Late 20s Research Articles

Resolution of infertility and number of children: 1386 couples followed for a median of 13 years.

How common were children among infertile couples? A total of 61.7% of infertile couples presenting for care subsequently had live born children 13.1 years after first being clinically assessed, with a mean of 1.7 children among those who had at least one. While the prognoses for infertile couples undertaking specific treatments have been well described, less is known about those not undergoing these treatments or the total number of children. This information is necessary for decision-making in many individual cases; not knowing this has been cited by patients and clinicians as impeding implementation of care. The sole provider of specialist fertility care for the two southern-most regions in New Zealand enroled 1386 infertile couples from 1998 to 2005 in a longitudinal study with follow-up on all births until the end of 2014. Couples were followed in care for a median of 1.1 years and median follow-up for births was 13.1 years. Clinic-collected data were linked to national maternity data to extend follow-up past the end of clinical contact. The primary outcome was the total number of live born children. Hurdle regression was used to investigate factors associated with resolving infertility and the total number of children. Infertility was resolved with a live birth by 61.7% (95% CI 59.1-64.2%) of couples; just over half of all first births were treatment-dependent. Among couples who resolved their infertility, 55.6% (52.2-58.9%) had at least one additional child and the mean number of children was 1.7. While female age strongly influenced outcomes, one-third of women aged 40-41 years had a child, not significantly less than those in their late 30s. The lowest levels of resolution occurred in women aged ≥42 years, couples who were infertile for >4 years and women with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2. Moderate obesity did not affect outcomes. The main limitation of this study was insufficient data to investigate male factor infertility outcomes. It is also possible that treatment-dependent resolution could be higher in more recent cohorts with the increased use of ART. Outcomes in these couples are comparable to those seen in other studies in high-income countries despite the relatively low contribution of ART. The prognosis for most infertile couples is positive and suggests many will not require treatment. Further research is needed to inform best practice for women in their early forties or with moderate obesity, and to develop prediction models that are more relevant for the initial management of infertility. This study was co-funded by a University of Otago PhD Scholarship and the Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago. There were no competing interests to declare.

The Curvilinear Relationship between Age and Emotional Aperture: The Moderating Role of Agreeableness.

The capability to correctly recognize collective emotion expressions [i.e., emotional aperture (EA)] is crucial for effective social and work-related interactions. Yet, little remains known about the antecedents of this ability. The present study therefore aims to shed new light onto key aspects that may promote or diminish an individual’s EA. We examine the role of age for this ability in an online sample of 181 participants (with an age range of 18–72 years, located in Germany), and we investigate agreeableness as a key contingency factor. Among individuals with lower agreeableness, on the one hand, our results indicate a curvilinear relationship between age and EA, such that EA remains at a relatively high level until these individuals’ middle adulthood (with a slight increase until their late 30s) and declines afterward. Individuals with higher agreeableness, on the other hand, exhibit relatively high EA irrespective of their age. Together, these findings offer new insights for the emerging literature on EA, illustrating that specific demographic and personality characteristics may jointly shape such collective emotion recognition.

The Determining Factors of Agricultural Income of Returning Farmers in Korea

This study investigates the factors that determine the agricultural income of returning farmers in South Korea. For this purpose, Heckman’s two-step method is applied to the survey data of 192 returning farmers who have settled in rural areas and 251 potential returning farmers. According to the empirical results, farming experiences of returning farmers and participation in agricultural production organizations increased agricultural income. By contrast, neither formal schooling nor motivation for rural migration had a significant effect on the agricultural income of returning farmers. Notably, the age of returning farmers and agricultural income illustrate an inverted-U re-lationship, wherein agricultural income reaches its peak in the late 40s, and subsequently declines. Agricultural income increases as size of land increases. On the contrary, agricultural income is negatively related to the size of off-farm income of returning farmers. These findings suggest that, for higher agricultural income, policies should be directed towards promoting participation of returning farmers in agricultural production organizations, while developing strategies for easing the difficulties associated with expanding the area of cultivated land.

Mental health among former students with special educational needs who are now in their mid‐30s

This article discusses how psychosocial health in adolescence influences adult mental health among former students with special educational needs in Norway. These individuals have been followed prospectively from their teens and into their mid‐30s. The study is inspired by life course perspectives with an emphasis on cumulative processes. The logistic regression analysis reveals that the risk of suffering from adult mental distress is higher among those with psychosocial difficulties in their juvenile years compared with those without such problems. Our results also show that the mental health of subjects who experienced health problems and received social security benefits in their late 20s is negatively affected when they are 33 to 34 years of age. In addition, the risk of poor adult mental health is considerably higher for females than males. Receiving assistance from teaching assistants in the classroom at upper secondary school does not seem to be conducive to subsequent positive mental health.

Longitudinal pathways from unconventional personal attributes in the late 20s to cannabis use prior to sexual intercourse in the late 30s

A quarter of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States are women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic/Latina women continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV, compared with women of other races/ethnicities. Cannabis use prior to intercourse may be associated with increased risky sexual behaviors which are highly related to HIV. The ultimate goal of this research is to better understand the relationships between unconventional personal attributes (e.g., risk-taking behaviors) in the late 20s, substance use (e.g., alcohol) in the mid 30s, and cannabis use prior to intercourse in the late 30s using a community sample; such an understanding may inform interventions. This study employing data from the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study includes 343 female participants (50% African Americans, 50% Puerto Ricans). Structural equation modeling indicated that unconventional personal attributes in the late 20s were associated with substance use in the mid 30s (β=0.32, p<0.001), which in turn, was associated with cannabis use prior to sexual intercourse in the late 30s (β=0.64, p<0.001). Unconventional personal attributes in the late 20s were also directly related to cannabis use prior to sexual intercourse in the late 30s (β=0.39, p<0.01). The findings of this study suggest that interventions focused on decreasing unconventional personal attributes as well as substance use may reduce sexual risk behaviors among urban African American and Puerto Rican women. Also, the implications of this study for health care providers and researchers working in HIV prevention are that these precursors may be useful as patient screening tools.

Fertility preservation for social and oncofertility indications.

The desire to reproduce is a base human instinct. However, for many individuals, the chances of being able to have a genetic child are compromised by a number of factors. For some, therapies aimed at treating serious medical illness, such as cancer; result in a deleterious impact on the function of eggs and sperm in the future thus compromising future fertility. In women, a predictable decrease in egg quality and quantity occurs with advancing maternal age. Therefore, women who choose to delay childbearing until their late 30s or early 40s may experience fertility difficulties that would not have been present earlier in life. Currently, technologies exist that allow individuals to have an "insurance policy" to preserve eggs or sperm prior to being exposed to agents, including time or specific toxic agents to the ovaries or sperm, that may decrease fertility potential. This article attempts to summarize the current state of the art technologies regarding fertility preservation for both social and oncofertility indications.

An early story of Kho Ping Hoo

Kho Ping Hoo (1926-1994) is the most well-known of all Indonesian writers of popular silat stories, largely set in China, which describe the adventures and romances of legendary heroes famed for their skill in martial arts. It is less well-known that he began his career writing critical stories about socio-economic conditions in the late 50s and early 60s. This paper discusses one of these stories. It places the story in the context of political developments of the time, in particular as they affected the Chinese Indonesian community. The paper argues that this story and one or two others like it come at the end of a tradition of Sino-Indonesian literature which had flourished from the end of the nineteenth century until the mid-1950s. After 1960, Chinese-Indonesian writers cease writing realist fiction of any kind and write either silat stories or romantic stories set in middle class urban environments.

How Does Occupational Access for Older Workers Differ by Education?

To assess the employment opportunities of older job-changers in the years prior to retirement, this study examines the how the breadth of occupations in which they find employment narrows as they age past their prime working years and how this differs by gender and educational attainment. The results indicate that workers who change jobs in their early 50s find employment in a reasonably similar set of occupations as prime-age workers, with opportunities narrowing at older ages. They also indicate that job opportunities broadened significantly for better-educated older workers since the late 1990s. While job opportunities now narrow significantly for less-educated men in their late 50s, this narrowing primarily occurs in the early 60s for women and better-educated men. In contrast to previous research, the study finds that employer policies that emphasize hiring from within are less important barriers to the hiring of older job-seekers. The study also finds that the narrowing of job opportunities is associated with a general decline in job quality as measured by median occupational earnings, a decline associated with differences in occupational skill requirements and the underlying economic environment. These results suggest that older hiring is not as limited to a select few occupations as it had been in previous decades, and that policy reforms aimed at increasing opportunities and improving labor market fluidity might best be served if they focused on less-educated men.

Current assessment of risks of anthrax outbreaks in Ukraine

IntroductionAnthrax is an acute especially dangerous infectious disease ofanimals and humans.Bacillus anthracisis a potential bioterrorismtool. In Ukraine, there are favorable natural conditions for the spreadof anthrax. There are 13.5 thousand of constantly anthrax-troubledpoints. Anthrax epidemic situation in Ukraine could be characterizedas unstable. Because of the continuing reform of Ukrainian humanhealth entities, the State Sanitary Epidemiological Service (SSES) haslost its control functions and is remaining in an uncertain state, whichincreases possible risks.MethodsEpidemiological analysis of official data has been performedusing information from the following sources: State SanitaryEpidemiological Service of Ukraine (SSES), State Veterinary andPhytosanitary Service of Ukraine, and analytical materials fromSI UCDCM. Collected papers Distribution and EpidemiologicalCharacteristics of Major Human Infectious Diseases in Ukraine(Kyiv Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology andParasitology, 1976) were also used during the study. Materials werecompiled for the period from 1945 to 2015.ResultsIn the early XX century, more than 10,000 cases of anthrax inhumans were annually registered in tsarist Russia. In 1913, 1,473cases of anthrax in animals were recorded only in Kherson province(currently, Kherson oblast of Ukraine). The morbidity among humansincreased again during the WWII. In the late 40s, massive epizooticanthrax among animals was eliminated and morbidity among peoplesignificantly reduced because of planned government measures,strengthened veterinary, sanitary, and epidemiological surveillance.Since 1950, significant reduction of incidence of human anthrax hasbeen being recorded in Ukraine.Since 1964, certification and mapping of persistent anthrax-troubled points in Ukraine have been being performed.Compulsory vaccination of people against anthrax was cancelledand compulsory vaccination of all livestock was introduced in 1990.The period from 1976 to 1993 is characterized as epidemically safe.Single cases of the disease in human were registered with intensityrates of 0.01 – 0.002 per 100,000 population (excluding 1985).No human cases were registered during the certain years: 1978, 1982,1987, 1988.The epidemic situation complicated during the period 1994-2001. The following outbreaks were registered:Table 1. Total number of disease cases/ including the numberof cases during outbreaks within regionsThe main reason for the complication of the epidemiologicalsituation was weakening of epidemiological and veterinarysurveillance during the economic crisis characterizing this period.Epizootiological outbreaks arose from incomplete anti-anthraxvaccination of agricultural animals and from violation of veterinary-sanitary rules for their keeping as well. More than 80% of humaninfection cases happened resulting compelled cattle slaughtering,while the rest 20% resulted from meat product distribution andconsumption without corresponding sanitary-veterinary expertise.Six human cases of anthrax were registered during 2002-2015.Fig. 1. Dynamics of anthrax cases in humans in Ukraine during1945 – 2015 (absolute numbers)Table 2. Chronology of anthrax epidemiological surveillancemilestones in UkraineConclusionsRelative wellbeing regarding anthrax in Ukraine persists owing tothe implementation of ruled veterinary-sanitary activities and statesanitary epidemiological surveillance in meat- and leather-processingindustries as well as because of active food control.The main risks, which could trigger complication in the currentepidemiological situation with anthrax, are the following:1) Uncertainty in the system of sanitary-epidemiological andveterinary surveillance, which resulted from the reformation of theState Sanitary-Epidemiological and State Veterinary services.2) Existence of favorable conditions for anthrax agent circulation(considerable number of persistent anthrax-troubled points in allregions).3) Economic instability in the country.4) Uncontrolled epidemic situation in the zone of the Anti-terroristoperation (Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts).

A randomized clinical trial of behavioral couples therapy versus individually-based treatment for drug-abusing women.

Behavioral couples therapy (BCT) is more efficacious than individually-based therapy (IBT) for substance and relationship outcomes among substance use disorder patients. This study compared BCT with IBT for drug-abusing women. Sixty-one women, mostly White, late 30s, with primary substance use disorder other than alcohol (74% opioid), and male partners were randomized to 26 sessions over 13 weeks of BCT plus 12-step-oriented IBT (i.e., BCT + IBT) or IBT. Substance-related outcomes were percentage days abstinent (PDA), percentage days drug use (PDDU), Inventory of Drug Use Consequences. Relationship outcomes were Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), days separated. Data were collected at baseline, posttreatment, and quarterly for 1-year follow-up. On PDA, PDDU, and substance-related problems, both BCT + IBT and IBT patients showed significant (p < .01) large effect size improvements throughout 1-year follow-up (d > .8 for most time periods). BCT + IBT showed a significant (p < .001) large effect size (d = -.85) advantage versus IBT on fewer substance-related problems, while BCT + IBT and IBT did not differ on PDA or PDDU (ps > .47). On relationship outcomes, compared to IBT, BCT + IBT had significantly higher male-reported Dyadic Adjustment Scale (p < .001, d = .57) and fewer days separated (p = .01, d = -.47) throughout 1-year follow-up. BCT + IBT for drug-abusing women was more efficacious than IBT in improving relationship satisfaction and preventing relationship breakup. On substance use and substance-related problems, women receiving both treatments substantially improved, and women receiving BCT + IBT had fewer substance-related problems than IBT. (PsycINFO Database Record

Between a rock and a hard place: The reasons why women delay childbearing

The increasing trend for women to delay childbearing is often met with harsh criticism and judgment, based on the assumption that women are prioritizing their careers over having children. An on-line survey of 500 currently childless Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 38 (M = 28) assessed participants’ childbearing intentions and beliefs, and the factors they felt were most important in the timing of childbearing. Although the respondents felt women should ideally have their first child in their late 20s, most expected that they would begin their families in their 30s. The ability to financially support a child was the most strongly endorsed factor in the timing of childbearing, followed by good health, being with a partner who would be an involved and loving parent, and having a proper home in which to raise a child. These findings highlight the values and beliefs that were most salient in participants’ decisions about the timing of childbearing.

The role of maternal age in twin pregnancy outcomes

There are limited data on how maternal age is related to twin pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between maternal age and risk for preterm birth, fetal death, and neonatal death in the setting of twin pregnancy. This population-based study of US birth, fetal death, and period-linked birth-infant death files from 2007-2013 evaluated neonatal outcomes for twin pregnancies. Maternal age was categorized as 15-17, 18-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 years of age. Twin live births and fetal death delivered at 20-42 weeks were included. Primary outcomes included preterm birth (<34 weeks and <37 weeks), fetal death, and neonatal death at <28 days of life. Analyses of preterm birth at <34 and <37 weeks were adjusted for demographic and medical factors, with maternal age modeled with the use of restricted spline transformations. A total of 955,882 twin live births from 2007-2013 were included in the analysis. Preterm birth rates at <34 and <37 weeks gestation were highest for women 15-17 years of age, decreased across subsequent maternal age categories, nadired for women 35-39 years old, and then increased slightly for women ≥40 years old. Risk for fetal death generally decreased across maternal age categories. Risk for fetal death was 39.9 per 1000 live births for women 15-17 years old, 24.2 for women 18-24 years old, 17.8 for women 25-29 years old, 16.4 for women 30-34 years old, 17.2 forwomen 35-39 years old, and 15.8 for women ≥40 years old. Risk forneonatal death at <28 days was highest for neonates born to women 15-17 years old (10.0 per 1,000 live births), decreased to 7.3 for women 18-24 years old and 5.5 for women 25-29 years old and ranged from 4.3-4.6 for all subsequent maternal age categories. In adjusted models, risk for preterm birth at <34-<37 weeks gestation was not elevated for women in their mid-to-late 30s; however, risk was elevated for women <20 years old and increased progressively with age for women in their 40s. Although twin pregnancy is associated with increased risk for most adverse perinatal outcomes, this analysis did not find advanced maternal age to be an additional risk factor for fetal death and infant death. Preterm birth risk was relatively low for women in their late 30s. Risks for adverse outcomes were higher among younger women; further research is indicated to improve outcomes for this demographic group. It may be reasonable to counsel women in their 30s that their age is not a major additional risk factor for adverse obstetric outcomes in the setting of twin pregnancy.

Are You Still Bringing Me Down?: Romantic Involvement and Depressive Symptoms from Adolescence to Young Adulthood.

Romantic involvement and mental health are dynamically linked, but this interplay can vary across the life course in ways that speak to the social and psychological underpinnings of healthy development. To explore this variation, this study examined how romantic involvement was associated with trajectories of depressive symptomatology across the transition between adolescence and young adulthood. Growth mixture modeling of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health identified trajectories of depressive symptomatology as teens grew into their late 20s and early 30s ( N = 8,712). Multinomial logistic techniques regressed these trajectories on adolescent and young adult romantic experiences. Adolescent dating was associated with increased depressive symptoms early on, particularly for girls, but this risk faded over time. For both boys and girls, trajectories of decreasing symptoms were associated with young adult unions but also the coupling of adolescent dating with young adult singlehood.

Theatrical Reception and the Formation of Twenty-first-Century Perception: A Case Study for the iGeneration

Theatrical Reception and the Formation of Twenty-first-Century Perception: A Case Study for the iGeneration William W. Lewis (bio) and Sarah Johnson (bio) “As we connect with each other, with objects, and with data across material and digital landscapes, these hybrid spaces are transforming the ways we conceive of embodied space. The stakes related to the ways we conceive of embodied space are significant, including the ways we imagine identity, community, and cultural objects we create, including art, games, performance and narrative.” —Jason Farman (Mobile Interface Theory 15) In 2012 Will Lewis attended a conference roundtable on new media and theatre promoted as “multidisciplinary.” Unexpectedly, the panelist’s discussion quickly devolved into palpable fear of theatre departments’ dissolution due to the “encroachment” of interdisciplinarity with film and media studies departments. The fear in the room was alarming. However, during the question-and-answer session, one attendee resisted the narrative of anxiety by reframing the conversation. He offered an anecdote illustrating a new way of approaching the future. The story encouraged a novel outlook on the inclusion of digital media in theatre, one where theatre practitioners, critics, and educators are willing to adapt to the pervasive nature of mobile and social technology. He asked the room to make a gesture for how they would make something bigger. Nearly every person in the room, a majority of whom appeared to be in their late 40s or older, raised their hands and widened their reach outward by roughly four feet. Continuing, he then explained how his 3-year-old niece responded when asked the same question: “She raised one hand slightly in a pinched gesture and moved her thumb and forefinger outward about two inches.” This child represents the emergence of a future generation of performance spectators. Her generation perceives the world not from the same practical, tangible, “real” (actual/material) world of those born before the mid-1990s. Previous generations first experienced the world removed from the digital and the virtual; they were instead inscripted via a culture based in the live and actual that was perceived through the screens of their own eyes without constant digital remediation. The generation coming of age today was raised in digital cultures whose primary media source is the internet, delivered via multiple pervasive interfaces. For them, perception and thought process are forever altered by a chipping away at the “capacity for concentration and contemplation” (Carr 6). As coauthors, we belong to two different generations: one resides at the end of Generation X, and the other is firmly in Generation Y.1 One’s proximity to the next generation forces him to live in a tenuous cultural temporality, looking forward though also anxiously holding back, and the other is deeply rooted in her cultural paradigm. The gap between our individual ways of perceiving the world has proven fruitful in our ongoing collaborative investigation into performance and its relationship with different cultural expectations. Working together forces us to contemplate how each generation approaches the world differently and allows us to look forward so that we can adapt to new worldviews. As scholar-artists interested in cultural divides, we are attempting through this essay to explain how current trends toward digital culture affect the potential future of theatre. Our [End Page 123] primary mode of inquiry is to consider how social networking has become a pervasive presence in today’s hyper-connected, hyper-aware, and hyper-real worldview. We hope that our writing will urge other artists and scholars to contemplate how the pervasiveness of social connections made digitally are affecting the ways in which all theatrical performance is received and produced. This essay explores both the effect and affect of mobile digital technology on the understanding of the self (extrapolated out to the audience) in the age of digital social media. To do so, we begin from an understanding of media “both as technologies including infrastructures and as processes of sense-making” (Couldry and Hepp 5) that form the social reality of the current world.2 In the late 1990s Nicolas Bourriaud presciently foretold the current era of sociability through the digital as a coming fundamental shift in the ways of operating in the world, warning...

Ageing of Bone Structure and the Risk of Osteoporosis in the Menopausal Transition

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to study the relationship between menopausal status and bone structure during the menopausal transition.Methods: A random sample of 1932 Hungarian women was enrolled in the study. Bone mass was estimated by the Drinkwater-Ross method. Bone structure parameters were assessed by a quantitative ultrasound (QUS) device. High and very high risk of osteoporosis was identified by using the thresholds of QUS parameters.Results: By considering the changes in QUS parameters and bone mass by age and reproductive age an intensive, menopause-related change from the late 40s and then another significant change from the beginning of the 70s were observed in bone. The bone mass decreased while the porosity of the bone component of the female body decreased by age and by menopausal status. On average 15- 7% of women are at very high risk of developing osteoporosis in the premenopausal status and after the menopausal transition the decreased level of female sex hormone production doubles this risk of osteoporosis from the beginning of the postreproductive period, triples this risk for women in the seventies.Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of menopausal status assessment in screening for age-related increase risk of osteoporosis.

An Empirical Study of the Chinese Marriage Market: “Leftover” or Not?

Using census data from 1990 to 2010, this paper describes the trend of the Chinese marriage market focusing on “leftover men” and “leftover women”. In general, it was identified that there was an increasing share of being single for young and more educated population. The share of single population for less educated men after age 35 was higher than other age groups across the years, providing consistent evidence for leftover men. Meanwhile, more educated women showed no clear difference in marriage rate than others in their late 30s. This study further found that increasing comparative supply of men and more educated women due to demographic change and education reform explains the phenomena observed. In addition, women who get married later were found to have husbands showing disadvantages in age and education level, while men displayed no similar pattern, suggesting that Chinese women might lower their selecting standard as their age increases.

The Relationship Between Secondary School Physical Education and Postsecondary Physical Activity

Only a small percentage of Canadian adults attain the physical (PA) recommendations of 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous (Colley et al., 2011a). Activity levels are equally poor for Canadian youth (Colley et al., 2011b) and youth other countries (e.g., Hallal et al., 2012). Physical education (PE) is one way which PA may be enhanced for youth (e.g., Sallis & McKenzie, 1991; Sallis et al., 2012). Discussions pertaining to the effects of PE have extended from the immediate benefit for students to the longer term adult implications, specifically the notion of lifelong participation (e.g., Kirk, 2005; Penney & Jess, 2004; Sallis & McKenzie, 1991; Sallis et al., 2012). In considering the goal of . . a lifetime of physical activity, Sallis et al. (2012) suggested that goal . . . is difficult to evaluate and has to support its validity (Trudeau, Laurencelle, Tremblay, Rajic, & Shephard, 1999) (p. 126).The limited evidence used by Sallis et al. (2012) is the well-known Trois-Rivieres study, which showed that only women who had PE for 5 hr/week during elementary were more physically as adults versus a control group (Trudeau, Laurencelle, Tremblay, Rajic, 6 Shephard, 1999). Additional linking PE specifically to adult PA can be garnered from research with emerging adults. Arnett (2000, 2005, 2006, 2007) proposed the term emerging adulthood to describe the period of life that postsecondary students developed countries experience. This life stage falls between adolescence and adulthood and ends when individuals begin to take on adult roles such as marriage, parenthood, or a stable career (Arnett, 2000). For PA levels across the life span, Telama's (2009) review offers for PA tracking.During transition times, such as entry into postsecondary education, PA levels are affected (Allender, Hutchinson, & Foster, 2008; Kimball, Jenkins, & Wallhead, 2009). In a sample of first year university students, Bray and Born (2004) assessed the level of vigorous PA from the end of compared to the beginning of university. They found that students could be classified as continuously active from to university (33.1%), continuously insufficiently active (22.8%) during this time, with the remaining either increasing or decreasing from the end of to the start of university (p. 184). Butler, Black, Blue, and Gretebeck (2004) followed a group of freshman female students from their entry into college until 5 months later and found that total PA, work activities, and sport activities decreased.In addition to observing reductions certain types of PA from the mid-teens until the late 20s, Zick, Smith, Brown, Fan, and Kowaleski-Jones (2007) identified being in school as a factor affecting levels (differently) for males and females, although the interaction with age was not reported (thus not indicating if meant secondary or postsecondary schooling). More recently, Kwan, Cairney, Faulkner, and Pullenayegum (2012) followed a nationally representative sample of Canadian adolescents for 12 years (starting from ages 12 to 15) and observed a decline PA during that period. Distinguishing the sample by gender and whether participants had undertaken postsecondary education, they found that the decrease PA was most noticeable for men entering postsecondary education (Kwan et al., 2012).Sallis and McKenzie cited from the mid-1980s and identified declines as an issue 1991, following with a suggestion that high and college physical educators may have the best opportunity to prepare students to maintain patterns of regular physical activity (p. 134). In addition, researchers have examined the link between secondary PE and PA levels among postsecondary students. When Texas college students were surveyed, those who had not taken PE (compared to those who did) were more as college students (Everhart et al. …

Bandyworks (a): Founding a New Business (Guided by the Past)

Now in his mid-40s, Tom Bandy was not a novice entrepreneur. He was a veteran of the IT revolution two decades earlier. He had started a company after college that successfully exploited a market niche in database management. But by his late 30s, he had lost the business. Now he was ready to launch a new one. And guided by experience, he had some thoughts about how to finance it. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0173 Rev. Apr. 22, 2019 BandyWorks (A): Financing a New Business (Guided by the Past) Introduction In the cold drizzle of a gray February day, Tom Bandy stood shivering under an umbrella on a sidewalk in downtown Petersburg, Virginia, staring at the front of a 160-year-old house. Up and down the street, there was little evidence of life. Two or three commercial buildings stood in various states of disrepair, including a century-old business that had seen the best and worst times in the city's history. An empty gravel parking lot reflected the reality of Petersburg's urban economy. Located on the Appomattox River a half-hour's drive south of Richmond, Petersburg had once been a crossroads for commercial transportation and a business hub in the state. By the early 21st century, however, it was a town rich in history and architectural charm, but poor in economic activity. For years, Petersburg, like many small cities with an “old economy” built on an eroding industrial foundation, had experienced a mass population migration to the suburbs and retail flight to the outlying malls. Along with the business exodus had been the exit of jobs. The downtown district had been particularly hard-hit. What remained was a wealth of historic buildings awaiting a renaissance. . . .

Sibling Gender Composition and Women's Wages

We examine the impact of sibling gender composition on women's adult earnings. Using data from Add Health, we find that women with any brothers earn roughly 10 percent less than women with no brothers in their late 20s and early 30s. This effect is primarily due to lower earnings within broadly defined education and occupation groups. We then explore mechanisms that may explain this result. We do not find strong evidence that differences in parental investment, cognitive ability, self-reported personality traits, or parental expectations drive our results. However, we find that more family-centered behavior (including family responsibilities, being in a committed relationship, and intention to have children) among those with brothers partially explains the result. We then confirm our results with data from the NLSY-CYA.

Un Distinto Amanecer (Julio Bracho 1943) para la nación mexicana

The Mexican film Another Dawn (1943) contributed to strengthening the early prestige of its filmmaker, Julio Bracho. After its premiere, in November 1943, the important entertainment magazine Cinema Reporter stated: By many outstanding movie critics this is considered the best cinema picture screened thus far (Godoy 28). However, the press of the time refrained from mentioning that the film openly criticized the corrupt governors. Instead, it expressed its hope in the power of the guilds, the relevance of education and the implications of the expropriation of the railway network, which had been the cornerstones of President Lazaro Cardenas's (1936-40) policy. This article proposes that Another Dawn can be read as an adherence to the achievements of former president Cardenas and a warning about the actions of Manuel Avila Camacho (1940-46), who not only stopped supporting any revolutionary action of socialist nuances but prevented them directly. My analysis of the film starts by taking a look at the Mexican sociopolitical context in the late 30s and the early years of the next decade; after that, it links Max Aub's original text with Bracho's film adaptation. Finally, this article analyzes some union and social issues that were of Bracho's personal interest and are part of the main meaning of his film.