieve this, 17-loci Y-chromosomal STR and haplogroup analyses were conducted on a contemporary Sakha who was presumably a direct descendant of Elley’s paternal line. Furthermore, 367 Sakha Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes were compiled from the literature and elsewhere, and searched against the Y-chromosome STR Haplotype Reference Database to find potential matches with non-Sakha populations. Sakhas’ paternal lineages were found to comprise 6 major descent clusters, each corresponding to an ancient clan. The most prevalent haplotype indeed corresponded to that of the contemporary Elley descendant. Furthermore, data presented in the current work suggests a Khitan origin for this paternal line. As shown before, Sakhas’ paternal lineages were found to be very homogenous and exhibit signs of a strong population bottleneck. Reconciled genetic and archaeological data agree well with Sakhas’ historical narratives, whereby, at least from a paternal lineage perspective, only a few individuals may have arrived from Central Asia and had reproductive success that led to the Sakha Y-chromosomal diversity today.

SACRED VERSE OF THE END OF THE XV – MID XVII cc. IN UKRAINIAN PARALITURGICALMUSICAL CULTURE (Mykhailo Hrushevskyi’s reminiscences concerning the study of the genre)

The purpose of the article comprises: a) by means of conducting of musicological-source studies to enter the genre of sacred verse in musical-poetic heritage of Ukrainian late-medieval culture in spite of the fact that it is habitually associated with the Muscovite (Russian) culture of the considered time: b) to analyse the genre as an important religious-artistic source of the Ukrainian baroque time song creativity of the end of the XVI–XVIII centuries. The methodology of research have been used: methods of source study, historical, of music theory, etc. The scientific novelty. In the article, the sacred stich (verse) is stu as a genre of the national sacred song creativity tradition aroused in the late medieval age and contributed to the origin of the Ukrainian baroque sacred song creativity. M. Hrushevkyi’s unjustly forgotten concept of learning the sacred verse in the context of the Ukrainian song cultural and literary creativity was laid down in that approach. By means of a number of examples Yu. Medvedyk proves the topicality of M. Hrushevskyi’s ideas and points out further prospects of the development of the study of the genre of repentance verse. A special attention the author pays to the issue of the study of the motif of “repentance in wilderness” which was very well elaborated by East Slavic song authors of late medieval time. Later these motifs manifested themselves very distinctly in repentance sacred songs of the Baroque epoch. The essence of this culture is sufficiently, well represented in the “Bohohlasnyk” from Pochaiv, which has been recently reprinted in a Slavic studies Austria-Germany publishing house (“Böhlau Verlag”) by Yu. Medvedyk [7]. Conclusions. The state of the present-time textological studies of repentance verses allows contemporary researches to include them not to the old Muscovite (Russian) spiritual heritage. The previously conducted musical-textological investigational distinctly prove it

Crónicas urbanas e historiografía en la Toscana bajomedieval. Urban chronicles and Historiography in medieval Tuscany

Este trabajo propone una aproximación a la historiografía urbana en Toscana durante la Baja Edad Media. Su cronística se interpreta como resultado de dos fenómenos: la consolidación de Florencia como autoridad política hegemónica en la región y como principal foco cultural del humanismo italiano. Cada epígrafe está dedicado a las historias realizadas sobre una ciudad concreta, interpretándose el contexto de su elaboración, la relación existente entre el autor y los hechos narrados, las características literarias de la obra, su contenido, y las posibilidades y límites que ofrecen para el conocimiento histórico. El catálogo de autores y obras incluye una tipología de las mismas en función de la cronología abordada (periodizaciones acotadas, historias universales y sucesos concretos). Asimismo se precisa los métodos y técnicas de elaboración histórica empleados por los cronistas, y sus esfuerzos humanistas en el tratamiento de las fuentes y por conseguir un estilo literario de inspiración clásica.The aim of this article is to offer a closest view of the urban chronicles made in the Toscana during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The analysis is both historiographic and historic in order to achieve a better comprehension of these Works, taking into account the political evolution of the region and the cultural background that defines it. There for it must be kept in mind that during the Late Medieval Ages Florence gradually grows stronger as the govern authority within the region, as well as the main role in the Italian Humanism.Each one of the sections in this article studies one city. The first one studies the case of Florence, followed by the other cities in the Toscana: Arezzo, Pisa, Pistoia, Prat, San Miniato, Sienna (only city that stays away from the Florentine sovereignty, remaining as a republic) and Volterra. In each case it is studied the historic, institutional and cultural reality surrounding the redaction of the chronicles, the relation between the author and the facts he relates, the literary aspect of the chronicles, in addition its content is summarized, and finally the opportunities and boundaries that the chronicles can offer to the historic knowledge is valued.The chronicles are also classified attending to its characterization. A first differentiation appears when focusing into the way the chronicles deal with the information: some offer just statements that contain the news, with no explanatory recounting, in order to achieve objectivity (Annali Fiorentini, Annali Pisani, Annali Arretonirum); other are detailed essay containing the author’s most intimate feelings (Giovanni de Bonis, Baldasarre Boniaiuti, Antonio Ivani da Sarzana); and there are also Works that join together the explanatory narration with the transcription of public documents from the Comune (Giovanni Villani, Leonardo Bruni, Matteo Palmieri). In order to study this last type of chronicles its been followed the methodology by G. Arnaldi and M. Zabbia about the notary-chronicler, his academic education and notarial work, which leads them to act as attestor and to recount History based in reliable documentation.Another classification can be made according to the chronological period in each chronicle. The Universal Histories go back to the city founding during mythological era and ancient times; they have the most original historical conception, offering chronological frameworks, interpretations and purely humanistic styles (Ricordano Malispini, Baldasarre Bonaiuti, Giovanni Villano, Leonardo Bruni, Niccolò Machiavelli). On the other hand, the cronache cittadine focus in a very precise period and, mostly, contemporary to the writing (Bartolomeo di ser Gorello, Raniero Granchi, Gregorio Dati, Paolo di Tommaso Montauri, Domenico Buoninsegni, Sozomeno da Pistoia, Tommaso Fecini, Francesco Guicciardini). Finally, the ricordanze analyse a very specific and exceptional event (Alamanno Acciaioli, Luigi Guicciardini, Simone Peruzzi, Guccio Benvenuti, Antonio Ivani da Sarzana, Bastiano, Francesco Pezzati, Guasparri Spadari); belonging to this last group there are also some rhymed pieces (Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum, Ricordi di Firenze in 1459, Sacco di Prato de Stefano Guizzalotti). Besides all these chronicle types there are some others in the form of diaries and domestic chronicles (Ugolino di Niccolò Martelli, Matteo Castellani, Filippo Rinuccini).Finally the study focus in the methods and techniques used by the chroniclers in the elaboration of History. They make a record of what they see or know through probative testimonies (oral or written), valuing the document as a source for the elaboration of History. Besides the humanistic way in which the chroniclers handle the sources, they also make an effort to achieve a literary style of classic inspiration.

A Comparative Study of Mahaprabhu’s Idea of Bhakti

Bhakti, as a religious movement had its far reaching impact on the political and cultural changes in India. It was a movement as well as a religious reformation which first took place in Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule. There is a mark of resemblance between the Bhakti movement and the movement of American Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism in America was not only a philosophical or literary movement but as F. I. Carpenter has observed "American Transcendentalism was primarily religious rather than philosophical." Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was not only an exponent of this Bhakti Movement but considered to be the incarnation of Lord Sri Krishna. Apart from this there are a number of similarities in the philosophy of lord Chaitanya and the basic Ideas of Transcendentalism. Lord Chaitanya believed that the human souls are in a fallen state and it is only through the “Bhakti Marg” or true devotion that the human soul can achieve God’s grace and end up the “Karma Chakra” or soul’s transmigration. He rather preferred “Bhakti Marg” than “Mukti Marg”.

El arquetipo iconográfico de las jerarquías angélicas en la Baja Andalucía del siglo XVIII

The angelic hyerarchy, structured by Dionisus the Areopagite since 5th century, did not have a wide iconographic development, however it can be seen in works, above all, from Late Medieval Age. In this paper, we dealt with an iconographic coding born in West Andalousia in the first half of 18th century and based on a 1713 engraving included in the Capuchin Fray Feliciano de Sevilla’s Trisagio especial devoto. We analyse five unknown paintings located in churchs in Lebrija, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Sanlucar de Barrameda and Arcos de la Frontera.

The Traversella Mining Site as Piemonte Geosite

The Traversella mining area, nearly 60 km North of Torino, was, together with Brosso, a very important mining district for iron exploitation. The Traversella ore deposit was exploited from late Medieval Age up to the middle XX century. It is a typical skarn deposit at the contact between a dioritic body and preexisting metamorphic host rocks, which represents the only exploited skarn-type mineralization in the Alps. The iron ore mineral, exploited from different orebodies, was primarily magnetite. After the beginning of XX century, the extraction involved also pyrite and chalcopyrite, used mainly for the production of sulfuric acid. The mine, after some interruptions and re-openings, was officially closed in 1971, due to the high exploitation costs and the competition of the foreign iron ore deposits. The present research aims to emphasize the extraordinary importance of this mining site both from a scientific and a historical point of view, by also examining the exploitation and ore processing methods and the amount of production during the last three centuries, and highlighting how these activities contributed to the industrial development of the surrounding area and of the whole Piemonte Region. It aims also at illustrating the sociological and environmental impact of mining activities at regional level, highlighting the importance of the site from a geotouristic point of view, through the cultural exploitation of the mining site remains, the development and upgrade of the already existing mining museum, and the organization of geotouristic itineraries.

Book Review: Adoption and Fosterage Practices in the Late Medieval and Modern Age

Book Review: Adoption and Fosterage Practices in the Late Medieval and Modern Age

Vidutinė tikėtina gyvenimo trukmė tarpukario Lietuvoje

Vidutinė gyvenimo trukmė (VTGT, arba e°x) šiuo metu laikoma vienu iš patikimiausių gerovės rodiklių, naudojamų jos tarptautiniams skirtumams ir pokyčiams per tam tikrą laiką palyginti. Pirmos išsamios mirtingumo lentelės, reikalingos vidutinei tikėtinai gyvenimo trukmei (VTGT) apskaičiuoti, Lietuvoje buvo išleistos (vien „tarnybiniam naudojimui“) tik 1963 m. ir apėmė 1958–1959 m. laikotarpį. Nuo praėjusio amžiaus aštuntojo dešimtmečio išsiplėtė osteologine medžiaga pagrįsti senovės Lietuvos gyventojų paleodemografiniai tyrimai. Šiuo metu apie Lietuvos gyventojų VTGT viduriniajame geležies amžiuje (V–VII a. po Kr.) ir vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais žinome daugiau negu XX amžiuje (iki 1958–1959 m.), nes tėra vienas šio laikotarpio VTGT skaičiavimas, kurį 1966 m. apgintoje disertacijoje pateikė Antanas Merčaitis: 1925–1926 m.visų Lietuvos gyventojų e°0 = 50, 25 metų (vyrų – 48,58; moterų – 51,89). Naudojant kitokį metodą, straipsnyje pateikiami nauji VTGT Lietuvoje 1925 m. ir 1932 m. skaičiavimai (mirtingumo lentelės), rodantys per šį laikotarpį vykusią gerovės pažangą. 1925 m. visų Lietuvos gyventojųe°0 = 48,72 metai (vyrų – 47,12; moterų – 50,27). 1932 m. VTGT padidėjo iki e°0 = 52,07 metų visų gyventojų, 50,43 vyrų ir 53,62 moterų. Straipsnis baigiamas VTGT Lietuvoje ir kitose tarpukario Europos šalyse palyginimu.