Late 19th Century Research Articles

한국서예사에서 왕희지 집자비의 출현과 전개

This paper is to look into the appearance and development of the stele written in the characters of Wang Xizhi(王羲之 集字碑, Wang Xizhi jipjabi), the famous calligrapher of the Eastern Jin in China. I compared the characters of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla(統一新羅) and Goryeo(高麗) dynasties in Korea with those of the T’ang(唐) dynasty in China. As a result, I found out the characteristics of the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korean through the similarity and difference.
 Wang Xizhi jipjabi was first built in the late 7th century in T’ang dynasty. To that effect, it was first built in the 8th century in the Unified Silla dynasty. The first of the Unified Silla is Hwangboksa Stele(皇福寺碑), the second Mujangsa Stele(鍪藏寺碑) built in 801, the last Sarimsa Stele(沙林寺碑) built in 886. Of the three, the last is the only one identified by the writing of the stele. Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo in existence is Ingaksa Stele(麟角寺碑) built in 1295.
 In China, most emperors since Taizong(太宗) were fond of Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy. Accordingly, Wang Xizhi jipjabi was mostly built by the imperial order, and collecting characters was mainly performed by the Buddhist monk. The typical ones are Jizi Shengjiaoxu(集字聖敎序) in the reign of Gaojong(高宗), Xingfusi Stele(興福寺碑) in the period of Xuanjong(玄宗), and Diamond Sutra(金剛經) in the time of Wenjong(文宗). Following the tradition of China, in Korea, monk collected Wang’s characters by the king’s order as well.
 The characters of Hwangboksa Stele of the Unified Silla resemble those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu of T’ang. The characters and description form of the head sentence of Mujangsa Stele are similar to those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu, so Mujangsa Stele can be considered as Wang Xizhi jipjabi. There is a strong possibility that a monk collected the characters of Mujangsa Stele like Jizi Shengjiaoxu and Xingfusi Stele. Especially, he would be the monk of Hwangryongsa(皇龍寺) because the character ‘皇龍寺’ was engraved on the end of the first line. The name of compiler Kim Yukjin(金陸珍) is written above ‘皇龍寺’.
 In general, the first the name of compiler and next that of writer were recorded in the sentence on the stele. As Wen Fanggang(翁方綱) of Qing(淸) mentioned in the record of Kim Jeonghi on the left side of Mujangsa Stele, the three strokes on the upper part of the character ‘崇’ on the stele is identical to those of Lantingxu(蘭亭序) Wang wrote in 353. It is one of the evidences that Mujangsa Stele is Wang Xizhi jipjabi.
 And the point that the space between character is regular although only vertical lines were drawn, that the writing includes the bush stroke of the regular script, and that the characters carry personal characteristics rather resemble to those of Ingaksa Stele of Goryeo. Therefore, it is highly possible that monk Jukje(竹虛) who collected Wang’s characters for the writing of Ingaksa Stele copied the writing of Mujangsa Stele.
 The form of characters is similar to that of T’ang stelae because Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korea is based on those of China. But the the style of writing is different each other. The writings of T’ang are flowing due to the brush strokes of the running script, but those of the Unified Silla and Goryeo is stiff due to those of the regular script. In addition, a few characteristic characters on the stelae of the Unified Silla and Goryeo resemble each other. It means that monk Jukhe would see the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla, following those of T’ang. Therefore, it can be said that Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla influenced on that of Goryeo.
 Meanwhile, the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo influenced by the Unified Silla is better than that of the Unified Silla that influenced on Goryeo. The reason is that the running and grass scripts were prevalent in the Goryeo society due to

Gender Socialization of the Child in the Ukrainians’ Traditional Culture (Late 19th – Mid-20th Century)

The article is dedicated to one of the important aspects of Ukrainian traditional culture, namely the gender-role education of a child, his or her gender socialization. The relevance of the topic is specified with the high interest in the peculiarities of Ukrainian folk culture, its evolution and transformation, the need to understand the determining factors of the existence of Ukrainians of previous generations, a wide range of issues related to the social influence on the human personality in the past and present. A person’s adoption of a social role, acquisition of certain psychological traits, determined by society depending on gender, is a process of gender socialization. In traditional society, in particular Ukrainian one, this process has taken place through upbringing, using ritual and magical actions, designing a successful life scenario for the child. At the same time, ritualism is combined with practices related to the child’s appearance. The processes of gender-role socialization are reflected vividly in the ethnographic material of the late 19th and mid-20th centuries concerning maternity rites, norms related to the child’s appearance and initiation practices. Children’s clothing culture has largely reflected and consolidated the established norms of upbringing, social role. The change of the child’s status has been taking place with his or her maturity, especially with the attraction to economic activities. The social division of labour into women’s and men’s has been reflected both in the rites related to new-born children, through the use of appropriate attributes, and in attraction to corresponding work. Clear observance of symbolic rites has been combined with less regulated standards of appearance, those haven’t reflected a clear gender difference of children in certain periods of life. The process of raising a child in Ukrainian traditional culture implies the modelling of clearly regulated roles of adults, the symbolic consolidation of gender and the designing of a successful social role in the future.

Образ кримськотатарських жінок у подорожніх записках російських і європейських мандрівників кінця XVIII–ХІХ ст.

Образ кримськотатарських жінок у подорожніх записках російських і європейських мандрівників кінця XVIII–ХІХ ст.

Professional Education for Social Work in Britain: An Historical Account (A Book Review)

This article is a review of Marjorie J. Smith's book, Professional Education for Social Work in Britain: An Historical Account, 2022. We present a comprehensive historical expression of the evolution of vocational education for social workers in the United Kingdom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The focus was on the initial training methods in social workers institutions, the transition to formal training schemes, the establishment and challenges of the School of Sociology, as well as the merger with the London School of Economics (LSE). This paper explores the ongoing tension between academic education and practical professional training in social work. As a valuable resource, this paper outlines the philosophical foundations, pedagogical approaches, and institutional challenges that shape social worker training. Through historical exhibitions, committee reports, and practical work reports, this paper provides a rich narrative that emphasises the importance of comprehensive education that integrates theoretical knowledge with practical skills. The review assesses the content, structure, and contribution of this book to the field of social worker education, exploring the target audience, advantages, and potential constraints as well as their relevance in contemporary discussions on training and preparation of social workers. In conclusion, the merger of the School of Sociology with the London School of Economics is not only a strategic step to maintain the quality and coverage of social worker education but also depicts further reflection on narratives that integrate social thinking and action into a more sustainable institutional framework.

Intermediary Translations of Children’s Literature in Armenian Periodicals of the 19th Century

This article is dedicated to the study of intermediary translations of children’s literature into Eastern Armenian in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Juvenile Periodicals such as Aghbyur and Hasker were prominent publications during the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and featured a wide range of literary works, including translations of foreign literature. This study is focused on the translations of English literature, however, other languages are also considered. These periodicals, along with others, were important sources of literature and education for Armenian children. They contributed to the development of Armenian children’s literature, fostered a love for reading, and played a vital role in preserving Armenian cultural identity. Additionally, Armenian authors and educators adapted and retold European children’s stories to make them more accessible and relatable to Armenian audiences. This practice allowed for the cultural exchange of ideas and the incorporation of foreign literature into the Armenian literary landscape.

Early 20th century historical buildings with closed yard spaces in the city of Tambov

The emergence and evolution of closed courtyards, a new element of the urban planning structure in the late 19th-early 20th century, is described based on a study of three historical buildings with enclosed courtyard spaces located in the city of Tambov.

Precipitation Variations in the Central Qilian Mountains since the 7th Century and Regional Differences: Evidence from Tree-Ring Data

The Qilian Mountains, located in northwest China and serving as a crucial water recharge area, have exhibited significant regional differences in precipitation patterns in recent decades. However, the limited temporal coverage of instrumental data has hindered a deep understanding of hydroclimate variations and regional differences. Further investigation into their long-term spatial and temporal precipitation characteristics is urgently needed. In this study, a new tree-ring-width chronology spanning 1743 years was established in the central Qilian Mountains using Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) samples. Significant correlations were found between the tree-ring indices and precipitation during both the growing and pre-growing seasons. Based on these correlations, annual precipitation from August of the previous year to July of the current year was reconstructed. The reconstruction model successfully explains 34.5% of the variation in precipitation during the calibration period. The analysis of the reconstructed series reveals notable interannual to multi-decadal dry–wet variability during the period from 614 AD to 2016 AD. The mid- to late-15th century emerges as the longest-lasting dry period, while the last decade stands out as the wettest. Comparative analysis with other precipitation reconstructions in the eastern and western Qilian Mountains reveals that regional drought events tend to be more pronounced and enduring. Low-frequency fluctuations on decadal to century scales show distinct wet and dry periods in the 12th–18th centuries in both the eastern and western parts of the Qilian Mountains, with weaker fluctuations in subsequent centuries. However, the central part of the Qilian Mountains exhibits opposite trends, possibly due to the complex interactions of multiple circulation systems.

Mihály Munkácsy’s Blind Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughters: Contemporary Views

At the pick of his career, Mihály Munkácsy (1844–1900) was seen in the first rank of living artists. Many of his works were acquired by American collectors, including Blind Milton Dictating “Paradise Lost” to His Daughters. This large work had been displayed in many European cities before it arrived in New York City to be permanently displayed at the Lenox Library, the predecessor of the New York Public Library. The article discusses the marketing and the reception of the painting in the late 19th century.

“Death or conversion”: From welfare to famine in the Jewish quarter of Lleida, Spain (12th–14th century)

AbstractThe urban planning work carried out in the old seminary district of Lleida, over an area of more than 6,000 m2, uncovered important remains of the old Cuirassa quarter. This quarter was inhabited by the Jewish aljama between the 12th century and the end of the 15th century CE. Archeological excavations have documented streets, squares, and private spaces corresponding to several houses, one of which was destroyed by the Christian assault and fire of the Jewish quarter on 13 August 1391. The study of the important archeozoological assemblages from this area has made it possible to characterize, for the first time, the dietary practices of the Jewish communities in different periods of occupation of this neighborhood. In addition, the consumption of certain non‐kosher species in the late 14th century assemblages could be related with a situation of crisis or famine (which could correspond to the period after the attack of 1391), providing relevant data on the status and situation of the Jewish community in the city at that time. The results are consistent with the context defined by the historical sources, which describe an important period of decline after the attack.

МЕХМЕТ АКИФ ЕРСОЙ МЕН АБАЙ ҚҰНАНБАЕВТЫҢ ӨЛЕҢДЕРІНЕ САЛЫСТЫРМАЛЫ КӨЗҚАРАС

Türkiye and Kazakhstan have entered the modernization process since the late 19th century. Accordingly, in both regions, writers and poets reflected the need for reform in their works, and literary works focused on social problems. Abay Kunanbayev and Mehmet Akif exhibited a similar attitude in terms of including social criticism and emphasizing the need for innovation. The fact that both artists criticize unfair rulers, laziness and ignorance, and emphasize the women's issue is an indication of this attitude. In this article, the poems of Abay Kunanbayev and Mehmet Akif will be discussed comparatively.

Comprehensive design of the 3D printing process for architectural models. A case study: the medieval walled enclosure of Priego De Cordoba (E1:200)

AbstractNowadays, an object can be viewed both physically and virtually. In both cases, the visualization process consists in a continuous variation of the observer’s perspective. When looking at objects, visual interactivity is achieved by the tandem formed by human vision and the position of the observer. 3D technology allows the viewer to delve into this aspect: starting from a virtual reconstruction. It is possible to go from the virtual 3D reconstruction of a model shown on a display to a real element materialized by means of a scale model or prototype. The innovation of this research lies in the development of an efficient method for printing 3D models, with a specific emphasis on material and time savings. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional physical model of the walled enclosure of the city of Priego de Córdoba in the Middle Ages, at its time of greatest historical development, i.e., in the late 15th century. To this end, 3D printing technology was applied, which is an innovative method for the realization of architectural scale models. The performance of 3D printers, with different printing formats, was evaluated in terms of efficiency and quality of the architectural scale models. Our theoretical assumption showed that material saving is determined by the orography slopes of the model. Obtaining slopes with values in the range of 1–5%, a large format printer is the most suitable option; in the range of 5–15%, the medium format printer is recommended; and, for a slope greater than 15%, the small format printer should be used.

The Bezbaroa Household of Colonial Calcutta: Microcosm of Changing Family Dynamics

Against the backdrop of colonial India, this study examines the Bezbaroa family, specifically focusing on the marriage of Lakshminath Bezbaroa, a prominent Assamese writer, to Prajnasundari Devi of the renowned Tagore family of Bengal. Their seemingly disparate backgrounds offer a unique vantage point to explore the complex interplay between tradition and modernity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Delving into aspects like gender roles, domesticity, education, personal choice, and individual expression, the paper aims to illuminate a broader understanding of how the public–private divide might have been reshaped within the context of a colonially influenced Indian society.

Racial Ideologies and Imperial Discourses: A New Historicist Reading of Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden”

Set against the backdrop of the 19th-century apex of European colonial expansion and formation of New Imperialism, Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden", composed in 1899, emerges as a cultural artefact reflecting and actively participating in the racial and imperialistic discourses prevalent during this epoch. Generally criticized for perpetuating a one-sided narrative, the poem ignores the violence, exploitation, and cultural disruption wrought by colonial powers and presents an idealized vision of the colonizers' mission without acknowledging the harsh realities faced by the colonized. The present article offers a comprehensive New Historicist examination of Kipling's iconic poem by contextualizing it within the racial and exceptionalist socio-political and pseudoscientific milieu of the late 19th century United Kingdom and the complex web of imperial ideologies prevalent in the Victorian era. By engaging critically with Kipling's poem, this study aims to give insights into the intersections between literature, power, and historical context and offer a nuanced understanding of the legacies of imperialistic ideologies and their implications for our present-day understanding of empire and race.

Price Model for Transit-Oriented Developments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract The idea of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) was to foster urban development around railway networks and has been strategically built and applied since the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Previous studies reported positive, negative, or irrelevant impact of TOD on prices of surrounding real estate. The study aims to evaluate the impact of TOD on property prices in Kuala Lumpur. It utilizes secondary data obtained from the National Property Information Centre (NAPIC), Malaysia, after data cleaning, Nine Thousand Five Hundred and Forty-Nine (9549) Housing Transactions between the periods 2009 and 2018 were used. The research design was quantitative, and the Hedonic Price Model (log-log model) was used for data analysis. The model revealed a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.891 and an adjusted R2 value of 0.794, indicating that 79.4% of the house price variation is explained by the model. The F value of 996.921, which is statistically significant, indicates that the predictors significantly combine to predict the price of TOD areas in Kuala Lumpur. The coefficient for LnTrainsta is 0.056, indicating that there was a positive relationship between residential house prices and TOD in Kuala Lumpur; this explains that house prices increase by 5.6% for every 100 meter closer to the rail transit station.

The first press release about the meetings of football teams in Mykolaіv

Local periodicals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were studied. and local history literature from the funds of the State Archive of the Mykolaiv Region, the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadskyi, the Odesa National Scientific Library, and the Mykolaiv Regional Universal Scientific Library to find out the history of the beginning of the game of football in Mykolaiv. In the shipbuilding city of Mykolaiv, which was previously closed to foreigners, where the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Empire was located, the possibility of commercial ships entering began in 1862, when the Commercial Port was opened with permission for the entry of foreign ships to visit and stay in the city of foreigners. Mykolaiv became one of the important ports for grain trade, where many foreign representative offices and banks were opened, commercial shipbuilding began to develop, and the cultural life of the city intensified. According to later local studies, it was established that, based on the memories of contemporaries, the first football meetings in Mykolaiv were started at the end of the 19th century. foreign sailors of merchant ships. Having adopted football traditions from foreigners, in 1901–1902 the teams of the city gymnasium and real school played football, and from 1906, the teams of the mechanical and technical school. At this time, street and district city football teams are created. Despite the fact that the first friendly meetings of football teams took place at the end of the 19th century, reports about the matches appeared in the local press only at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1908, Charles Bate, an employee of the bread office, organized the "Zebra" team, which played with foreigners and teams from educational institutions and sports clubs both in Mykolaiv and Odesa. Football matches took place on adapted sites, first near the Commercial Port, and later in different areas of the city. The referees of the matches were elected collegially from representatives of both opposing teams. Football matches were played according to English rules. The game of football at the time of its coverage in the local press was popular among the townspeople, especially among the youth of educational institutions, intelligentsia, and port workers. Newspaper articles cite examples of the presence of a significant number of spectators and fans, in connection with which the police had to be called in to maintain order. Local periodicals published not only announcements about scheduled meetings of football teams, notes with analysis of matches and their results, but also training schedules and sportsmen's runs around the city. Press publications announcing scheduled meetings, emotions from matches, the opportunity to observe and participate in joint training with popular athletes in the city contributed to the spread of football in the city. Most often, notes about football matches were printed by the "Nikolaevskaya newspaper", popular among the townspeople, with which a sports journalist probably cooperated, who did not indicate his surname or sign his authorship with the cryptonym Z-a.

Relations between Siberian and Kazakh Khanates in 15th-16th Centuries

This study explores the stages of interaction in the 15th-16th centuries between two Turkic post-Golden Horde states: the Siberian Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate. The role of the Kazakh factor in the ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars is examined. Primary sources such as chronicles, charters, treaties, and other published documents are utilized for analysis. It is demonstrated that the common tribal composition of these states is linked to the maintenance of close relations between their polities and institutional mechanisms inherited from the previous Golden Horde period. However, the formation of political entities (the Kazakh and Siberian Khanates) in the mid to late 15th century initiated processes leading to the emergence of distinct ethnic communities (Kazakhs and Siberian Tatars) within these states. The traditional belief in historical literature that Kuchum was a ‘Kazakh prince’ is challenged. The author disputes the position of Kazakh colleagues regarding the significant role of the ‘Kazakh’ factor, including Sultan Urus-Muhammad, in the later period of the Siberian Khanate. The nature of Siberian-Kazakh relations in the 16th century was influenced not only by the interests of the khanates’ rulers but also by external challenges posed by the emergence of new powerful political centers and leaders. The research's relevance stems from the limited exploration of the topic and conflicting approaches to the history of the formation of the Siberian Khanate and the ethnic community of Siberian Tatars in modern historiography.

The evolutionary path of place making: From late twentieth century to post-pandemic cities

Since its emergence in the latter half of the 20th century, the concept of place making has undergone substantial evolution. To fully comprehend how this concept has transformed and encountered diverse trajectories, it is beneficial to examine its evolutionary path over time. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a thorough review of the literature surrounding the expanding matrix of place making through a combination of bibliometric analysis and selective review. The paper seeks to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of nine interrelated paradigms of place making as a subfield of urban planning and design. These are, namely, late 20th century place making, sustainable place making, digital place making, democratic place making, creative place making, strategic place making, healthy place making, resilient place making, and post-pandemic place making. Results reveal that there has been a transition toward community-based participation and a stronger emphasis on social and environmental elements. Also, there has been a shift from emphasizing functional spaces to promoting community building, social connectivity, healthy, and resilient environments via long-term strategies as well as the deployment of smart city and digital technologies.

Bardiches in the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve Collection

Purpose. This article presents the analysis of two bardiches stored in the weapon collection of the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve.Results. Further study of bardiches should be based on a complete accounting and classification of such weapons stored, primarily, in museums. Bardiches in the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve collection belong to two different types, which are most common both in Western Siberia and in the Moscow state in 17th century. A characteristic feature of the Tobolsk exhibits is the decorative design, which has few analogies.Conclusion. In written sources, the use of bardiches in Western Siberia was recorded in 1670s. Bardiches were in service with dragoon regiments, and were delivered to Siberia as part of centralized supplies from Moscow. In Siberia bardiches could be produced in rural forges, although in limited quantities. Some bardiches were delivered to Siberia privately. Tobolsk Museum houses ceramic tiles of the late 17th century. On the tile there is a picture of a warrior armed with a bardiche. During the reforms of Peter I bardiches were in service with Russian army, but at the beginning of the 18th century this weapon gradually became obsolete.

A new digital database of Ellen Louise Mertz’s 1924 ‘Overview of late- and postglacial elevation changes in Denmark’

Data from an important historic article on late- and postglacial land-level changes in Denmark and the accompanying map are presented here in a new digital format. The original data were compiled in 1924 by Ellen Louise Mertz and comprise field observations of the marine limit in Denmark made over the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original tables have been transcribed and expanded into a digital database consisting of 658 entries. The original map sheet has been georeferenced and 392 mapped points have been assigned coordinates. The points are linked to their attributes in the digital data table, making them newly amenable to geospatial analysis in a Geographic Information System. To demonstrate, we briefly present one such application, namely a reproduction and verification of the isolines of raised beach elevation from the original 1924 map.

Looking for Lost Proficiency in East Polynesian Voyaging Traditions and Ethnology

ABSTRACT The lost proficiency hypothesis holds that ancient voyaging technology in East Polynesia was superior to that recorded historically. It provides an indispensable assumption for modern experimental voyaging and associated research, but its origins in traditional migration narratives and associated ethnology are uncertain. Inspection of Maori voyaging traditions, published between 1840 and 1970, implies lost proficiency in the supernatural abilities of ancestors but not in technological change, except by comparison with post-European contact evidence. Ethnological considerations extending to the late 18th century also indicate that no greater technical capability in ocean-going canoes existed before European arrival than was observed in the early decades afterwards. These results suggest that the early historical record of East Polynesian canoes might provide more useful information about ancient voyaging technology than the assumptions involved in current experimentation and simulation. They also underline the role of lost proficiency in the cultural politics of conjecture about ancient voyaging.